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MIDTERM. BY: BRANDON WILSON. Directory. Midterm review and Chapter 1 pages 3-132 Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 133-199 Chapter 3 Cell Structure 200-286 Chapter 4 Cells and Energy 287-335 Chapter 5 Cell growth Chapter 8 DNA to Proteins. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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MIDTERMBY: BRANDON WILSON
Directory• Midterm review and Chapter 1 pages 3-132• Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 133-199• Chapter 3 Cell Structure 200-286• Chapter 4 Cells and Energy 287-335• Chapter 5 Cell growth• Chapter 8 DNA to Proteins
1.Name this molecule which has a polar head and two non-polar tails and is used to make cell membranes.
Phospholipid
2.Molecules (like lipids) that are “water fearing”
and try to stay away from water and other polar molecules are
called___________________.
Hydrophobic
3.Organisms like green plants that can make their
own food are called ________________.
Autotrophs
4.A “living thing” can also be called a(n)
____________________.
Organism
5. Name this molecule
Glycoprotien (protein with a sugar attached)
6. Tell the function of the molecule in previous
question.
Cell to cell recognition
7.The nitrogen base that is NOT found in RNA is
_______________.Adenine Guanine Cytosine
Thymine Uracil
Thymine
8.The process in which cells change as they grow to
become different kinds of cells with different functions
is called_________________.
Differentiation
9.The name of the type of reproduction in which
genetic material from two parents is combined to
produce offspring.
Sexual
10.The sum of all the chemical reactions that
build up and break down molecules in cells is called
_____________________.
Metabolism
11. Cells always try to maintain a stable internal environment. This is called
____________________.
Homeostasis
12. Which of the following molecules could you join
together to make a polysaccharide?
A B C D
D
13. A molecule with an uneven distribution of electric charges (more
positive on one side and more negative on the other)
is called____________.
Polar
14.Which of the molecules below is an amino acid?
A B C D
B
15. The monomers (subunits) used to make
proteins are________________.
amino acids nucleic acids sugars lipids nitrogen
bases
Amino acids (transfer RNA drops off)
16. Which of the following molecules could you use to
build a DNA molecule?
A B C D
B- it’s a nucleotide
17.Animal cells store glucose in our tissues in the
form of________________.
Starch glycogen cellulose glycoproteins ATP
Glycogen
18. DNA and RNA are both_________________________.
Amino acids nucleic acids carbohydrates lipids
proteins
Nucleic acids
19. The branch of science that studies all living things
is called___________.
Biology
20. Water is a ________ molecule.
Polar non- ‐polar
Polar – gives water properties like cohesion adhesion and capillary
action
21. This type of chemical reaction is called________________.
Condensation/ dehydration reaction
22. Humans are _____ and _____.Unicellular Autotrophs
Or OrMulticellular Heterotrophs
Multicellular + Heterotrophs
23 , 24, 25. Name 3 characteristics shared by all
living things.
Demonstrates heridity (DNA)Made of cells
Responds to stimuliMetabolism (require energy)
Maintain homeostasisReproduce (asexual or sexual)
Grow/evolve/adapt
26. List the three parts of the Cell Theory ____________,
______________, & _____________.
Cell is smallest unit of life, all living things made of cells, and all cells come
from other cells.
27. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions
by lowering the ______________
Activation energy
28. A substance that has a pH of 2 is ___________ times more/less acidic/basic than a substance with a pH of 5.
1000x, more acidic
29. Name D in this diagram showing an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
Enzyme substrate complex
30. If this molecule was a nucleotide of RNA, tell one of the nitrogen bases that
could be used here.
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil
31. Most enzyme names end in the letters_______.
Ase
32. Which part of a phospholipid is polar?
Head Tails
Head
33. Name the circled organelle and give the chemical equation
of the reaction completed in this location.
Mitochondria
34.The arrow is pointing to stacks called
________________ that are made up of individual discs called ________________ that
contain the pigment ____________________.
Grana, thylakoids, chlorophyll
35. Membranes that allow certain substances to pass through, but keep other out
are said to be SELECTIVELY_______________.
Permiable
36. Membrane proteins that pass all the way through the
cell membrane are called ____________________
proteins.
Integral or channel proteins
37. Any organism with a nuclear membrane and
membrane bound organelles is called a
_______________________.
Eukaryote
38. These circled organelles are called ______ and are
used for ______.
Centrioles, cell division-> separate chromosome
39. Which organelle acts as the UPS of the cell to sort,
modify, and package proteins and other
molecules for storage or transport out of the cell?
Golgi (ships vesicles)
40. Which organelle synthesizes long chains of
this molecule?
