microgrids: finding their place in the electricity supply...

Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceinthe

ElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

ChrisMarnay

TrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin

EngineeringandDesign

McGillUniversity,Montreal

SeminaratHECMontréal

26January2017

MikeQuashi&GraemeBalint

2 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure2

WhatistheTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin

EngineeringandDesign(TISED)?

• AnInstitutethat‘lives’intheFacultyofEngineeringatMcGillUniversityinMontréal.

•  InstitutesatMcGillgenerallyconductresearchbutcanalsoofferacademicprograms,andfrequentlyhostevents

• TISEDsupportstheworkofengineers,architects,andurbanplannersforsustainabilityadvances.

• TISEDisasistertoInstitutdel’énergieTrottier(IET)atPolytechniqueMontréal

3 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure

• microgriddefinition

• powersectorhistory&paradigms

• motivationsformicrogrids&emergenceofresiliency

• N.Y.Prize

• examples:NYU,BorregoSprings,Sendai,&Higashi-Matsushima

• relevancetoQuébec


CIGRÉC6.22WorkingGroup&NYSERDA

MicrogridDefinitions

ConseilInternationaldesGradesRéseauxÉlectriquesInternationalCouncilonLargeElectricSystemsMicrogridsareelectricitydistributionsystemscontainingloadsanddistributedenergyresources,(suchasdistributedgenerators,storagedevices,orcontrollableloads)thatcanbeoperatedinacontrolled,coordinatedwayeitherwhileconnectedtothemainpowernetworkorwhileislanded.

NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityMicrogridsarelocalenergynetworksthatareabletoseparatefromthelargerelectricalgridduringextremeweathereventsoremergencies,providingpowertoindividualcustomersandcrucialpublicservicessuchashospitals,firstresponders,andwatertreatmentfacilities.


DefinitionsofReliability&Resilience

• Resilienceisthe"…abilitytoprepareforandadapttochangingconditionsandwithstandandrecoverrapidlyfromdisruptions."

U.S.PresidentialPolicyDirective21(TheWhiteHouse,2013)

* Reliabilitybycontrastfocusesonthestatisticalexpectationofpower

availability,andshortand/orextremeeventsareoftenexcludedfrom

thecalculation.

ASAI=AverageServiceAvailabilityIndex,e.g.99%is“twonines”

SAIDI=SystemAverageInterruptionDurationIndex,min/a

SAIFI=..................Frequency...,prob.ofevent


CentralParadigmLimitations* conflictingpolicyobjectives

generationcompetition(equipmentstress,volatilemarkets)

connectionofintermittentrenewables

* resiliency,security,…(inherentlyinsecurenetworks)

* infrastructureinterdependency* environmentalconstraints(carbon,water,etc.)

* loadgrowth?(transportationelectrification,heating,…)

* centralizedgenerationheatloss* reliabilityiscostlyforafundamentallyinsecuresystem

* restrictedexpansionofcentralizedsystem

* DCsourcesandsinks,heterogeneouspowerquality

* plug-inelectricvehiclesapotentialgamechanger

* gridparadigmvs.internetparadigm


Meg

.........

.

.

.......

..

............

...

...

........

.........

.........

.......

...........

.....

....

...

..

..

.

..

..

.......

.........

.........

..

.......

.........

..

.....

....

.... .

..

....

..

.......

.................

.........

.........

.........

.........

...... ....

................. ...

......

......

...

... ......

...

...

.........

.......

..........

......… ... ...

.....

.

....

.....

.

....

....

.....

....

...

...

... ...

...

...

......

...

... ...

... ......

...

....

....

...

...

....

....

.

. .

.

..

.

....

...

....

..

...

..

.........

..................

...

.........

...

...

......

............

......

...

...

...

............

...

.........

......

...............

.......

...

...

... ......

...

.........

.........

......

...

...

...

......

.........

.......

...

...

... ......

...

.........

......

.......

...

...

... ......

...

.........

nanogrid“n�grid?”

truemicrogrid/facilityisland“μ�grid?”

community/u9litymicrogrid/areaEPSisland/EID/milligrid“m�grid?”

