microwave communications and transmission design

8/12/2019 Microwave Communications and Transmission Design

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INTRODUCTION

Microwave communication or transmission is referred to as the transmission of signals through

the use of radio waves in miniscule wavelength measurements called microwaves. A part of the radio

spectrum, it ranges roughly from 1.0 GHz to 30 GHz that correspond to wavelengths 30 cm down to 1cm.

Applications of microwave communication are often for point-to-point communications

because of its small wavelength. This allows the antennas to direct the waves in narrow beams directly

pointed at the receiving antenna. Because of this, nearby microwave equipment may use the same

frequency without interfering the other microwave equipment, as lower frequency radio waves do.

High frequency microwaves also gives the advantage of higher information capacity, which makes it

ideal for high data rate applications and transmission. Microwave radio transmission is commonly used

in point-to-point communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and

in deep space radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars,

radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy.

This technology is also advantageous because of its flexibility. It can easily be deployed in

rugged terrains, remote areas and even over water. Microwave technology is also preferred because

when a communication system expands, the equipment are readily easy to relocate and reconfigure.

What limits the microwaves is that it can only be propagated through line of sight, unlike lower

frequency radio waves. The area between the microwave system components must be clear from

obstruction or major structures, such as tall buildings, mountains or other objects that could

potentially obstruct the communication.

The typical microwave system includes at least two microwave radios that are located high atop

microwave towers. The radios allow the transmission of data from site to site.

Objective:

Minimum Requirements Values Obtained

Antenna A to Antenna B Distance 80km 80km

Antenna A to Repeater Distance25 to 35 mi (for 2 -8GHz

Band) 29.2 mi

Antenna B to Repeater Distance25 to 35 mi (for 2 -8GHz

Band)25mi

Tower Height 30m 30m,55m, 115m,145m

Antenna Near to Roads Yes


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ANTENNA LOCATION

Map1

Sheet No. 3032-II

Map2

Sheet No. 3031-I

Map3

Sheet No. 3031-II

Map4

Sheet No. 3030-I

Antenna A Location: San Clemente, Tarlac

Repeater Location: Bamban, Tarlac

Antenna B Location: Subic, Zambales

Camiling

Mount Pinatubo

Olongapo City

ODonnell

A Elev=1000m

Elev=425m R

B Elev=890m


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SITE DEMOGRAPHY

TARLAC

Tarlac is a landlockedprovince of the Philippines

located in Central Luzon. Its capital is Tarlac City. Tarlac

bordersPampanga to the south, Nueva Ecija to the east,

Pangasinan to the north, and Zambales to the west. It is

a part of Central Luzon, which is also composed of

Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and

Zambales.

As of the 2000 census, Tarlac has a population of

1,273,240. Its population density is 440/km.

In the southern half of the province

Kapampangan is the spoken language whereas Ilocano

and Pangasinan dominate the northern half. Tagalog,

being the country's national language, is widely

understood throughout the province.

EconomyThe economy of Tarlac is dominantly agricultural. Principal crops arerice andsugarcane.Other

major crops are corn andcoconut;vegetables such aseggplant,garlic,andonion;and fruit trees like

mango,banana,andcalamansi.It is among the biggest producers ofRice andSugarcane notably grownin Hacienda Luisita in Barangay San Miguel, Tarlac City which is owned by the Cojuangco Family.

Because the province is landlocked, its fish production is limited to fishponds but it has vast

river systems and irrigation which is more than enough to compensate for the need of water. On the

boundary with Zambales in the west, forest lands provide timber for the logging industry. Mineral

reserves such as manganese and iron can also be found along the western section.

Tarlac has its own rice and corn mills as well as sawmills and logging outfits. It has three sugar

centrals. Other firms service agricultural needs such as fertilizer. Among its cottage industries, ceramics

making has become important because of the abundant supply of clay. Some of the major industries

here are the making of Chicharon and Iniruban in the municipality of Camiling,Ylang Ylang /Ilang-Ilang

products of Anao and theMuscovado sugar products of Victoria. Besides those products, the provincealso boosts its sugar products in the Philippines. It is next to Negros Occidental which is the nation's

sugar capital. Tilapia is also improving in Tarlac and it will soon be theTilapia capital of the Philippines.

GeographyEastern Tarlac is a plain, while Western Tarlac is hilly to mountainous. Because of this, the

province owns a large portion of mountains like Mt. Telakawa (Straw hat Mountain), which is the

highest mountain in the province located atCapas, Tarlac.Mt. Bueno, Mt. Mor-Asia and Mt. Canouman

is located also in Capas as well as Mount Dalin. The other mountains are Mt. Dueg and Mt. Maasin,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylang_Ylanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capas,_Tarlachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capas,_Tarlachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylang_Ylanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines


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found in the municipality of San Clemente. Also noted are Mt. Papaac, Bacsay, Cayasan and Birbira of

Camiling. The whole of Mayantoc and San Jose are mountainous so it is suitable for the highest natural

resources and forest products in the province such as coal, iron, copper, vegetables, fruits, log fires,

sand, rocks and forest animals such as wild boar, deer etc. The main water sources for agriculture

include the Tarlac River at Tarlac City, The Lucong and Parua rivers in Concepcion, Tarlac, Sacobia

Bamban River in Bamban and the Rio Chico in La Paz.

Political

Tarlac is subdivided into 17municipalities and 1city.These divisions are further subdivided into

511barangays.The province comprisesthree congressional districts.