Ribosomes (synthesize means put together)
41. Name this organelle and write the chemical equation of the reaction completed
here.
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis6CO2+6H2OC6H12O6+6O2
42. Define Biology.
The study of life
43. Define cell
Basic unit of life
44. Define organism
An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
45. Define metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to
maintain life
46. What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is genetic cell of a cell
47. What is homeostasis?
Stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
48. Define evolution
Process in which living organisms are thought to
have developed and diversified from earlier
forms of life
49. Define adaptation
The action/process of adapting to the
environment around a living thing.
50. What are the 7 characteristics of life?
Composed of cellsRequires energy
Maintains HomeostasisReproduce
Displays heredityEvolve/adapt
Responds to stimuli
51. What is the scientific method?
A process that is completed where knowledge is
obtained
52. Define Independent variable
A variable whose variation does not depend on that of
another
53. Define dependent variable
A variable whose value depends on that of another
54. Define constant
Occurs continuously during an experiment
55. Define control
Is base of the experiment
56. Define theory
Based on facts and is a fact that has not been proven
wrong
57. What is spontaneous generation?
The supposed production of living organisms coming from non living matter.
58. What did Spallanzani do?
Disproved spontaneous generation
Experiment- Had 2 flasks had one sealed and one
open
59. What did Redi do?
Disproved abiogenesis by proving maggots come from
flies laying eggs not from rotting meat
60. What did Needham do?
Tested spontaneous generation and contradicted
spallanzanis work
61. What did Pasteur do?
Boiled broth with S curved flask and broke it to
disprove spontaneous generation
62. What is a compound light microscope?
Light microscope that has 2 lens.
The ocular and objective lens
63. What is the total magnification equation?
Ocular lens magnification multiplied by the
magnification of the objective lens
64. Define resolution
The ability of the microscope to differentiate two objects when you view them on a specimen slide
65. What are the parts of a light microscope and their
functions?
EyepieceBody Tube
Coarse Adjustment KnobFine Adjustment Knob
ArmBaseLightStage
Stage clipsNosepiece
Objective lens
66. What is SEM?
Scanning electron microscope
67. What is TEM?
Transmission Electron Microscope
Chapter 2- Chemistry of Life
1. Define atoms
The basic unit of a chemical element
2. Define element.
A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means and is made up of atoms with identical # of
protons
3. What are compounds?
A material made up of 2 or more elements
4. What is a chemical reaction?
A process that involves rearrangement of the
molecular or ionic structure of a substance, opposed to a change in physical form
5. What is a reactant?
A substance that undergoes a change
6. What is a product?
The result of a reaction
7. What is bond energy?
The amount of energy it takes to break a bond
8. What does equilibrium mean?
A state in which opposing forces or influences are
balanced
9. What is activation energy?
The energy it takes to start a reaction
10. What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that gives off heat
11. What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that takes in heat
12. What is covalent bonding?
A chemical reaction that involves sharing a pair of
electrons between atoms in a molecule
13. What is ionic bonding?
A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron and another atom gains an
electron
14. What is the pH scale?
A scale that shows how acidic or basic a material is 0-6 is acidic 7 is neutral and
8-14 is basic.
15. What is an acid?
A material that is 0-6 on pH scale
16. What is a base?
A material that is 8-14 on pH scale
17. What is the relationship between hydrogen ions and
pH?
The more H+ added to a substance the more acidic it becomes also the more OH- added to a substance the
more basic it becomes
18. What is cohesion?
The ability to co exist with the same substance
19. What is adhesion?
The ability to stick to a different substance
20. What is capillary action?
The ability to draw a liquid due to surface tension
upwards against the force of gravity
21. What is a solute?
Substance dissolved in the solvent
22. What is a solvent?
A substance that dissolves the solute
23. What are the special properties of water?
Cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, polar,
hydrogen bond and high boiling point
24. What is a catalyst?
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any permanent chemical change
25. What is a enzyme?
A substance produced by a living thing or organism that
acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific reaction
26. What is a substrate?
The substance on which an enzyme acts
27. What is the picture below of?
Lock-and-Key model
28. What is a monomer?
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical
molecules to for a polymer
29. What monomers and types of bonds are in
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids?
Proteins- Amino acidsCarbohydrates- Monosaccharides
Lipids- Glycerol and fatty acidsNucleic Acids- Nucleotides
30. What is the picture below of?
Amino acid
31. What is the picture below of?
Fatty acid
32. What is the picture below of?
Nucleic acid
33. What is the picture below of?
Phospholipid
Chapter 3- Cell Structure and
Function
1. What is cell theory?
Says that all living things are composed of at least
one cell
2. What is cytoplasm?
The gel like material with in a living cell
3. What is an organelle?
Structures within a living cell
4. What is the difference between prokaryote and
eukaryote?
