Mid Continent Intensive Campaign

Kenneth Davis1 and Stephen M. Ogle2

Co-Coordinators of MCI Campaign Task Force1 Penn State University

2Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University

NOAA Network Flask (weekly)

NOAA Tall Tower (planned for summer 2007) NOAA Aircraft (~weekly)

NOAA Tall Tower (planned post-summer 2007)

PSU Ring of Towers location (5 sites TBD)

Calibrated Continuous Surface/Short tower site: PSU, Indiana University, LBNL,UofNE

NOAA Radon Analyzer

NACP MCI: NOAA + OTHER CALIBRATED CO2 SURFACE/SHORT TOWER SITES

C

CO2, CO, CH4

CO2

CH4

CO2

CH4

CO2

CH4CH4

CO2

C

Overarching Goal Compare and reconcile to the extent possible,

regional carbon flux estimates from “top-down” inverse modeling with the “bottom-up” inventories

Primary Objectives• Develop approaches to estimate fluxes using

“top-down” atmospheric budgets and “bottom-up” inventories– Individual studies

• Provide both “top-down” and “bottom-up” flux estimates and associated uncertainties– MCI data products

• Evaluate results with independent validation data for both approaches– Additional measurements

• Evaluate differences in results between “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches, diagnose problems, and improve estimates– Synthesis activity

Secondary Objectives• Provide the basis for optimization of field,

satellite and atmospheric sampling schemes

• Determine mechanisms driving regional net fluxes patterns in the MCI region

• Assemble data products required for the “bottom-up” and “top-down” approaches

• Provide guidance to future intensives

Science Team • Voluntary Membership

– Investigators with funded projects have been solicited to register relevant studies at NACP website

• Currently includes 34 funded studies and 145 investigators

• Topic groups have been established to focus on specific objectives

Organization of Science Team

Topic Group 1:SubregionalIntensives

Topic Group 2:Top-Down

Inverse Modeling

Topic Group 3:Bottom-Up Modeling

Topic Group 4:Subregional to Region

Analysis

Topic Group 5:Regional Top-Down to

Bottom-Up Analysis

Primary Investigations

ComparativeAnalyses

ConsensusProducts

Region-wide “bottom-up” flux estimates (topic 3)-multiple independent approaches-ecological inventory

Region-wide “top-down” flux estimates (topic 2)-multiple independent approaches-atmospheric inventory

Sub-domain intensives/clusters (flux) (Topic 1)

- develop and evaluate bottom-up and top-down methods at fine spatial scales

Syntheses: (Topic 4,5)- between whole region and sub-regional intensives- between top-down and bottom-up methods

(Obj 1, 2)

(Obj 1, 2)

(Obj 1, 2, 3)

(Obj 1, 2, 3)

Primary Objectives1. Flux estimates2. Internal method

evaluation3. Cross-method

evaluation

NEMSP

IA

WI

IL

OK

Sub regional intensives - topic 1

Parkin - corn/soy

NEMSP

IA

WI/MI

IL

OK

Bolstad, Davis, Kolka, Heinsch, Saliendra, Denning, Curtis - ChEAS - Forest

Williamson, Meyers, Bernacchi, Anderson - Bondville - Corn/soy

Torn, Berry, Fischer - ARM - wheat, pasture. MCI neighbor

Stephens - CME - mountains. MCI neighbor

Verma - Mead - corn/soy

Griffis, Baker, McFadden - corn/soy, suburban

Other contributionsMatamala Corn/soy, prairie, NE Illinois

Gurney Fossil fuel inventory

Cook, ORNL Data support

Morisette, 1,2 MODIS val, MODIS custom

Ollinger Leaf photosynthetic capacity remote sensing at flux sites

West High res agric C accounting

Gu Ozarks, forest, MO

Olsen MCI flux site characterization

Boden AmeriFlux, FACE database

Sub-regional intensives: typical characteristics

• Clusters of flux towers encompassing multiple stand types• Inventory and other more spatially extensive ground sampling to complement / aid in extrapolating flux tower data• Airborne remote sensing (multispectral, lidar) and Quickbird remote sensing to provide custom, high-resolution land surface products.

