the early middle ages (476-1000 ce )

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The Early Middle Ages (476- 1000CE)

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The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE ). Fall of the Roman Empire. Western Empire declines as Eastern flourishes Internal decay External threats Overextended borders Remaining influences Roman tradition Western Church Germanic tribes. Western Europe in 500 CE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

The Early Middle Ages (476-1000CE)

Page 2: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Fall of the Roman EmpireWestern Empire declines as Eastern flourishesInternal decayExternal threatsOverextended bordersRemaining influences

Roman traditionWestern ChurchGermanic tribes

Page 3: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Western Europe in 500 CEVisigoths in Southern Gaul/Northern SpainVandals in Southern SpainHuns throughout Europe (sacked Rome 410)Angles-Saxons in EnglandFranks in Northern GaulOstrogoths in ItalyAlso Lombards, Burgundians

Page 4: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Development of Christianity in the West

As Roman control over Europe declines, the Christian Church fills the void- Age of Faith

Church administration centralized with Roman archbishop given “Papal Primacy”

Page 5: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Monastic ChristianityMonasticism - priests turning away from

popular culture to study faithSought seclusion instead of self-tortureTwo types -

Hermit - complete seclusionCommunal – monks lived at a monastery - missionary oriented - “cities of God” ex. Benedictines

Page 6: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Early Political Development – Europe Starting to look like Europe

FranksCarolingiansCharlemagneCarolingian Renaissance

Page 7: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

The FranksLoose group of tribes

inhabiting northeastern Europe in 3rd century

Clovis, unites group to become largest political power in wake of Empire

Converts for alliance with the Church

Page 8: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

CarolingiansCharles Martel (the hammer) creates large

cavalry force using aristocracy - awards control of local area back to nobles giving benefices or fiefs (gifts of land) – beginning of feudalism

Defeats the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732, effectively ended the Muslim advance into Europe

Page 9: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Battle of Tours

Page 10: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Carolingians and the ChurchCarolingians enlist Church to help maintain

control - offer conversion opportunities to conquered groups - ex: Anglo-Saxons

Reciprocal relationship: Carolingians protects Church from the East/Church legitimizes dynasty

Give lands surrounding Rome to the Church

Page 11: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Charlemagne (742-814 C.E.)Solidifies relationship with the ChurchCrowned head of (new) Holy Roman Empire

Christmas Day, 800AD

Page 12: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

CharlemagneIncreases Frankish realm - extends domain

in name of ChristianityForces Eastern Empire to

recognize authority in west - though no takeover

Had strong indirect control over Church - restored Pope after capture

Governs in the Carolingian way - 250 Counts from aristocracy

Page 13: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Charlemagne Expected loyalty - taxes collected - justice

dispensedTight control over empire

Resorted to divine justice “trial by ordeal”

Builds large palace at Aix-la-Chapelle: center of learning

Page 14: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Breakup of Carolingian DynastyCharlemagne’s son Louis the Pious inheritsWithout talented leader, empire unmanageableLouis the Pious sons’

demand empire dividedKingdoms devolve but

Holy Roman Empire remains

Page 15: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

FeudalismA political system based on granting land in

exchange for loyalty and service.

Page 16: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

FeudalismKing- highest noble who owned all the landLord - owner of feudal estateVassal - one who swears loyalty to lordPeasant- workerSerf- peasant tied to the landManor - farm/estate including local shops fief – land given by a lord to a vassalDemesne- land for the lord’s personal useFealty - loyalty sworn to lord

Page 17: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

VassalageHierarchy of vassalageKing - duke/baron - serfKnights serve lord of

the manorSerfs might be required

to fight alsoSome lords vassals to

more than one superior

Page 18: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

WHY WAS FEUDALISM NECESSARY?

Did feudalism bring about stability in Medieval Europe or was it a political and social disaster?

Page 19: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Relationship Between Lords and Vassals

The relationship between lords and vassals made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system

Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord

All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king.

Page 20: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

What is a Knight?Mounted warriors who served the lordsAlmost all nobles were knightsTraining began at age 7-8, as a page, under the guidance of the lady of the manorBecame squires at age 15 and were trained by other knightsThose deemed worthy were “dubbed” knights

Page 21: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Knighting Ceremony

• Investiture ceremony- the lord and vassal agree to their obligations

• Feudal contract- the unwritten rules of obligations between a noble and his vassal

• Chivalry – code of conduct that dictates knights’ behavior towards others. Based on Christian values

Page 22: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Feudal Contract

LORDS

VASSALS

GIVEPROTECTION TO

GIVE SERVICE TO

Page 23: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Does Chivalry Have an Effect?