Physical

The province is situated at the center of the central plains of Luzon, landlocked by four

provinces:Pampanga on the south,Nueva Ecija on the east,Pangasinan on the north, andZambales on

the west. Approximately 75% of the province is plain while the rest is hilly to mountainous.

Like the rest ofCentral Luzon,the province has two distinct seasons: dry from November toApril and wet for the rest of the year.

ZAMBALES

Zambales is a province of the Philippines located in the

Central Luzon region. Its capital is Iba. Zambales borders

Pangasinan to the north, Tarlac and Pampanga to the east,

Bataan to the south and the South China Sea to the west. With

a land area of 3,830.83 km2, Zambales is the second largest

among the seven provinces of Central Luzon. The province is

noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to

April.

Zambales is served by the Subic Bay International Airport,

which is located in Cubi Point in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

The Freeport Zone is host to many tourist attractions which

include casinos, beach resorts, parks, beachside huts and

cottages and historical sites.

Geography

Physical

Zambales lies on the western shores of Luzon island along the

South China Sea. Its shoreline is very ragged, and features many coves and inlets. The Zambales

Mountains, the mountain range on the eastern part of the province occupies about 60% of its total

land area. Subic Bay, in the southern end of the province, provides a natural harbor, and was chosen as

the location of the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. The peak of Mount Pinatubo lies near the tripoint of

Zambales, Pampanga, and Tarlac provinces.[4] This volcano, once considered dormant, erupted
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlac_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Tarlachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Ecijahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Ecijahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Tarlachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlac_River


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violently in 1991 blowing off its summit, leaving a caldera (now filled with Lake Pinatubo), on the

mountains of Botolan, Zambales. A vast portion of the province acquired desert-like features after

being buried by more than 20 feet (6.1 m) deep of lahar.

Climate

Zambales has two pronounced seasons: dry from October to June, and wet from July to September.

Subdivisions

Zambales is subdivided into 13 municipalities and 1 city. Olongapo City is a highly urbanized city and

administers itself autonomously from the province. Panatag Shoal (Scarborough Shoal) a Philippine-

claimed EEZ, is a designated part of the province.

Subic

Castillejos

San Marcelino

San Antonio

San NarcisoSan Felipe

Cabangan

Botolan

Iba

Palauig

Masinloc

Candelaria

Santa Cruz

DemographicsPopulation census of Zambales

Year Pop. % p.a.

1990 369,665

1995 389,512 +1.05%

2000 433,542 +2.16%

2007 493,085 +1.86%

2010 534,443 +2.72%

The Aetas of Mount Pinatubo were the earliest inhabitants of what is now the province of Zambales.

They were later displaced by the Sambal, an Austronesian people after whom the province is named.

Many Sambal still believe in superstitions and mysteries that have been handed down through thegenerations.

The Sambal, the Tagalogs, the Ilokanos, and the Kapampangans today constitute the four largest ethnic

groups in Zambales; these identities may and do, however, overlap with one another due to

intermarriage[5] and other factors. Most of the people of southern Zambales are migrants from

different parts of the country owing to the influx of job opportunities brought on by the U.S Subic

Naval Base (San Antonio and Subic) during the American regime of the country. Many people found


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jobs and permanently settled there. The presence of the Americans greatly influenced the inhabitants,

from their tastes in food, clothing, and style.

Respect for elders is still observed. Town fiestas honoring patron saints are practiced in each parish,

and Zambaleos are very accommodating when it comes to feasts.

Education

There are a number of higher educational institutions in the province. The Ramon Magsaysay

Technological University, the first state university in the province can be found in Iba. It has also

satellite campuses in the municipalities of Sta. Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Botolan, San Marcelino,

Castillejos, and in the city of Olongapo. St. Joseph College-Olongapo, a college run by the Roman

Catholic Church can be found in Olongapo City. The Columban College, run by the Catholic Church can

be found also in Olongapo. The Magsaysay Memorial College is also run by the Roman Catholic Church

and can be found in San Narciso.

Economy

Zambales is a rich source of Nickel & mountain.


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Frequency Allocation

Since the Voice Channel Capacity is 1800, the recommended frequency range to be used is from 7.725

to 8.275 GHz as indicated from ITU-R Rec 386. Also, the range is listed in the available frequency range

of Point-to-Point Radio Comm. System from NTC.

To determine the operating frequency per channel:

f ar (GHz)Go

7.794

f rb (GHz) 7.931

f br (GHz)Return

8.069

f ra (GHz) 8.206

Solution:

BW=8.275-7.725=.55GHz

fc= (8.275+7.725)/2 = 8 GHz

Frequency:

For Go links far & frb: f=7.725 x Bw/4 x (4 - 1/2)

For Return links fbr & fra: f=8 x Bw/4 x (4 - 1/2)


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PATH PROFILE DATA

Earth Bulge = d1xd2/12.75k where k=4/3

First Fresnel (F1) =

Total Elevation = Elevation+EB+(.6xF1)+Allowance

Where Allowance is

Type Allowance (m)

Residential 10

Industrial 20

Woods and other terrain types 6.1

To determine Tower Height and Reflection Point simultaneously, Reflection Point Calculation as used

(for k=4/3):

H1 D1 H2 D2

D1 2 D2 2Where:

H1: elevation of lower antenna from reflection surface in feet

D1: distance from lower antenna in miles

H2: elevation of higher antenna from reflection surface in feet

D2: distance from higher antenna in miles

First, tower heights were assumed since H1 is equal to (Tower height+Elevation)- Elevation per km,and values can be said to be applicable when the difference of the left and right side of the

equation will be equal to zero. Thus, the reflection point is located at that elevation. Moreover,

before the tower height can be accepted, there must be no obstruction to the line of site but the

reflection path must have an obstruction so that it will not be reflected to the receiving antenna.