• Ecological model development using the intensive data

• Sub-regional flux estimates using multiple upscaling methods

• Independent sub-regional flux estimates for evaluation (tall tower or aircraft eddy covariance, sub-regional scale atmospheric inversions)

Whole-region bottom-up projectstopic 3

Region-wide “bottom-up” flux estimates- multiple independent approaches

Ogle Agricultural carbon flux inventory, CENTURY, remote sensing

West Agricultural full greenhouse gas accounting at high resolution

Post Integrated terrestrial carbon model - flux, inventory, experiment

Schmid Super-region flux tower upscaling

Gurney Fossil fuel emissions inventory

Topic 2 projects Bottom-up ‘priors’ for atmospheric inversions

Morisette 2 MODIS custom products

Cook 1,2 ORNL DAAC, MAST-DC data support

Boden AmeriFlux, FACE database support

Challenge - take advantage of the plethora of “topic 1” data and knowledge..

Whole-region top-down projects - topic 2

Berry Advanced ABL budget methods at N. American towers

Andrews et al NOAA tall tower and aircraft network and associated analyses

Davis/Denning Ring of Towers II and associated inverse analyses, flux-CO2 data syntheses

Wofsy et al Model data fusion framework - regional flux-co2-inventory data syntheses

Denning/Zupanski Regional inversion methods development

Morisette 2 MODIS custom products

Cook 1,2 ORNL DAAC, MAST-DC data support

Boden AmeriFlux, FACE database support

Region-wide “top-down” flux estimates (topic 2)- multiple independent approaches

Many atmospheric inversions have region-wide terrestrial carbon flux priors

Examples - sub-regional intensives

Irrigated and Rainfed Maize-Based AgroecosystemsIrrigated and Rainfed Maize-Based AgroecosystemsMeasurements of Mass and Energy FluxesMeasurements of Mass and Energy Fluxes

Mead, NebraskaMead, Nebraska

Close Up ofEddy Covariance

Flux SensorsMeasuring Componentsof Solar Radiation

Eddy Covariance

Measurements of

Carbon Dioxide

and Other Fluxes

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA

Mead, NE Intensive StudyPI: S. Verma; Funding: DOE

Land use within a 10 km radius of the Tall Tower facility based on 30 m resolution USGS NLCD. The major land classes include 40% row crop (brown, mostly corn and soybean) and 33% pasture lands (yellow).

EC-TDL isotope system at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Experiment Station. This system will be deployed at the tall tower facility in spring 2007

Carbon Cycle Processes within a Managed Landscape in Minnesota

Tall Tower at RROC (240 m)

PI: T. Griffis; Funding: NSF

Examples - bottom-up

Carbon Stock Change in Agricultural Lands PI: S. Ogle; Funding: USDA, NASA

Multi-Scale Estimates:

Site, Regional and National Scales

CO2

EcosystemSimulation

ModelActiveSOM

SlowSOM

PassiveSOM

Residues

PlantGrowth

CO2

CO2CO2

CO2

CO2CO2

Land Use and Management Activity

CURRENT LAND USE INFORMATION FROM LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (SHEET A)

STATE INDIANA COUNTY BLACKFORD

FOR INDICATED SOILS ON MAP DETERMINE:

MUID (STATSGO ASSOCIATION) IN004 IN005 IN029 IN032

LAND USE INFORMATION72.9 90.7 74 83.4

CLASS I & II

CLASS III & IV

CLASS V & VI

FOREST OR TREES 10.9 0.9 17.5 11.9

GRASS LANDS 14 7.7 8.5 3.1

WATER / WETLANDS 0.1 0.6 0 1.7

URBAN / OTHER 2 0.05 0 0

TOTAL 99.9% 100.0% 100.0% 100.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTIONFLAT

ROLLING HILLS

STEEP HILLS

FLOOD PLAIN

OTHER

TOTAL 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

TOTAL CROPLAND: % OF THIS SOIL IDENTIFIED AS CROPLAND . THE SUM OF LAND CAPABILITY CLASS I & II, III & IV , AND V & V I MUST ADD TO THIS %.