Eukaryote has a nucleus but prokaryote does not have a
nucleus
5. What did Robert Hooke do?
Looked at a cork through a microscope and noticed the
cells in it
6. What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?
Is consider father of microscopy because of his work on microscopes with new methods of grinding
and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature
7. What did Matthias Schleidon do?
Was co founder of cell theory
8. What did Theodor Schwann do?
Identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and
animal tissue
9. What did Rudolf Virchow do?
Built on the work of Theodor Schwann to prove cell
theory
10. Define cytoskeleton?
Microscopic network of protein filaments and
tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving
them shape and coherence
11. What is a nucleus?
A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells,
typically a single rounded structure bounded by a
double membrane, containing the genetic
material
12. What does the endoplasmic Reticulum do?
Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and is
involved in protein and lipid synthesis
13. What is a ribosome?
A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large
numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
14. What is the Golgi Apparatus?
A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within
the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport. Is the UPS of the
cell
15. What is a vesicle?
Fluid/air filled sac
16. What is a vacuole?
Contains fluid
17. What is mitochondria?
The place where the process of respiration and energy
production occur
18. What is a lysosome?
Organelle in the cytoplasm containing enzymes
enclosed in a membrane
19. What is a centriole?
Involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell
division
20. What is a cell wall?
Rigid layer outside of the membrane in plant cells that consists of cellulose
21. What is chloroplast?
Contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes
place
22. What is a cell membrane?
Semi permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
of a cell
23. What is a phospholipid?
Can form a lipid bilayer which is consisted in a cell
membrane has a polar head and a non polar tail. Head is
hydrophilic and tail is hydrophobic
24. What is the fluid mosaic model?
Model of cell membrane composed of lipid bilayer with scattered protiens
25. What is selectively permeable mean?
Barrier that lets some material in and out
26. What is a receptor protein?
A substance that lets a cell recognize things
27. What is cholesterol?
A sterol lipid, plays a central role in many process, and as a lipoprotein that coats the wall of blood vesses
28. What are channel proteins?
Trans membrane proteins found in the phospholipid
bilayer allow specific molecules to pass through,
thus crossing the membrane
29. What are integral proteins?
Tran membrane protein that completely spans the
hydrophobic interior of the membrane
30. What are peripheral proteins?
Protein that is bound to the surface of the membrane
not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
31. What is passive transport?
Transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion, use of energy is
not required
32. What is diffusion?
The intermingling of substances by the natural
movement of their particles
33. What is a concentration gradient?
The movement of a solute down its concentration
gradient is called diffusion
34. What is osmosis?
Diffusion of molecules through a semi permeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a
place of lower concentration until the concentration of
both sides is equal
35. Define Isotonic
Having the same or equal osmotic pressure
36. Define Hypertonic
Having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison
solution
37. Define Hypotonic
Lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
38. What is facilitated diffusion?
Transport of molecules across a membrane by
carrier or channel protein
39. What is active transport?
Movement of molecules across a cell membrane into
a region of higher concentration, requires
energy
40. What is Endocytosis?
The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of
its membrane to form a vacuole
41. What is phagocytosis?
Process where phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms
42. What is Pinocytosis?
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by budding of small
vesicles from the cell membrane
43. What is exocytosis?
A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole
are released to the exterior through the fusion of the
vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
Chapter 4- Cells and Energy
1. What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate major source of energy for
cellular reactions
2. What is ADP?
Adenosine diphosphate can be converted to ATP for
energy storage
3. How does ATP and ADP relate?
ATP is converted to ADP when a covalent bond is
broke
4. What is the difference between heterotrophs and
autotrophs?
Autotrophs make their own energy heterotrophs have to
consume energy
5. What is photosynthesis’ purpose?
To make glucose from CO2 and H20 so plants can
produce energy
6. What is the overall equation of photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H20C6H12O6+6O2
7. What is a pigment?
A molecule that takes in light
8. What is the purpose of the 2 photosystems?
Photosystem 1- electron transfer
Photosystem 2- splitting of water molecule and generation of ATP
9. What is chlorophyll?
Green pigment present in green plants for the absorption of light to provide energy for
photosynthesis
10. What is a thylakoid?
Sacs inside a chloroplast bounded by pigmented
membranes on which the light reactions of
photosynthesis take place and are arranged into stacks called grana
11. What is the equation for light dependent reactions?
ADP + light + NADP+ATP + NADPH+ O2
12. What is the equation for light independent reactions?
ATP+ NADPH+ CO2 Glucose+ ADP+ NADPH+
13. What is stroma?
The gel like material surrounding grana
14. What is the difference between grana and
granum?