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Antenna (A) to Repeater (R) Path Profile Data Sheet

d1

(km)

d2

(km)

Elev

(m)Path class EB (m)

D

(km)F1(m) 0.6F1 Allowance Total

0 47 1000 Woodland 0.0000 47 0.0000 0.0000 6.1 1006.1000

1 46 820 Scrub 2.7059 47 6.1305 3.6783 6.1 832.48422 45 900 Woodland 5.2941 47 8.5751 5.1450 6.1 916.5392

3 44 720 Woodland 7.7647 47 10.3849 6.2310 6.1 740.0957

4 43 800 Woodland 10.1176 47 11.8544 7.1127 6.1 823.3303

5 42 540 Woodland 12.3529 47 13.0987 7.8592 6.1 566.3121

6 41 400 Woodland 14.4706 47 14.1770 8.5062 6.1 429.0768

7 40 420 Woodland 16.4706 47 15.1250 9.0750 6.1 451.6456

8 39 260 Woodland 18.3529 47 15.9659 9.5796 6.1 294.0325

9 38 240 Woodland 20.1176 47 16.7159 10.0295 6.1 276.2472

10 37 400 Woodland 21.7647 47 17.3867 10.4320 6.1 438.2967

11 36 140 Sand 23.2941 47 17.9872 10.7923 6.1 180.1865

12 35 380 Woodland 24.7059 47 18.5243 11.1146 6.1 421.9205

13 34 340 Woodland 26.0000 47 19.0033 11.4020 6.1 383.5020

14 33 340 Woodland 27.1765 47 19.4284 11.6571 6.1 384.9335

15 32 320 Woodland 28.2353 47 19.8033 11.8820 6.1 366.2173

16 31 340 Woodland 29.1765 47 20.1307 12.0784 6.1 387.3549

17 30 340 Woodland 30.0000 47 20.4128 12.2477 6.1 388.3477

18 29 320 Woodland 30.7059 47 20.6515 12.3909 6.1 369.1968

19 28 400 Woodland 31.2941 47 20.8484 12.5090 6.1 449.9032

20 27 280 Woodland 31.7647 47 21.0046 12.6027 6.1 330.4674

21 26 360 Woodland 32.1176 47 21.1209 12.6726 6.1 410.8902

22 25 220 Woodland 32.3529 47 21.1982 12.7189 6.1 271.1718

23 24 160 Woodland 32.4706 47 21.2367 12.7420 6.1 211.3126

24 23 480 Woodland 32.4706 47 21.2367 12.7420 6.1 531.3126

25 22 360 Woodland 32.3529 47 21.1982 12.7189 6.1 411.1718

26 21 400 Woodland 32.1176 47 21.1209 12.6726 6.1 450.8902

27 20 400 Woodland 31.7647 47 21.0046 12.6027 6.1 450.4674

28 19 440 Woodland 31.2941 47 20.8484 12.5090 6.1 489.9032

29 18 500 Woodland 30.7059 47 20.6515 12.3909 6.1 549.1968

30 17 500 Woodland 30.0000 47 20.4128 12.2477 6.1 548.3477

31 16 440 Woodland 29.1765 47 20.1307 12.0784 6.1 487.3549

32 15 380 Woodland 28.2353 47 19.8033 11.8820 6.1 426.2173

33 14 300 Woodland 27.1765 47 19.4284 11.6571 6.1 344.9335

34 13 240 Scrub 26.0000 47 19.0033 11.4020 6.1 283.5020

35 12 220 Woodland 24.7059 47 18.5243 11.1146 6.1 261.9205

36 11 340 Woodland 23.2941 47 17.9872 10.7923 6.1 380.1865

37 10 20 Swamp 21.7647 47 17.3867 10.4320 6.1 58.2967

38 9 130 Woodland 20.1176 47 16.7159 10.0295 6.1 166.2472

39 8 140 Scrub 18.3529 47 15.9659 9.5796 6.1 174.0325

40 7 180 Grass 16.4706 47 15.1250 9.0750 6.1 211.6456

41 6 300 Grass 14.4706 47 14.1770 8.5062 6.1 329.076842 5 240 Woodland 12.3529 47 13.0987 7.8592 6.1 266.3121

43 4 240 Grass 10.1176 47 11.8544 7.1127 6.1 263.3303

44 3 280 Scrub 7.7647 47 10.3849 6.2310 6.1 300.0957

45 2 400 Woodland 5.2941 47 8.5751 5.1450 6.1 416.5392

46 1 240 Woodland 2.7059 47 6.1305 3.6783 6.1 252.4842

47 0 425 Woodland 0.0000 47 0.0000 0.0000 6.1 431.1000

Highlighted Row is the position of the Reflection Point


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Tower A Height/Repeater Tower Height & Reflection Point Calculation

H1= ((ELEV(A)+30-ELEV)*3.28))/(Distance from A*0.621371)) - ((Distance from A*0.621371)/2)

H2= ((ELEV(Rep)+55-ELEV)*3.28))/(Distance from Rep*0.621371)) - ((Distance from Rep*0.621371)/2)

Distance

from A (km)

