microsoft visual basic 2005: reloaded second edition chapter 4 making decisions in a program
TRANSCRIPT
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded
Second Edition
Chapter 4Making Decisions in a Program
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 2
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• Include the selection structure in pseudocode and in a flowchart
• Write an If…Then…Else statement
• Write code that uses comparison operators and logical operators
• Create a variable having block-scope
• Concatenate strings
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 3
Objectives (continued)
• Use the ControlChars.NewLine constant• Change the case of a string• Determine whether a string contains data• Display a message in a message box• Include a nested selection structure in pseudocode,
a flowchart, and code
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 4
Objectives (continued)
• Code an If/ElseIf/Else selection structure• Include a Case selection structure in pseudocode, a
flowchart, and code• Generate random numbers
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 5
The Selection Structure
• Selection structure (or decision structure):– Used to select a path to take based on the outcome of
a decision or comparison• Condition:
– The decision to be made– Results in a Boolean (True or False) answer
• Four forms of selection structure:– If– If/Else– If/ElseIf/Else– Case
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 6
The Selection Structure (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 7
Writing Pseudocode for the If and If/Else Selection Structures
• If selection structure: contains one set of instructions to process when the condition is true
• If/Else selection structure: – Contains two sets of instructions– One set is processed when the condition is true– The other set is processed when the condition is false
• True path: path to follow when condition is true• False path: path to follow when condition is false
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 8
Writing Pseudocode for the If and If/Else Selection Structures
(continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 9
Flowcharting the If and If/Else Selection Structures
• Selection/repetition symbol: – Diamond shape– Represents both selection and repetition structures– One flowline entering and two flowlines leaving
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 10
Flowcharting the If and If/Else Selection Structures (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 11
Coding the If and If/Else Selection Structures
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 12
Coding the If and If/Else Selection Structures (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 13
Coding the If and If/Else Selection Structures (continued)
• Else clause: an optional part of the If statement
• Statement block: set of statements terminated by an Else or End If
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 14
Comparison Operators
• Comparison operators (or relational operators):– Used as part of the condition in an If statement
• Most commonly used comparison operators:– Equal to: =– Greater than: >– Greater than or equal to: >=– Less than: <– Less than or equal to: <=– Not equal to: <>
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 15
Comparison Operators (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 16
Comparison Operators (continued)
• Comparison operators:– Have no order of precedence– Are evaluated from left to right in an expression
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 17
Comparison Operators (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 18
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values
• Pseudocode for a procedure that displays highest and lowest of two numbers:
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 19
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 20
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values (continued)
•Block scope: the scope of a variable created within a block•Block-scope variable: can only be used within the statement block in which it was declared•Concatenation operator (&): links two strings•ControlChars.NewLine constant:
–Advances the insertion point to the next line
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 21
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 22
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 23
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 24
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 25
Using Comparison Operators – Swapping Numeric Values (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 26
Using Comparison Operators – Example 2
• Pseudocode for a procedure to allow the user to display the sum or difference of two numbers:
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 27
Using Comparison Operators – Example 2 (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 28
Using Comparison Operators – Example 2 (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 29
Using Comparison Operators – Example 2 (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 30
Using Comparison Operators – Example 2 (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 31
Using the ToUpper and ToLower Methods
• String comparisons in Visual Basic are case-sensitive
• ToUpper method: converts a string to uppercase
• ToLower method: converts a string to lowercase
• ToUpper and ToLower can be used to permanently or temporarily convert a variable’s contents
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 32
Using the ToUpper and ToLower Methods (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 33
Using the ToUpper and ToLower Methods (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 34
Using the ToUpper and ToLower Methods (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 35
Logical Operators
• Logical operators (or Boolean operators):– Used to combine one or more conditions
• Compound condition: a combination of conditions using logical operator(s)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 36
Logical Operators (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 37
Logical Operators (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 38
Logical Operators (continued)
• Truth tables: used to evaluate logical operators in an expression
• Short-circuit evaluation: an evaluation in which the second condition may not be evaluated
• And and Or operations always evaluate both conditions
• AndAlso and OrElse operations do not evaluate second condition if the first condition is false
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 39
Logical Operators (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 40
Logical Operators (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 41
Using the Truth Tables
• Use And or AndAlso when both conditions must be true to give a true result
• Use Or or OrElse when one or both conditions must be true to give a true result
• Use XOr when exactly one condition must be true to give a true result