Grana is one stackGranum is multiple stacks
15. What is the calvin cycle?
Light independent reactions
16. What is the ETC?
Electron transport chain and is the end of aerobic
respiration
17. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To produce usable energy from sugars
18. What is the overall equation for cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6+6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
19. What is the equation for glycolysis?
C6H12O6+2NAD+ +4ADP+2ATP2 pyruvate+
2NADH+4ATP+2ADP
20. What is the equation for the Krebs cycle?
2CoA+6NAD+ +2FAD+ +2ADP4CO2+6NADH+2FA
DH2+2ATP
21. What is the equation for ETC?
10 NADH + 2FADH2+ O2 34ATP+H2O+10NAD+
+2FAD+
22. What is ATP synthase?
An enzyme that can synthesize ATP from ADP. It
is a axle that spins that turns the ADP and the Inorganic phosphate
together to make it ATP
23. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic needs oxygen to function
24. Describe fermentation
Lactic and alcoholic fermentation.
The chemical breakdown of a substance by microorganisms
Chapter 5- Cell Growth and
Division
1. Define cell cycle
The series of events that takes place in a cell leading
to its division and duplication.
2. What types of cells undergo mitosis?
Eukaryotic cells
3. What is mitosis?
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells
each having the same number and kind of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus
4. What is cytokinesis?
The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, so there is two
daughter cells
5. What is a parent cell?
The original cell before cell division
6. What is a sister chromatid?
2 identical copies of a chromatin connected by a
centromere
7. How is cell sized limited?
Surface area to volume ratio limits it
8. What is a chromosome?
Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein
found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic
info in the form of genes
9. What is a histone?
Proteins found in a chromatin that the
chromosome wrapped around
10. What is a chromatin?
Chromosomes before they wrap around the histone
11. What is a chromatid?
Each of the 2 threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides
longitudinally during cell division each contains a
double helix of DNA
12. What is a centromere?
Where the 2 chromatid connect
13. What is a telomere?
The ends of the chromatid strands
14. What is interphase and what are the checkpoints of
it?
G1, S phase, and G2G1- cell increases in size
S phase- DNA instructions are duplicated
G2-Continue to grow and produce new proteins
15. What is prophase?
First stage before cell division where
chromosomes become visible and chromatids
disappear
16. What is Metaphase?
2nd stage of cell division where chromosomes line up
in the middle of cell
17. What is anaphase?
3rd stage of Cell division where spindle fibers start to
separate chromatid
18. What is telophase?
The final phase of cell division between anaphase
and interphase in which chromatids move to
opposite ends of the cell and 2 nuclei are formed
19. What is the difference between cell division in
plants and animals?
A) Plant cells do not use a mitotic spindle to separate chromosomes.
B) Plant cells separate chromosomes by attachment to the plasma membrane. C) In a plant cell, there is no nucleus
around the chromosomes. D) There is no DNA replication before cell
division in plant cells. E) Plant cells separate by growth of a cell wall and membrane in the middle of the
cell.
20. How do parent cells compare to daughter cells?
Identical
Chapter 8- From DNA to Proteins
1. What did Griffith do?
Found transforming principle
2. What did Avery do?
Continued with Griffiths work
3. What did Hershey and Chase do?
Confirmed that DNA is the genetic material
4. What is bacteriophage?
A virus at parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it
5. What are nucleotides?
A compound consisting or a nucleoside linked to a
phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic
acids such as DNA
6. Who discovered the DNA structure and what is it?
Watson and CrickDouble helix
7. What is DNA composed of?
3 primary parts, two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of (1) five-carbon sugars and (2)
phosphate groups joined by ester bonds; (3) attached to each sugar is one of four types
of molecules called bases (thymine and cytosine [classified as pyrimidines] and
guanine and adenine [classified as purines]). It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information in
order to manufacture proteins
8. What is Chargaff’s rule?
A=TC=G
9. What did Watson and Crick do?
Discovered double helix using xray crystallography
10. What are the types of bonds in DNA?
Covalent and hydrogen
11. What is the structure of a nucleotide?
12. What is the structure of DNA?
13. What did Franklin do?
Really found out the structure of DNA first but Watson and Crick stole it and were said to be the
actual discovers because franklin was a women
14. What is DNA replication and what are its steps?
Dna strand unzips and on each side the dna is
duplicated with a=t and c=g
15. What is DNA polymerase and what are the 2
functions of it?
An enzyme that carries out replication
Speeds up the polymerization and assembles the DNA