H1 @Tower A

Ht=30mH2@Rep Ht=55m Difference

1 1108.2058 -53.3076 1161.51

2 342.4909 -63.2482 405.74

3 544.5284 -42.4628 586.99

4 302.2796 -52.6425 354.92

5 515.7543 -20.5897 536.34

6 552.3941 -2.4383 554.83

7 457.8218 -4.5094 462.33

8 505.5846 17.6603 487.92

9 460.5520 21.5328 439.02

10 329.4481 -0.0821 329.53

11 423.6732 38.6692 385.00

12 282.1986 4.2079 277.99

13 276.1356 11.1723 264.9614 255.8124 12.1417 243.67

15 245.1958 16.4513 228.74

16 222.6708 14.2078 208.46

17 208.9694 15.3131 193.66

18 202.6211 20.1137 182.51

19 169.1259 6.3827 162.74

20 191.7357 30.7126 161.02

21 161.8897 16.2852 145.60

22 187.5152 47.1308 140.38

23 192.5249 62.9255 129.60

24 113.5126 -7.1458 120.66

25 133.7007 21.9576 111.74

26 119.8279 13.5847 106.24

27 114.7800 14.9009 99.88

28 102.5295 5.2099 97.32

29 87.4620 -11.4575 98.92

30 83.9356 -11.4918 95.43

31 90.8334 8.2257 82.61

32 97.2806 30.5307 66.75

33 106.5175 63.5188 43.00

34 112.0877 93.4131 18.67

35 111.2890 110.6425 0.65

36 89.9894 63.7653 26.22

37 132.5975 239.7110 107.11

38 113.2146 202.4847 89.27

39 108.3448 221.8571 113.51

40 99.7439 224.0531 124.3141 81.2476 156.4954 75.25

42 86.2401 251.8218 165.58

43 83.6204 315.4763 231.86

44 76.3068 350.9779 274.67

45 59.9203 210.5246 150.60

46 76.3635 1266.5653 1190.20

Therefore Refelection Point is at km35 Elev=220m


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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Elevation(m)

D (km)

Antenna (A) to Repeater Path Profile

Elev (m) EB (m) Total Line of Sight Reflection Path


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Repeater (R) to Antenna (A) Path Profile Data Sheet

d1

(km)

d2

(km)

Elev

(m)Path class EB (m)

D

(km)F1(m) 0.6F1 Allowance Total

0 47 425 Woodland 0.0000 47 0.0000 0.0000 6.1 431.1000

1 46 240 Woodland 2.7059 47 5.9746 3.5848 6.1 252.39072 45 400 Woodland 5.2941 47 8.3570 5.0142 6.1 416.4083

3 44 280 Scrub 7.7647 47 10.1209 6.0725 6.1 299.9372

4 43 240 Grass 10.1176 47 11.5530 6.9318 6.1 263.1495

5 42 240 Woodland 12.3529 47 12.7656 7.6594 6.1 266.1123

6 41 300 Grass 14.4706 47 13.8165 8.2899 6.1 328.8605

7 40 180 Grass 16.4706 47 14.7404 8.8443 6.1 211.4149

8 39 140 Scrub 18.3529 47 15.5600 9.3360 6.1 173.7889

9 38 130 Woodland 20.1176 47 16.2909 9.7745 6.1 165.9922

10 37 20 Swamp 21.7647 47 16.9446 10.1668 6.1 58.0315

11 36 340 Woodland 23.2941 47 17.5299 10.5179 6.1 379.9120

12 35 220 Woodland 24.7059 47 18.0533 10.8320 6.1 261.6378

13 34 240 Scrub 26.0000 47 18.5201 11.1120 6.1 283.2120

14 33 300 Woodland 27.1765 47 18.9344 11.3607 6.1 344.6371

15 32 380 Woodland 28.2353 47 19.2998 11.5799 6.1 425.9152

16 31 440 Woodland 29.1765 47 19.6188 11.7713 6.1 487.0477

17 30 500 Woodland 30.0000 47 19.8937 11.9362 6.1 548.0362

18 29 500 Woodland 30.7059 47 20.1264 12.0759 6.1 548.8817

19 28 440 Woodland 31.2941 47 20.3183 12.1910 6.1 489.5851

20 27 400 Woodland 31.7647 47 20.4705 12.2823 6.1 450.1470

21 26 400 Woodland 32.1176 47 20.5839 12.3503 6.1 450.5680

22 25 360 Woodland 32.3529 47 20.6592 12.3955 6.1 410.8484

23 24 480 Woodland 32.4706 47 20.6967 12.4180 6.1 530.9886

24 23 160 Woodland 32.4706 47 20.6967 12.4180 6.1 210.9886

25 22 220 Woodland 32.3529 47 20.6592 12.3955 6.1 270.8484

26 21 360 Woodland 32.1176 47 20.5839 12.3503 6.1 410.5680

27 20 280 Woodland 31.7647 47 20.4705 12.2823 6.1 330.1470

28 19 400 Woodland 31.2941 47 20.3183 12.1910 6.1 449.5851

29 18 320 Woodland 30.7059 47 20.1264 12.0759 6.1 368.8817

30 17 340 Woodland 30.0000 47 19.8937 11.9362 6.1 388.0362

31 16 340 Woodland 29.1765 47 19.6188 11.7713 6.1 387.0477

32 15 320 Woodland 28.2353 47 19.2998 11.5799 6.1 365.9152

33 14 340 Woodland 27.1765 47 18.9344 11.3607 6.1 384.6371

34 13 340 Woodland 26.0000 47 18.5201 11.1120 6.1 383.2120

35 12 380 Woodland 24.7059 47 18.0533 10.8320 6.1 421.6378

36 11 140 Sand 23.2941 47 17.5299 10.5179 6.1 179.9120

37 10 400 Woodland 21.7647 47 16.9446 10.1668 6.1 438.0315

38 9 240 Woodland 20.1176 47 16.2909 9.7745 6.1 275.9922

39 8 260 Woodland 18.3529 47 15.5600 9.3360 6.1 293.7889

40 7 420 Woodland 16.4706 47 14.7404 8.8443 6.1 451.4149

41 6 400 Woodland 14.4706 47 13.8165 8.2899 6.1 428.860542 5 540 Woodland 12.3529 47 12.7656 7.6594 6.1 566.1123

