MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOMATICS

SVG101 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOMATICS

Lecture Notes

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MODULE OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION2. SPATIAL DATA CAPTURE3. DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING4. DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY

CONTROL5. DATA OUTPUT6. DATA DELIVERY7. FUTURE OF GEOMATICS8. EXCURSION TO SURVEYING AND

MAPPING ORGANISATION

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 DEFINITIONS

What is Geomatics?

Derived from two words:

Geo- Matics

Geo- earth

Matics – mathematical

There are many definitions of Geomatics:

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Cont’d

• It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people, but it is generally accepted as the science and technology of acquiring and managing information about our world and its environment. The name geomatics emerged several years ago in Canada. The term represents the rapidly changing and expanding world of land information management

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Cont’d

Definitions of Geomatics on the Web:• The science and technology of gathering,

analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using geographical information.www.its.umn.edu/education/modules/gps/glossary.html

• Geomatics is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering of geographic information, or spatially referenced information. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics

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Cont’d

• The mathematics of the earth; the science of the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, especially instrumental data, relating to the earth's surface. (Oxford English Dictionary)

Geomatics Engineering is a modern discipline, which integrates acquisition, modelling, analysis, and management of spatially referenced data, i.e. data identified according to their locations. Based on the scientific framework of geodesy, it uses terrestrial, marine, airborne, and satellite-based sensors to acquire spatial and other data. It includes the process of transforming spatially referenced data from different sources into common information systems with well-defined accuracy characteristics.

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Cont’d

• Geomatics is the science and technology of gathering, analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using geographic information. Geomatics encompasses a broad range of disciplines that can be brought together to create a detailed but understandable picture of the physical world and our place in it.

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Cont’d

• Geomatics is both an applied science and a professional discipline and it refers to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management and display of spatial data. (UCT)

• Geomatics is the science and technology of land surveying, mapping and spatial data handling (usually geographical data about the earth). (UNC)

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Cont’d

• Geomatics is a scientific discipline which deals with the measurement, storage, manipulation, analysis and presentation of geo-spatial data.

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1.2 Overview of Geomatics

Geomatics process involves the following:

DATA CAPTURE DATA PROCESSINGDATA CAPTURE DATA OUTPUT

VERIFICATION

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1.3 DISCPLINES IN GEOMATICS

Geomatics encompasses a broad range of disciplines that can be brought together to create a detailed but understandable picture of the physical world and our place in it. These disciplines include: – Surveying – Photogrammetry– Remote Sensing– Geodesy– Cartography – geographic information systems (GIS) – global positioning system (GPS)

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1.4 Application areas in Geomatics

• the environment

• land management and reform

• development planning

• infrastructure management

• natural resource monitoring

• sustainable development

• coastal zone management and mapping

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1.5 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN GEOMATICS

• Land Surveyors• Mine Surveyors• Engineering Surveyors• Geodesists• Photogrammetrists• GIS specialists• Remote Sensing specialists• Cartographers• Planners• Environmentalist• Software Engineers

GEOMATICS PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTES

INTERNATIONAL• FIG: International Federation of Surveyors• ISPRS: International Association of Photogrammetry and Remote

Sensing• GSDI: Global Spatial Data Infrastructure• PLATO (SA)• GISSA (SA)• RICS (UK)• ICA: International Cartographers Association

NATIONAL• SIZ: Survey Institute of Zimbabwe• CLSZ: Council of Land Surveyors Zimbabwe• ZIE: Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers• REIZ: Real Estate Institute of Zimbabwe

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Assignment 1

Describe in detail how Geomatics can be applied in the following areas giving examples:– Medicine – Agriculture– Archeology– Accommodation– Land Reform– Mining– Olympics Games– Music Industry– Natural Resource Management– Wild Life Management

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CHAPTER 2

SPATIAL DATA CAPTURE

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GEOMATICS OVERVIEW

DATA STORAGE

DATA OUTPUT(CARTOGRAPHY)

ANALOGUE MAPS

DATA DELIVERY

DATA

DATA SOURCES

DATA CAPTUREDATA STRUCTURING

AND QUALITY CONTOL

2.1 DATA SOURCES

There are basically 3 sources of data:

I. Primary– Data from scratch– DIY

II. Secondary– Existing data– Readily available– Buy from other organizations– From within the organization

III. Administration records– Subset of secondary– Bi-product data from within or other organizations

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Factors to consider

• As you go down from I to II time and cost of doing a survey increase

• As you move from III going up applicability and suitability decrease

• Field work is very slow and expensive but accuracy is very high

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2.2 DATA FORMAT

• Digital form

– Most valuable form since this can be used in many forms

• Hard copy

– Maps

– Documents

Before going out to collect data, always look in-house for data collected by organization or by-product for normal operations for other project to minister cost and time

2.3 MAJOR DATA SOURCES

• Maps• Drawings usually engineering drawings• Aerial Photographs• Satellite Imagery• Paper records and documents• DATABASES• Government Department• Commercial sector• Field work

Can be found in digital or hard copy format

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2.4 Administrative Data SourcesRoads – Department of Roads

Place names – DA, Public services

Vegetation – Forest Commission, DNR

Dams/Rivers – ZINWA

Historical Places – Museums and Monuments

Land Class/Bore holes – AREX

Railway lines – NRZ

Aerodromes – Department of aviation

Hospitals – MHCW

Utilities – PTC, ZESA

National Parks – Department of National Parks

Schools – Ministry of Education

Restricted areas – Ministry of Defence

Mines – Ministry of Mines

Demographic data – CSO

Filling stations – Private sector

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2.5 DATA CAPTURE TECHNIQUES

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2.5.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA CAPTURE

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DIGITISING PROCESS

DATA STORAGE

EDIT

MANUSCRIPTS AND MAPS

LISTS

VERIFIED DATA

RECLASSIFICATION

DIGITAL DATA

(you might not be allowed to publish something on your map so you edit)

2.5.2 DIGITIZING AND SCANNING

• This is the process of converting analogue data usually hardcopy maps into their digital format

• Data capturing in any project cost about 80% of the total cost of the project.

• In Zimbabwe (third world), we are in the processing of converting data into digital form

• Hardcopy – maps, films, manuscripts, orthophotomaps

• You can digitize using a table digitizer

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TABLE DIGITIZER

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SCAN RASTER

HARDCOPY

TABLEDIGITIZER

CLEAN RASTER

VECTOR

VECTOR

PUNCHING

VECTORISE

STORAGE

LISTS

SCANNING

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SCAN RASTER

HARDCOPY

TABLEDIGITIZER

CLEAN RASTER

VECTOR

VECTOR

PUNCHING

VECTORISE

STORAGE

VECTOR VS RASTER

• The scanner captures everything on the map

• Need to clean the raster map

• Under vectorizing we have – Automatic– Semi automatic– manual

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2.5.3 FIELD WORK

• This involves making direct measurements from scratch in the field and there are so many techniques which can be employed:– Astronomy– Geodesy– Plane surveying– GPS– Photogrammetry– Remote Sensing

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Cont’d

Astronomy

Basically is the use of stars to determine your position on the earth. It’s a very old system but where surveying originated.

Geodesy

This is a specialized discipline which is devoted to the size

and shape of the earth

GPS

Global Positioning System – this uses satellites to determine your position on the earth

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Cont’dPhotogrammetry

Basically it is the use of aerial photographs to measure features on the earth’s surface

Plane Surveys

CAD drawings

Tacheometry

Engineering surveys

Control – Resection, Levelling, Traversing etc

You can use hard copy maps in your field check

You can use any technique or a combination

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Field work

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PLOT HARDCOPY

HARDCOPY

FIELD WORK

EDITED

DATAPROCESSING

MEASUREMENT OR PROCESSED

DATA

STORAGE

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF A TECHNIQUE

Equipment availability – Buy, Hire, use that which

Cost – what is the cost of using the equipment or even what we have, the cost of buying or hiring, some are very expensive e.g. Remote Sensing and GPS, the most

Human Resources – (skills base), are you going to have someone to do the job, internal, external (consultants),

Purpose – requirements (format), final product (what will it be be)