Did improve the lifestyle of the early feudal lordsHowever…Knights only required to act courteously toward those of his own class. Those of a lower class were free game

Page 24: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Workers on the ManorThere were two groups of peasant workers on the manorFreemen- skilled workers who paid rent and could leave the manor whenever they wished. (They usually had a skill needed by others on the manor.)Serfs – workers bound to the land by contract with the nobles. (They had no freedom - they where the noble’s property.)

Page 25: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Characteristics of FeudalismSerfs bound to the land - multigenerationalLevels of serfdom

free serfs - some rights, had some bargaining power (small landowners)

servile serfs - no rights, needed permission for marriage, travel, etc.

Troubadour- wandering poets who glorified women in songs and poems

Page 26: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Why did Feudalism work? Lords needed stable workforce for land Serfs needed a job and protection Periodic waves of invaders threatened safety of

the landless - Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims Crusades were partly an excuse to give the knights

something to do Lords traded use of land for share of crop Small landowners trade also with lords Necessary antecedent for Nation-States

Page 27: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

•Economic system around a lord’s manor

•Manor included a village and the land surrounding it

•Each group in society had their own job and responsibility to fulfill

•Self-sufficient community

Manorialism

Page 28: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Changes in AgricultureClimate improves in Europe - 700-1200 CE

temperature rises 1 degree centigradeMoldboard plow allows deeper penetration3 field crop rotation system used (always

have 2 fields planted and 1 field unplanted)Padded collars for horsesHarness of water power for millsWheelbarrow developed

Page 29: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )
Page 30: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

CastleMain purpose was defenseAttacking armies use wide range of strategies and weapons:

Siege tower: plat formed tower that soldiers would use to climb over wallsBattering Ram: metal tipped heavy timber used to crack castle walls and doorsTrebuchet: worked like a slingshot to propel objects over the wall

Launched: pots of burning lime, boulders, dead enemies, diseased animals

Page 31: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )
Page 32: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

The ChurchThe Structure of the Church:

Pope (supreme authority)Clergy (religious officials) • Bishops- settle Church disputes• Priests- lived and served in the villages

Religion as a unifying forceClergy administers the sacraments—rites to achieve salvationVillage church is a place of worship and celebration

Page 33: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Church LawAll medieval Christians expected to obey canon law—Church lawCanon law governs marriages and religious practicesPopes have power over political leaders through threat of:

Excommunication—banishment from Church, denial of salvationInterdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services

Kings and emperors were expected to obey pope’s commands.

Clash Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII:Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings appointing Church officialsHenry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VII excommunicates Henry

Page 34: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, GothsGothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed archesChurches have stained glass windows, many sculpturesAbout 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270

Cathedrals

Page 35: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Gothic Architecture

1. ribbed vaults that supported the roof’s weight

2. flying buttresses that transferred weight to thick, exterior walls

3. pointed arches that framed huge stained glass windows

4. tall spires that seemed to be pointing to heaven

Page 36: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

The Crusades: The BeginningIn 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the TurksPope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war”

Page 37: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Goals of the CrusadesPope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite ChristianityKings use Crusades to send away knights who cause troubleYounger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade

Page 38: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

The Third Crusade : 1189-1192

One is Richard the Lion-Hearted—king of EnglandThe Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade.

Page 39: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )
Page 40: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

A Spanish CrusadeMost of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim peopleChristians fight Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492Spain has Inquisition—court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians

Page 41: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

The Effects of the CrusadesShow power of Church Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairsMerchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest AsiaFailure of later crusades to recapture and unite Christendom …

weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kingsCrusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians

Page 42: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Women’s Role in Feudal SocietyStatus of Women

According to the Church and feudal society, women were inferior to men

NoblewomenCan inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s requestUsually confined to activities of the home or convent

Peasants WomenMost labor in home and field, bear children, provide for familyPoor, powerless, do household tasks at young age

Page 43: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Convents provided women in the middle ages an alternative to married life. Childbirth was often deadly for women, so becoming a nun was a respectable and perhaps attractive alternative.