43 4 800 Woodland 10.1176 47 11.5530 6.9318 6.1 823.1495

44 3 720 Woodland 7.7647 47 10.1209 6.0725 6.1 739.9372

45 2 900 Woodland 5.2941 47 8.3570 5.0142 6.1 916.4083

46 1 820 Scrub 2.7059 47 5.9746 3.5848 6.1 832.3907

47 0 1000 Woodland 0.0000 47 0.0000 0.0000 6.1 1006.1000



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Repeater Tower Height/Tower A Height & Reflection Point Calculation


H2= ((ELEV(A)+30-ELEV)*3.28))/(Distance from A*0.621371)) - ((Distance from A*0.621371)/2)

Distance fromRep (km)

H1 @ Rep Ht=55m H2@ Tower AHt=30m

Difference

1 1266.5653 76.3635 1190.20

2 210.5246 59.9203 150.60

3 350.9779 76.3068 274.67

4 315.4763 83.6204 231.86

5 251.8218 86.2401 165.58

6 156.4954 81.2476 75.25

7 224.0531 99.7439 124.31

8 221.8571 108.3448 113.51

9 202.4847 113.2146 89.27

10 239.7110 132.5975 107.11

11 63.7653 89.9894 26.22

12 110.6425 111.2890 0.6513 93.4131 112.0877 18.67

14 63.5188 106.5175 43.00

15 30.5307 97.2806 66.75

16 8.2257 90.8334 82.61

17 -11.4918 83.9356 95.43

18 -11.4575 87.4620 98.92

19 5.2099 102.5295 97.32

20 14.9009 114.7800 99.88

21 13.5847 119.8279 106.24

22 21.9576 133.7007 111.74

23 -7.1458 113.5126 120.66

24 62.9255 192.5249 129.60

25 47.1308 187.5152 140.38

26 16.2852 161.8897 145.60

27 30.7126 191.7357 161.02

28 6.3827 169.1259 162.74

29 20.1137 202.6211 182.51

30 15.3131 208.9694 193.66

31 14.2078 222.6708 208.46

32 16.4513 245.1958 228.74

33 12.1417 255.8124 243.67

34 11.1723 276.1356 264.96

35 4.2079 282.1986 277.99

36 38.6692 423.6732 385.00

37 -0.0821 329.4481 329.53

38 21.5328 460.5520 439.02

39 17.6603 505.5846 487.9240 -4.5094 457.8218 462.33

41 -2.4383 552.3941 554.83

42 -20.5897 515.7543 536.34

43 -52.6425 302.2796 354.92

44 -42.4628 544.5284 586.99

45 -63.2482 342.4909 405.74

46 -53.3076 1108.2058 1161.51



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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Elevation(m)

D (km)

Repeater to Antenna (A) Path Profile



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15

Antenna (B) to Repeater (R) Path Profile Data Sheet

d1

(km)

d2

(km)

Elev

(m) Path class EB (m) D (km) F1(m) 0.6F1 Allowance Total

0 40 890 Woodland 0.0000 40 0.0000 0.0000 6.1 896.1000

1 39 780 Woodland 2.2941 40 6.0137 3.6082 6.1 792.0023

2 38 600 Woodland 4.4706 40 8.3949 5.0369 6.1 615.6075

3 37 700 Woodland 6.5294 40 10.1454 6.0872 6.1 718.7166

4 36 640 Woodland 8.4706 40 11.5555 6.9333 6.1 661.5039

5 35 220 Woodland 10.2941 40 12.7387 7.6432 6.1 244.0373

6 34 200 Woodland 12.0000 40 13.7538 8.2523 6.1 226.3523

7 33 480 Woodland 13.5882 40 14.6357 8.7814 6.1 508.4696

8 32 460 Woodland 15.0588 40 15.4073 9.2444 6.1 490.4032

9 31 500 Woodland 16.4118 40 16.0845 9.6507 6.1 532.1625

10 30 500 Grass 17.6471 40 16.6789 10.0073 6.1 533.7544

11 29 380 Scrub 18.7647 40 17.1989 10.3194 6.1 415.1841

12 28 440 Scrub 19.7647 40 17.6513 10.5908 6.1 476.4555

13 27 300 Grass 20.6471 40 18.0410 10.8246 6.1 337.5716

14 26 240 Grass 21.4118 40 18.3720 11.0232 6.1 278.5350

15 25 440 Scrub 22.0588 40 18.6476 11.1885 6.1 479.3474

16 24 400 Grass 22.5882 40 18.8700 11.3220 6.1 440.0102

17 23 640 Grass 23.0000 40 19.0412 11.4247 6.1 680.5247

18 22 340 Scrub 23.2941 40 19.1626 11.4975 6.1 380.8917

19 21 300 Scrub 23.4706 40 19.2350 11.5410 6.1 341.1116

20 20 340 Scrub 23.5294 40 19.2591 11.5555 6.1 381.1849

21 19 600 Scrub 23.4706 40 19.2350 11.5410 6.1 641.1116

22 18 720 Scrub 23.2941 40 19.1626 11.4975 6.1 760.8917

23 17 600 Scrub 23.0000 40 19.0412 11.4247 6.1 640.5247

24 16 500 Scrub 22.5882 40 18.8700 11.3220 6.1 540.0102

25 15 600 Scrub 22.0588 40 18.6476 11.1885 6.1 639.347426 14 560 Scrub 21.4118 40 18.3720 11.0232 6.1 598.5350