CLASS I & II: % OF THIS SOIL THAT IS CLASS I & II CROPLAND.

CLASS III & IV : % OF THIS SOIL THAT IS CLASS III & IV CROPLAND.

CLASS V & V I: % OF THIS SOIL THAT IS CLASS V & V I CROPLAND.

FOREST OR TREES: % OF THIS SOIL IDENTIFIED AS FOREST OR TREES.

GRASS LANDS: % OF THIS SOIL IDENTIFIED AS GRASS LANDS.

WATER / WETLANDS: % OF THIS SOIL IDENTIFIED AS WETLANDS.

URBAN / OTHER LANDS: % OF THIS SOIL IDENTIFIED AS OTHER LANDS INCLUDING URBAN LANDS, DEVELOPED LANDS, ABANDONED LANDS.

LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION: % OF THIS SOIL IN EACH LANDSCAPE DESCRIPTION.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION RURAL APPRAISAL

TOTAL CROPLAND

GENERAL LAND USE INFORMATION FROM LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (SHEET B)

STATE INDIANA COUNTY BLACKFORD

HAS ANY PART OF THE COUNTY BEEN DRAINED (YES/NO):

IF YES, ANSWER THE FOLLOWING.

MUID % OF SOIL % OF SOIL

DRAINED DRAINED

IN004

IN005

IN029

IN032

M UID: SOIL MAP UNIT ID FROM STATSGO. (FROM MAP)

% OF SOIL DRAINED: GIVE AN ESTIMATE FOR THESE SOILS OF THE AMOUNT OF DRIANAGE INSTALLED.

TILE DRAINAGEOPEN DITCH DRAINAGE

CARBON SEQUESTRATION RURAL APPRAISAL

TIM E PERIOD OF INSTALLATION: GIVE THE TIME PERIOD WHEN DRAINAGE PRACTICES

WERE INSTALLLED. (i.e. 1930-1950, 1940-1960, 1970-1990, ETC.)

TIME PERIOD OF

INSTALLATION

TIME PERIOD OF

INSTALLATION

GENERAL LAND USE INFORMATION FROM LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (SHEET C)

STATE INDIANA COUNTY BLACKFORD

IS 10% OR MORE OF ANY MUID IRRIGATED (YES/NO):

IF YES, ANSWER THE FOLLOWING.

MUID % OF SOIL ANNUAL AMOUNT TYPES OF SYSTEMSIRRIGATED APPLIED (INCHES)

IN004

IN005

IN029

IN032

M UID: SOIL MAP UNIT ID FROM STATSGO. (FROM MAP)

% OF SOIL IRRIGATED: GIVE AN ESTIMATE FOR THESE SOILS OF THE AMOUNT OF IRRIGATION INSTALLED.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION RURAL APPRAISAL

TIM E PERIOD OF INSTALLATION: GIVE THE TIME PERIOD WHEN IRRIGATION PRACTICES WERE INSTALLLED. (i.e. 1930-1950, 1940-1960, 1970-

1990, ETC.)

ANNUAL AM OUNT APPLIED (INCHES): GIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE ANNUAL AMOUNT OF IRRIGATION WATER APPLIED IN INCHES. (6 INCHES, 12

INCHES, 15 INCHES, ETC.)

TYPES OF SYSTEM S: TYPICAL TYPE OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM INSTALLED. (CENTER PIVOT, GATED PIPE, ETC.)

TIME PERIOD OF INSTALLATION

COUNTY LEVEL FARMING AND CROPPING SYSTEM HISTORY FROM PRE 1900 TO PRESENT (SHEET D)

STATE INDIANA COUNTY BLACKFORD

TIME FRAME 1970-1990+

% ESTIMATE OF COUNTY BEING FARMED DURING THIS TIME FRAME: 85%

CROP ROTATIONS (SPECIFY 1 TO 3)

1) CORN-SOYBEAN

2)

3)

FOR INDICATED CROPS

CROP NAME CORN SOYBEAN

YIELD (BU OR TONS/AC) 130 40

N FERT APPLIED (LBS/AC) 110

MANURE APPLIED (TONS/AC) 2

TYPICAL TILLAGE OPERATIONS DISK DISK

CULTIVATE DISK

PLANT PLANT

CULTIVATE CULTIVATE

Comments:

TIM E FRAM E: PERIOD OF TIME AS SPECIFIED.