Page 44: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Western Europe during the

Middle Ages: Emerging Monarchs

France, England, Germany and Spain

Page 45: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

France: Clovis I, (481-511)Clovis I Charles MartelCharlemagnePhilip II “Augustus” (1190-1223) - Expanded the kingdom of France by taking Normandy, Anjou, & Touraine from the British.Louis IX “St. Louis” (1226-1270) - He convinced his subjects that the monarchy was essential to their happiness & well-being

Page 46: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Philip IV “the Fair” (1300s)Established the Estates General (an advisory council which)Defied & arrested the Pope in 1303. A French papacy was established at Avignon which remained under French control from 1305-1377. Great Schism-

There was a Pope in Avignon and a Pope in Rome.Each Pope excommunicated (kicked them out of the Church) each otherThe Holy Roman Emperor and the Council of Constance forced the two Popes to resign and choose a new Pope in 1417

Page 47: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

EnglandWilliam I “the Conqueror” (Duke of Normandy)Defeated the Celts, Angles, Saxons & Jutes in England at the Battle of Hastings (1066) He thus united England & laid the foundations for a sovereign nation-state.

Page 48: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

“Domesday Book”William I compiled the “Domesday Book” in 1086 which surveyed the people of England.He thereby contributed still further to the unification of England.

Page 49: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Henry II of England (1154-1189)Married Eleanor of Acquitaine & thereby extended the territory of England to include land in “France”. He also established a Court system which enforced a common set of laws. His style & energy were models for future monarchs.

Page 50: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Henry II Eleanor of Aquitaine

Page 51: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Thomas a BecketWas appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry II. Although this is an example of “lay investiture,” Thomas a Becket pledged his first loyalty to the Pope. As a result of this power struggle Thomas a Becket was eventually killed, but he was also forever admired.

Page 52: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

King John of EnglandKnown in the Robin Hood taleWas forced by nobles to sign the Magna Carta (1215).This document limited the King’s power by insisting that he consult with the Nobles before raising taxes and/or waging war.

John did not follow the Magna Carta Influenced American government

It marks the beginning of England’s “democratic tradition.”

Page 53: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

MagnaCarta

Page 54: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Parliament (1265)A British institution that provides for elected representation of the people in government. It is another example of England’s evolving Democratic Tradition. Parliament consists of a House of Lords (Nobles) & a House of Commons.Gradually the House of Commons became the most powerful.

Page 55: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

The “100 Years War”The “100 Years War”(1337-1453) was fought between England & France.The most important cause was over territory in “France.”Under the “miraculous” leadership of Joan of Arc, France eventually won and England forever gave up claims to “French” territory.

Page 56: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

100 Years War: France vs. England

Page 57: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Treaty to conclude the 100 yrs War in 1475

100 YRS War basically ended kings reliance on feudal armies because of new weapons like the long bow

Page 58: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )
Page 59: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

“Germany” Remained fragmented throughout the medieval period and would not be united as a sovereign nation-state until 1870.

At the time of Charlemagne much of “Germany” had been part of the “Holy Roman Empire,” but after Charlemagne’s death the HRE was split into 3 parts.

Page 60: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

E190Germ/ItMAP

Page 61: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Medieval Italy During the Middle Ages Italy basically consisted of 3 parts:

North: Powerful & wealthy city-states competed with Muslims & Byzantines for trade with Asia.Central: Papal States. South: Kingdom of the two Sicilies.

Italy would not be united until 1870.

Page 62: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Medieval SpainMuslims conquered Spain in the 700s (Moors) but Spanish leaders fought the Reconquista (1065-1500) & eventually drove the Muslims out. Ferdinand & Isabella united all of SpainLed the Age of Exploration (late 1400s).

Page 63: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain

Page 64: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

Reasons for the Decline of Feudalism in Medieval Europe

Rise of towns: People found economic opportunities beyond the manors.The Bubonic plague (Black Death) caused a 30% decline in European population.

Social order broke down- People were no longer tied to the land

The Crusades provided opportunities for people to leave the manors.Emerging monarchs (powerful, centralized authority) replaced feudal lords.

Page 65: The Early Middle Ages (476-1000 CE )

EndFinally!