microwave kinetic inductance detectors (mkids): background...
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![Page 1: Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs): Background ...ltd-10.ge.infn.it/trasparencies/A/A02_Day.pdf · Day et al. LTD 10, July 7, 2003, Genoa Peter Day, Rick LeDuc Jet Propulsion](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050714/5f0b24037e708231d42f0cbc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Peter Day, Rick LeDucJet Propulsion Laboratory
Ben Mazin, Tasos Vayonakis, Peter Mason, Jonas Zmuidzinas
Caltech
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs): Background and First Results on Photon Detection
CALTECH
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Superconducting Kinetic Inductance DetectorsSQUID readout :
McDonald and Sauvageau (IEEE Trans. Magn. 25, 1331 (1989)).
Near Tc operation.
Grossman, McDonald and Sauvageau (IEEE Trans. Magn. 27, 2677 (1991)).
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium response.
Bluzer (PRB 44, 10222 (1991), JAP 78, 7340 (1995)).
Sergeev and Rizer (Int. J Mod. Phys. 10, 635 (1996)); Sergeev, Mitin and Karasik (APL 80, 817 (2002)).
Advantages of T<<Tc operation
Microwave readout :
VanVechten et. al. (Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A370, 34 (1996)).
Non-resonant, transmission loss
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Pair-Breaking Detectors
• Finite gap energy
–Quasiparticle lifetime tqp ~ 1/nqp 10-6 – 10-3 sec–Thermal quasiparticle density scales as nqp ~ exp(- D /kT)
–Fundamental sensitivity set by quasiparticle generation-recombination noise, scales as (nqp / tqp)1/2 ~ exp(- D/kT)
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• For AC currents:• Accelerative response of supercurrent: • Allows kinetic energy storage in supercurrent• B penetrates a distance l into the surface
! magnetic energy storage.• “kinetic inductance” effect: surface inductance Ls= m0l
• Surface impedance Zs = Rs + i Xs = Rs + iwLs
• Xs >> Rs, for T << Tc
Kinetic Inductance and Surface Impedance
EtJS
rr=∂∂Λ
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Surface Impedance vs. Quasiparticle Density
" δXs , Rs, nqp all decrease exponentially with temperatures" δXs , Rs have nearly constant response to changes in nqp
(in a
lum
inum
)
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Measurement of Surface Impedance with a Microwave Resonator
λ/4
sLsLf
QsLsL
IK
clcf
totk
kgeomtot
/
/f/ffraction) ..(/
)(,/4
0
21
0
2/10
δαθδ
δαδα
=
−=
≡
+=== −
LLLLL
LC
• Quarter wave resonator• resonance ‘dip’
• Response scales with Q
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Multiplexing
Frequency domain muliplexing
Excite with a ‘comb’Can use single cryogenic amplifierMultiplexing factor
determined by Q, cross talk, lithographic precision
See talk Y02-
-
-
-
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A Test DeviceCPW 0.2mm aluminum on sapphireL = 3mm ! 10 GHzQ = 55,000; a = 0.04; V=2000mm3
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Rough Estimate of Responsivity
550
3
0
102/1103~/||
meV171.0,m2000,04.0
/2
/||
/~/ 0
−− ×=>×→
≈∆=≈
=
∆
Qff
VsLsLff
NnsLsLqp
δ
µα
δαδ
δδ
For a 5.9 keV photon
• Large frequency shifts expected
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Readout Circuit
MIXER 90 HYBRID AMPLIFIER
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X-Ray Events
6 keV, 55Fe source
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I-Q trajectory
θ
40mK 216 243
268
297
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Decay Times
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Decay Times
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0 5 10 15 200
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Number of thermal quasiparticles (millions)
phas
e ch
ange
(rad
ians
)
‘Thermal’ Calibration of Responsivity• Measure response to temperature changes• thermally excited quasiparticles
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Noise Measurements• Amplifer noise can be measured off resonance• On resonance noise exceeds the readout noise
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Noise Measurements
eV11~)(
4355.22/1
02FWHM
−∞
=∆ ∫ ω
ωd
NEPE
total
amplifer
G-R
oscillator
)1()()(NEP 20
2
2
qp
02 τωθητωω θ +
∂∂
∆=
−
NS
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Coupling
• Use absorbers with higher D• Quasiparticle diffusion / trapping
• Antenna coupling
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Ultimate Sensitivity
NEP
(W/ H
z1/2 ) D
E FWH
M(eV
)
aQ / V (mm-3)
• Assume amplifier limited noise (with TN = 5K)• Assume readout power scales inversely with aQ / V
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Conclusions
• MKIDs appear to be very interesting for large-format detector arrays (103-104 pixels, or larger ?)
• Basic detector physics has been demonstrated• Observed single-photon X-ray pulses with high SNR• Much work remains to be done !