27 13 400 Lahar 20.6471 40 18.0410 10.8246 6.1 437.5716

28 12 500 Scrub 19.7647 40 17.6513 10.5908 6.1 536.4555

29 11 560 Scrub 18.7647 40 17.1989 10.3194 6.1 595.1841

30 10 580 Scrub 17.6471 40 16.6789 10.0073 6.1 613.7544

31 9 600 Scrub 16.4118 40 16.0845 9.6507 6.1 632.1625

32 8 440 Scrub 15.0588 40 15.4073 9.2444 6.1 470.4032

33 7 400 Scrub 13.5882 40 14.6357 8.7814 6.1 428.4696

34 6 400 Grass 12.0000 40 13.7538 8.2523 6.1 426.3523

35 5 300 Scrub 10.2941 40 12.7387 7.6432 6.1 324.0373

36 4 340 Scrub 8.4706 40 11.5555 6.9333 6.1 361.5039

37 3 280 Scrub 6.5294 40 10.1454 6.0872 6.1 298.7166

38 2 340 Scrub 4.4706 40 8.3949 5.0369 6.1 355.607539 1 460 Woodland 2.2941 40 6.0137 3.6082 6.1 472.0023

40 0 425 Woodland 0.0000 40 0.0000 0.0000 6.1 431.1000



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Tower B Height/Repeater Tower Height & Reflection Point Calculation

H1= ((ELEV(B)+115-ELEV)*3.28))/(Distance from B*0.621371)) - ((Distance from B*0.621371)/2)


Distance

from B (km)

H1 @Tower

A Ht=115m

H2 @Rep

Ht=145mDifference

1 1187.3856 -40.5402 1227.90

2 1068.3052 -15.9734 1084.30

3 535.7307 -30.0420 565.80

4 480.4341 -21.4487 501.90

5 827.1946 41.9125 785.30

6 706.3548 46.8808 659.50

7 393.7239 4.1437 389.60

8 357.1225 8.2034 348.90

9 293.3947 2.2883 291.10

10 263.4650 2.9963 260.50

11 296.5058 25.5744 270.90

12 244.8082 15.8088 229.00

13 282.2263 44.3980 237.8014 284.0909 58.9204 225.20

15 194.1689 19.6818 174.50

16 194.6280 29.9340 164.70

17 108.0541 -23.2112 131.30

18 189.4245 48.3508 141.10

19 189.9627 61.3440 128.60

20 169.3014 54.4908 114.80

21 95.2781 -14.2377 109.50

22 61.5474 -49.5811 111.10

23 85.8044 -14.5969 100.40

24 103.6151 18.1231 85.50

25 77.7470 -15.2176 93.00

26 82.2683 -0.5791 82.80

27 109.8924 64.9896 44.90

28 86.5050 27.0639 59.40

29 71.9901 1.3812 70.60

30 65.4603 -8.3855 73.80

31 59.3318 -20.3917 79.70

32 83.2592 83.2926 0.00

33 86.5226 126.0210 39.50

34 83.3656 147.6976 64.30

35 95.4531 283.4937 188.00

36 86.3237 302.2796 216.00

37 91.9376 509.3374 417.40

38 80.5703 606.4234 525.90

39 61.6490 580.3408 518.70



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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41

Elevation(m)

D (km)

Antenna (B) to Repeater Path Profile



18/35


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19

Repeater Tower Height/Tower B Height & Reflection Point Calculation


H2= ((ELEV(B)+115-ELEV)*3.28))/(Distance from B*0.621371)) - ((Distance from B*0.621371)/2)

Distance

from A(km)

H1 @ RepHt=145m

H2 @

Tower BHt=115m

Difference

1 580.3408093 61.649015 518.70

2 606.4233736 80.570325 525.90

3 509.337439 91.937642 417.40

4 302.2796303 86.323717 216.00

5 283.49367 95.453099 188.00

6 147.6976357 83.365611 64.30

7 126.0209861 86.522628 39.50

8 83.29257774 83.259227 0.00

9 -20.3916693 59.331757 79.70

10 -8.38550495 65.460309 73.80

11 1.381232185 71.990094 70.6012 27.06389873 86.505028 59.40

13 64.98958789 109.89235 44.90

14 -0.57913275 82.268301 82.80

15 -15.2175824 77.746992 93.00

16 18.12312554 103.61514 85.50

17 -14.5969181 85.804374 100.40

18 -49.5810886 61.54743 111.10

19 -14.237735 95.278139 109.50

20 54.49076446 169.3014 114.80

21 61.34396104 189.96267 128.60

22 48.35080487 189.42445 141.10

23 -23.2112229 108.05407 131.3024 29.93398517 194.62798 164.70

25 19.68184226 194.16887 174.50

26 58.9204264 284.09092 225.20

27 44.39799103 282.22634 237.80

28 15.80882364 244.80821 229.00

29 25.57437881 296.50575 270.90

30 2.996284891 263.46497 260.50

31 2.288281652 293.39474 291.10

32 8.203423214 357.12254 348.90

33 4.143696554 393.72395 389.60

34 46.88082484 706.35476 659.50

35 41.91250703 827.19462 785.3036 -21.4487196 480.43407 501.90

37 -30.0419714 535.73069 565.80

38 -15.9734042 1068.3052 1084.30

39 -40.5402342 1187.3856 1227.90



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200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41