Accuracy – on a map, resolution

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Cont’d

Speed – plane surveys are the most accurate but its very slow

- GPS is very fast, maybe one of the fastest but its accuracy is low

Weather condition – to a smaller extend e.g Photogrammetry

Accessibility – in other areas you cannot reach

Curvature – Plane < 250 km2

- Geodetic > 250km2

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CHAPTER 3

DATA STORAGE AND PROCESSING

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Characteristics of Spatial Data

• Basically geographic features are recognized by two types of data:– Spatial data– Attribute data

• Spatial data

Considered as geographic data and it describes or specifies location and answers the question [where] and the map is perhaps the most familiar form in which spatial data is represented

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Cont’d

• A map consists of a group of points, lines, and polygons/areas that are positioned with reference to a common reference coordinate system

• This is represented in two dimensional so that it is easily portrayed on a flat sheet of paper

• The map states the data and present the data to the user• Each feature has a location that must be in a unique

way• Locations are recorded in form of a coordinate system

like latitude and longitude, xyz or any state plane coordinate system

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Cont’d

• In some cases the coordinate of one system can be transformed mathematically into the coordinate of another system

• Attribute data

This is called the descriptive data and it spacifies characteristics at the location and answers the question [what? Or how much?]

Attribute data is normally stored in tables.

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DIGITAL TOPO CADASTRAL DATABASE

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Digital Topo Cadastral DatabaseGIS Data (DTDB, DCDB)Mosaic Images/Orthophotos/Image MapsDTM/DEM, Digital Cartographic DatabaseGeodetic Database, Hardcopy Maps

AerialPhotographs

SatelliteImages

Digital Cad.Maps

GPS/FieldGeodetic Data

PaperMaps

Other Digital Data

Gvt. DepartmentsPrivate Sectort, NGOs

Large Scale MapsMedium Scale Maps

Small Scale MapsTourist Maps

Data Storage

• Types of data stored• Formats• Spatial Integration• Retrieval and Storage• Data storage devices• Data storage modes• Security• Back up• Access Levels• Create new information

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Data Bases

• Centralized DB

• Distributed DB

• Partitioned DB

• Replicated DB

• Duplicated DB

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CHAPTER 4

DATA STRUCTURING AND QUALITY CONTROL

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DATA STRUCTURING

• Data cleaning• Building topology• Superimpose layers• Add attributes• Format conversion• Media conversion• Georeferencing• Registration• Rectification• Conflation

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Quality Control

• Systems for QC

• Reducing/Minimising errors

• Reduction of costs

• Ensuring conformality to:– Requirements– Standards

• Gross errors

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Data Structuring and Quality Control

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Data Cleaning

Data Storage

Cleaned Layers

OverlayedLayers

QualityControl

Topographical Layers

MapsManuscripts

Adding Attributes

DATA STRUCTURING

• Cleaning

• Edge matching

• Data reduction

• Sampling

• Conflation

• Reclassify

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CHAPTER 5

DATA OUTPUT

CARTOGRAPHY

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DATA OUTPUT: CARTOGRAPHY

• Cartographic compilation

• Graphic design

• Film plotting

• Rasterizing map products

• Plate making

• Printing

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CARTOGRAPHY

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MANUSCRIPTS

Graphic Design

Film Making

Films

Plate Making

Carto. Comp. Data Storage

Map Data

Rasterizing Raster Products

Plates PrintingPrinted Maps

CHAPTER 6

DATA DELIVERY

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DATA DELIVERY

• Data extraction• Processing• Quality control• Copy to required format• Layer selection• Selection on attributes• Clipping• Transformation• Format conversion

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Data Delivery System

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Client Orders

Extracted Data

StoredData

ProcessedData

CorrectedData

Copying toMedia

Office DataDelivery

OnlineData

ProductInformation

Data Delivery Issues

• System keeps an audit of:– How much data copied– By whom– To whom

• Users have different access privileges

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CHAPTER 7

FUTURE OF GEOMATICS

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Future of Geomatics

• Clients needs– Clients are more affluent– Demanding more complicated products– Require effective and efficient delivery

• Technical development– Hardware– Software– Off-the-shelf products– New ways/methods

• Skills development– New skills– Skills base expanding

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Cont’d• New Disciplines

– Education – Training– CPD

• Multi-discipline– Different professional coming together to

solve common problems– Teams/working groups– Synergies

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