FOR INDICATED CROPS: ACTUAL CROP INFORMATION FOR THE INDICATED CROPS IN THE ROTATIONS.

CROP: CROP NAME AS SHOWN IN CROP ROTATION.

YIELD: CROP Y IELD IN BU/AC FOR GRAINS OR TONS/AC FOR HAY.

N FERT APPLIED: ESTIMATE OF COMMERCIAL NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLIED ANNUALLY (LBS/AC).

M ANURE APPLIED: ESTIMATE OF MANURE APPLIED ANNUALLY (TONS/AC), BY CROP.

TYPICAL TILLAGE OPERATIONS: TYPICAL TILLAGE OPERATIONS USED TO GROW THIS CROP. (EXAMPLES ARE FALL PLOW;

SPRING PLOW; CHIESEL PLOW; DISK; HARROW; CULTIVATOR; DRILL; PLANT; ETC.)

CARBON SEQUESTRATION RURAL APPRAISAL

% ESTIM ATE OF COUNTY BEING FARM ED DURING THIS TIM E FRAM E: GIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE COUNTY AREA BEING FARMED

DURING THIS TIME FRAME.

TYPICAL CROP ROTATION: CROP ROTATIONS INCLUDE (CORN-CORN; CORN-SOYBEAN; CORN-CORN-OATS-MEADOW-MEADOW;

CORN-SOYBEAN-CORN-OATS-MEADOW-MEADOW; ETC)

PRACTICES INSTALLED BY COUNTY AND SOIL TYPE

USE IN REPORTING TO DOE FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION(USE SEPARATE SHEET FOR EACH SOIL MUID)

STATE INDIANA COUNTY BLACKFORD MUID IN004

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

MUID: SOIL MAP UNIT ID FROM STATSGO. (FROM MAP)

NO-TILL: NO-TILL FARMING SYSTEM.

ANNUAL CONSERVATION PRACTICES INSTALLED

TREE PLANTING: ALL CONSERVATION PRACTICES THAT INCLUDE TREE PLANTINGS. (WINDBREAKS, SHELTERBELTS, AGRO-FORESTRY)

REDUCED TILLAGE: REDUCED TILLAGE FARMING WHICH LEAVE GREATER THAN 15% RESIDUE AFTER PLANTING. (INCLUDES

MULCH TILL, RIDGE TILL BUT NOT NO-TILL).

COMMON CROP ROTATION (s)ACRES OF CONSERVATION PRACTICES INSTALLED (ACRES)

CROP ROTATION: PICK THE TWO MOST COMMON CROP ROTATIONS. IF ONE ROTATION IS >90% OF CROPPED ACRES,

REPORT ONLY THAT ROTATION. TOTAL FOR THE COUNTY SHOULD EQUAL THE CTIC REPORTED VALUES FROM 1989 TO PRESENT. SEE SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION.

GRASS CONVERSIONS: ALL GRASS PLANTING CONSERVATION PRACTICES.

(WATERWAYS, BUFFERS INCLUDING RIPIARIAN BUFFERS, FILTER STRIPS, TERRACES, CRP).

USE 12' WIDTH FOR TERRACES (LF*12/43560=ACRE). USE 40' WIDTH FOR ALL OTHER PRACTICES REPORTED IN LINEAR FEET (LF*40/43560=ACRE).

WETLANDS CREATED AND/OR RESTORED: ALL CONSERVATION PRACTICES THAT INCLUDE THE CREATION OR RESTORATION OF WETLANDS.