Elevation(m)

D (km)

Antenna (B) to Repeater Path Profile



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Total Losses = FSL + WG loss + Connector Loss + Radome Loss

Total Losses = 143.6771652 + 0.3350128360.335012836+0.4

Total Losses = 151.049778 dB

Total Antenna Gain = RSLPt + Total Losses

Total Antenna Gain = -3132 + 151.049778

Total Antenna Gain = 88.04977802 dB

Individual Antenna Gain = Total Antenna Gain / 2

Antenna Gain = 88.04977802 / 2

Antenna Gain = 44.02488901 dB

Antenna Diameter (d):

44.67539635 = 7.5 + 20log (7.794) + 20log D

Antenna Diameter (d)= 10^((44.02488901-7.5-(20*log(7.794)))/20)

D = 8.599714811ft

Note: Antenna chosen is 10 ft.

REVERSE CALCULATION

Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log F (GHz) + 20 log d (ft)

Antenna Gain = 7.5 + 20log (7.794) + 20log 10


Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2Total Antenna Gain = 45.33520803 * 2


Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna GainTotal Losses

Receiver Signal Level = 32 + 90.90948101151.049778

Receiver Signal Level = -28.37936197dB

Fade Margin = Receiver Signal LevelReceiver Threshold

Fade Margin = -28.37936197+ 69

Fade Margin = 40.62063803dB

Undp = 1.25x10^-6 x a x b x f^1.5 x D^3 x 10^(-FM/10)

a= (for mountainous, very rough or very dry)

b= 1/8 (mountainous or very dry)

Undp = 1.25x10^-6 x x 1/8 x 7.794^1.5 x (47x0.621371)^3 x 10^(-38/10)

Undp = 3.35542E-06


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Reliability = (1 - Undp)*100%

Reliability = (13.35542E-06)*100%

Reliability = 99.99966446%

R TO A

Transmitter Output Power, Pt (dBm) 32

Receiver Threshold (dBm) -69

Reliability (%) 99.99

Fade Margin (dB) 38

Waveguide Length (m) 6.1

Radome Loss (dB) 0.2

Connector Loss (dB) 0.08593835

Circulator Loss (dB) 0.5

Frequency (GHz) 8.206

Distance (km) 47

Waveguide Loss (@ 8.206 GHz) 5.67

Antenna Height, R (m) 55

Antenna height, A (m) 30

Connector Loss (dB) from specification sheet = 0.03*sqrt(F GHz)

Receiver Signal level (RSL) = FM + Receiver Threshold

RSL = -31 dB

Free Space Loss (FSL) = 92.4 + 20log F (GHz) + 20log D(km)

FSL = 144.1245874dB

Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height A + Antenna Height R+ 2*Allowance) / 100

Total Waveguide Loss = 5.51124 dB

Total Connector Loss = Connector lossper site * 4

Total Connector Loss = 0.3437534dB

Total Radome Loss = 0.2 dB per site * 2

Total Radome Loss = 0.4 dB

Total Circulator Loss = 0.5 dB per site * 2

Total Radome Loss = 1 dB




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B TO RTransmitter Output Power, Pt (dBm) 32



Fade Margin (dB) 38Waveguide Length (m) 6.1




Distance (km) 40


Antenna Height, B (m) 115

Antenna height, R (m) 145



RSL = -31 dB


FSL = 142.5775941 dB

Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height B + Antenna Height R+ 2*Allowance) / 100

Total Waveguide Loss = 15.59706 dB


Total Connector Loss = 0.340871823 dB












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Antenna Diameter (d)= 10^(( Individual Antenna Gain (dB)-7.5-(20*log(f GHz)))/20)

D = 13.8378441 ft


REVERSE CALCULATION


Antenna Gain = 49.1582194 9dB

Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2

Total Antenna Gain = 98.31643898dB

Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna GainTotal LossesReceiver Signal Level = -29.59908698 dB


Fade Margin = 39.40091302 dB



b= 1/8 (mountainous or very dry)

Undp = 2.17883E-06




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R TO B

Transmitter Output Power, Pt (dBm) 32



Fade Margin (dB) 38Waveguide Length (m) 6.1



Circulator Loss (dB) 0.5



Distance (km) 40


Antenna Height, B (m) 145

Antenna height, R (m) 115



RSL = -31 dB


FSL = 142.4277588 dB

Total Waveguide Loss = Waveguide Loss * (Antenna Height B + Antenna Height R+ 2*Allowance) / 100Total Waveguide Loss = 15.67872 dB


Total Connector Loss = 0.337944374 dB










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Antenna Diameter (d)= 10^(( Individual Antenna Gain (dB)-7.5-(20*log(f GHz)))/20)

D = 14.02111754 ft


REVERSE CALCULATION



Total Antenna Gain = Antenna Gain * 2


Receiver Signal Level = Pt + Total Antenna GainTotal Losses

Receiver Signal Level = -29.82765484 dB


Fade Margin = 39.17234516 dB



b= 1/8 (mountainous or very dry)Undp = 2.12317E-06




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Azimuth

A to R / R to A San Clemente, Tarlac Bamban, Tarlac

Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude

Degrees () 15 120 15 120

Minutes (') 37 15 15 28

Seconds ('') 54.38 52.5 30 11.3

15.63177222 120.2645833 15.25833 120.4698056

R to B / B to R Bamban, Tarlac Subic, Zambales

Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude

Degrees () 15 120 14 120

Minutes (') 15 28 55 22

Seconds ('') 30 11.3 0 9.4

15.25833333 120.4698056 14.91667 120.3692778

The coordinates can be represented in circular triangles:

The shape of the triangle and the placement of the sides are dependent on the placement of the antennas with

respect to north.