• Logical operators are evaluated after arithmetic or comparison operators in an expression
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 42
Using the Truth Tables (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 43
Using the Truth Tables (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 44
Using Logical Operators in an If…Then…Else Statement
• Data validation: – Verifying that the input data is within the expected range
• Use an If…Then…Else statement to validate input data
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 45
Using Logical Operators in an If…Then…Else Statement (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 46
Using Logical Operators in an If…Then…Else Statement (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 47
Using Logical Operators in an If…Then…Else Statement (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 48
The String.IsNullOrEmpty Method
• String.IsNullOrEmpty method: determine if a control’s Text property or String variable contains data
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 49
The String.IsNullOrEmpty Method (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 50
Modifying the Skate-Away Sales Application
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 51
Modifying the Skate-Away Sales Application (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 52
Modifying the Skate-Away Sales Application (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 53
Modifying the Skate-Away Sales Application (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 54
The MessageBox.Show Method
• MessageBox.Show method: – Display message box with text, buttons and an icon
• When a message box is displayed, the program waits until the user selects a button
• MessageBox.Show returns an integer value indicating which button the user selected
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The MessageBox.Show Method (continued)
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The MessageBox.Show Method (continued)
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The MessageBox.Show Method (continued)
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The MessageBox.Show Method (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 59
The MessageBox.Show Method (continued)
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The MessageBox.Show Method (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 61
Nested Selection Structures
• Nested selection structure: a selection structure that is completely contained within another selection structure
• Primary decision: decision made by the outer selection structure
• Secondary decision: decision made by the inner selection structure
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Nested Selection Structures (continued)
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Nested Selection Structures (continued)
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Nested Selection Structures (continued)
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Nested Selection Structures (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 66
Nested Selection Structures (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 67
Nested Selection Structures (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 68
Nested Selection Structures (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 69
The If/ElseIf/Else Selection Structure
• Need a procedure to display a message based on a letter grade:
Letter grade Message
A Excellent
B Above Average
C Average
D Below Average
F Below Average
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The If/ElseIf/Else Selection Structure (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 71
The If/ElseIf/Else Selection Structure (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 72
The Case Selection Structure
• Case selection structure: – Used when there are many paths from which to
choose– Simpler and clearer than using If/ElseIf/Else
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 73
The Case Selection Structure (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 74
The Case Selection Structure (continued)
• Case selection structure in a flowchart:– Uses the diamond symbol– One flowline into the diamond, but many flowlines
out of the diamond
• Case selection structure evaluates an expression to determine which path to take
• Case selection structure:– Begins with Select Case– Ends with End Select– Has one Case clause for each possible value
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 75
The Case Selection Structure (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 76
The Case Selection Structure (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 77
Using To and Is in an ExpressionList
• TO and IS keywords: specify a range of values in a Case clause’s expression list
• TO: – When you know both the upper and lower bounds of
the range
• IS: – When you know only one end of the range– Used with a comparison operator
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 78
Using To and Is in an Expression List (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 79
Generating Random Integers
• Pseudo-random number generator: produces a sequence of numbers that meets certain statistical requirements for randomness
• Random.Next method: – Generates a random integer– Can specify a minimum and maximum value
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 80
Generating Random Integers (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 81
Generating Random Integers (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 82
Generating Random Integers (continued)
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 83
Programming Tutorial
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 84
Programming Example
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 85
Summary
• Selection structure is used for decisions
• Four forms of selection structures: If, If/Else, If/ElseIf/Else, and Case
• Diamond symbol represents a decision in a flowchart
• Expressions with comparison operators will result in an answer of True or False
• Variables declared within a selection expression have block-level scope
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 86
Summary (continued)
• Concatenation: linking two strings together
• Use logical operators to create compound conditions
• String.IsNullOrEmpty method will determine if a string contains data
• MessageBox.Show method returns an integer indicating which button was chosen
• Selection structures can be nested
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Microsoft Visual Basic 2005: Reloaded, Second Edition 87
Summary (continued)
• Use If/ElseIf/Else or Case structures when there are several possible alternative outcomes
• Use TO keyword to specify a range of valid values when both the lower and upper bound are known
• Use IS keyword with a comparison operator to specify a lower or upper bound but not both
• Use the pseudo-random number generator to generate random numbers