REDUCEDTILLLAGE

NO-TILL REDUCEDTILLLAGE

GRASS CONVERSIONS

TREEPLANTING

WETLANDSCREATEDAND/ORRESTORED

NO-TILL

EnvironmentalConditions:Soils and Weather

Model Inputs Assess Uncertainties:

Soil MonitoringNetwork

PDFRemote Sensing:MODIS EVI

Cumulative change from 1991-2000 = 67.7 Tg C.

Estimates of soil carbon change at 30x30m resolution using combination of remote sensing and inventory products (West et al. in preparation).

Soil C Stock Change in Croplands for Mid-Continent Region (PI: T. West; Funding: NASA)

All Fossil SourcesLn tonnes C/day/gridcell

Improved Fossil/Industrial CO2 ModellingPI: K. Gurney; Funding: NASA

Examples - top-down

Continuous Observations:CO2, CO, horizontal wind, T, RH3 levels: 30, 100, 500mPAR, Rainfall, Surface Pressure

Flask Samples: Daily mid-afternoon from top level (+5 extra per week) Weekly aircraft profiles

Species: CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, SF6, isotopes Halocarbons, COS, … 14CO2

($$)

Tower Aircraft

Continuous Observations on some flights: CO2, O3

Flask Samples: Weekly aircraft profiles-2005 (right now most sites are every 3 weeks)

Species: CO2, CO, CH4, N2O, SF6, isotopes, Halocarbons, COS, limited 14CO2

GPS, temperature, pressure

NOAA ESRL Tall Tower & Aircraft North American Network

PIs: A. Andrews and P. Tans; Funding: NOAA

DATA: CO2, CH4, CO (conc'ns)—tall tower

and aircraft

Fossil fuel, fire inventories

High resolution meteorological fields STILT

“measured” land surface CO2, CO and CH4

surface flux

Model

Remote Sensing and Driver Data (EVI, sunlight, temperature, soil

moisture, vegetation height)

CO2, CO, CH4 bdry values:

remote sta., aircraft data

combustion and advected CO2, CO, CH4

modeled land emission

CO,CO2, CH4

Optimize

PRODUCT

Influence (Footprints)

Optimal regional fluxes

+funct'l response

INPUTS

Eddy flux and field dataa priori

Top-Down Model

Framework for the Harvard/Arizona models PI: S. Wofsy; Funding: NASA

Example - support

Other Thematic Data Centers

Digital Elevation Model SRTM

Nitrogen – Dentener

LAI / fPARMODIS4NACP

Weather / Climate -DAYMET

Historical Land Use LEDAPS

Land Cover – MODIS

Soils –CONUS+

Services

•Data Access•Subsetting •WMS/WCS

MAST-DC Web Page

•Link to Thematic Centers•Index of MAST-DC Data (Mercury)•OPeNDAP access to MAST-DC Data

NACP User Community

(and others)

Metadata Registry

Bottom-up Model Output

Top-Down Model Output

Observation Data Packagesto evaluate model results

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Data Management, PI: B. Cook; Funding: NASA

Progress, concerns• Progress - making the whole more than the sum

of its parts– MCI investigators’ community is tangible - Feb 2006

meeting in Boulder, this meeting. Define specific goals for future meetings.

– NACP support group - metadata of projects - excellent resource.

– MAST-DC, ORNL-DAAC.

• Concerns– Slow tall tower build out. Still only one site for MCI.– Several MCI flux towers unsupported for 2007.– Synthesis topics (4, 5) need attention, possibly

additional support (e.g. must compare top-down - data not yet collected - to bottom-up - many projects nearing completion).

Shameless promotion of an upcoming (relevant) event

Attention: Graduate students involved in research on regional-scale terrestrial biogeochemical cycles of carbon, water and nitrogen: Apply for the National Center for Atmospheric Research's (NCAR), 2007 Advanced Study Program's Summer Colloquium, "Regional Biogeochemistry: Needs and Methodologies" to be held June 4-15, 2007 in Boulder , CO. Desai et al. NCAR-ASP and ChEAS RCN (NSF).

http://www.asp.ucar.edu/colloquium/2007/index.jsp• Application deadline is March 1, 2007 For questions

regarding the colloquium email: asp-coll1@asp.ucar.edu