Next, we obtain both a and b for each triangle by subtracting the longitude and latitudes of the antennas.

A to R / R to A

a b0.205222222 0.373438889

B to R / R to B

a b

-0.10052778 0.341666667

a

b

AR

RA

a

b

BR

RB


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We now compute for the angles (in degrees) of AR, RA, RB and BR. This is done by the formula:

A to R / R to A

AR RA

28.79113765 61.20953114

B to R / R to B

RB BR

-16.3954485 -73.60485121

However, these angles are not the true bearings of each antenna. The angles should be in reference with the

true north. Thus, we subtract or complement the angle with respect to the north in a clockwise direction.

The outer angle AR and RB are the true bearing of antennas A and R respectively. Thus we subtract the angle

from 180 degrees to get the azimuth:

AR = 180 - 28.79113765

RB= 180- (-16.3954485)

Thus, the Azimuth from true north of AR and RB are as follows:

AR In Deg/Min/Sec format

151.2089 151 12' 31.904"

RB In Deg/Min/Sec format

196.3954 196 23' 43.615"

Similarly, we get the outer angle of RA and BR by adding 270 degrees to get the azimuth:

RA=270+61.20953114

BR=270+(-73.60485121)

Thus, the Azimuth from true north of RA and BR are as follows:

RA In Deg/Min/Sec format

331.2095 331 12' 34.312"

BR In Deg/Min/Sec format

196.3951 196 23' 42.536"


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PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEETS

Antenna (A) to Repeater (R) PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET

COMPANY: LUPS TELECOMS PROJECT NAME: LUPS MICROWAVE RELAY STATION

TRANSMITTER SITE: San Clemente, Tarlac LAT: 15 3754.38 LONG: 120 15 52.5

RECEIVER SITE: Bamban, Tarlac LAT: 15 15 30 LONG: 120 2811.3

OPERATING FREQUENCY: 7.794 GHz PROJECT ENGINEER: Edmund C. Lupena

Site A Repeater

Antenna Azimuth 151 12' 31.904" 331 12' 34.312"

Antenna Diameter (m) 3.048 3.048

Antenna Gain (dB) 45.3352 45.3352

Tower Height (m) 30 55

FSL (dB) 143.6772

Circulator Loss (dB) 0.5 0.5

Connector Loss (dB) 0.335 0.335

Radome Loss (dB) 0.4 0.4

Waveguide Loss (dB/100m) 5.8 5.8

Waveguide Type Standard Elliptical Waveguide

Waveguide Length (m) 6.1 6.1

Total Loss (dB) 151.0498

Transmitter Power (dBm) 32

RSL (dBm) -28.3794

Fade Margin (dB) 40.6206


Non-Diversity Probability Outage (UndP) 3.35542E-06


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Repeater (R) to Antenna (B) PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET


TRANSMITTER SITE: Bamban, Tarlac LAT: 15 15 30 LONG: 120 2811.3

RECEIVER SITE: Subic, Zambales LAT: 14 55 00 LONG: 120 22 9.4OPERATING FREQUENCY: 7.931 GHz PROJECT ENGINEER: Edmund C. Lupena

Site Repeater B

Antenna Azimuth 196 23' 43.615" 196 23' 42.536"


Antenna Gain (dB) 49.0084 49.0084


FSL (dB) 142.4278


Connector Loss (dB) 0.3379 0.3379Radome Loss (dB) 0.4 0.4






RSL (dBm) -29.8277





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Repeater (R) to Antenna (A) PATH DATA CALCULATION SHEET


TRANSMITTER SITE: Bamban, Tarlac LAT: 15 15 30 LONG: 120 28 11.3

RECEIVER SITE: San Clemente, Tarlac LAT: 15 3754.38 LONG: 120 15 52.5OPERATING FREQUENCY: 8.206 GHz PROJECT ENGINEER: Edmund C. Lupena

Site Repeater A

Antenna Azimuth 331 12' 34.312 151 12' 31.904"


Antenna Gain (dB) 45.7826 45.7826


FSL (dB) 144.1246


Connector Loss (dB) 0.3438 0.3438Radome Loss (dB) 0.4 0.4






RSL (dBm) -27.8143





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CONCLUSION

When designing a microwave system, we must consider various factors for it to be in full

operation. We must first consider the location of the sites. We must place the microwave link in an

area where we can give service to many subscribers. We should also note if the area is accessible by

road, if there are power sources and telephone facilities. After choosing the area, path profiling must

be conducted to check if there will be a line of sight or if there are obstructions present and possible

obstructions. This is done to find out how high the antenna towers must be and if there will be a need

to use a repeater. We must also consider the terrain in between the sites to check if there will be

reflections.

After the path profiling, we must find out if the proposed sites have high reliability. For its

reliability, we must consider the operating frequency to be used, the transmitter power, net losses andthe antenna gain. Another factor to be put into consideration is that if the equipment to be used is

available in the market to be able to recalculate the transmission values and the final reliability.

Overall, all of the requirements of this design of a Microwave Antenna System are met and the

system can be considered reliable.

microwave communications and transmission design

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