Megagrid“M�grid?”macrogrid/u9litygrid/legacygrid


source:OmarSaadeh

AdopterMotivations(mostlytruemicrogridsi.e.μgrids)

• reducedirectcostofmeetingenergyservicerequirements

• reduceindirectcosts(emissions,noise,…)/

(increaserenewablefraction)

• reliability&resilience• marketopportunities

(direct,wholesale,

ancillaryservices,…)

•  independence&surety


EUàJapanàUS(RDSI,SPIDERS)àAsia(China,Korea,Singapore)

NEDOprogram(2003-20XX)

Jeju islandHangzhouDianzi Univ. XiamenUniv.

Kythnos

NationalTech.Univ.ofAthens

MVVMannheim-Wallstadt

PalauUbinHuatacondo

HartleyBay

BCHydromicrogrid

Sendai

Aichi

Hachinohe

SPIDERS(2011-2015)

RDSIgrants(2008-2013)

BornholmIslandMultiMicrogrid

Eigg Island

FP5(micro-generation)1998-2002

FP6(MoreMicrogrids)2002-2006

FP7(smartgrid)2007-2011

Kyotango

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

A*STAR


Japan’sPivottoResilience

•  longandnotablehistoryinmicrogridresearch

•  outstandingperformanceofSendai(andRoppongiHills)microgridsduring

Mar2011earthquakeandtsunamiwasnoPcedinpolicycircles

•  movetowardsgreaterdependencyonmicrogrids

•  interestinmicrogridsmovedbeyondNEDO,toMinistryofEnvironment,

andothers,aswellastheprivatesector

•  JunMatsumoto,MinisterinChargeof

BuildingNationalResilience

•  heterogeneouspowerqualityrepresentsonekeytoresiliency

ErikoYamatani

JunMatsumoto


•  followedreleaseofReformingtheEnergyVisionStaffReport,April2014

•  NYPrizeannouncedinDecember2014

•  organizedbyNYSERDA&NewYorkGovernor’sOfficeofStormRecovery

•  availabilityofuptoUS$40M,undertheNYPrizeCommunityGridCompetition

•  tosupportthedevelopmentofcommunitymicrogrids

•  theNYPrizecompetitioniscomprisedofthree(3)stages:

•  Stage1:FeasibilityAssessment(~100pages)•  83projectsreceived100k$toconductFeasibilityAssessments•  (i)preliminaryassessmentofthetechnicaldesignandsystemconfiguration•  (ii)assessmentofcommercial,financialandlegalviability,and•  (iii)benefit-costanalysisoftheproposedproject.

•  Stage2:Audit-GradeDetailedEngineeringDesignandFinancial/BusinessPlan• RFPdeadlinewas12Oct2016•  ~8projectswillreceive1M$each• detailedengineeringdesign,financialandbusinessplanassessment

•  Stage3:MicrogridBuild-outandOperation•  .•  .


NYUCHPFacility:SandySuccessStory• major2011updatetoUS$125MCHPswitchfromoiltoNG

•  savesUS$5-8M/a,23%lessGHG,65%lesscriteria

• doubledcapacityto13.4MW

• powers22buildings,HW&cooling&heatingto37

•  ranislandedforsixdaysinSandyaftermath• notefirmNGsupply


AllBelowGradePowerStation

18


!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

A r i z o n a

M e x i c o

Ranc ho Cuc amonga Municipal U ti l i ty

!(Avalon

(not connected to thehigh voltage grid)

Mo ro ngo

Corona

Palm Desert

Borrego Springs

Brawley

Ocotillo

Winterhaven

§̈¦210

El Cajon

Carlsbad

Coachella

£¤101

§̈¦5

§̈¦5

Ã14 §̈¦15

£¤95Ã126

Ã118

Ã91

§̈¦215

Ã60

§̈¦15

§̈¦15

§̈¦10§̈¦10

§̈¦10§̈¦10

§̈¦405

Ã57

§̈¦210

Ã78

§̈¦8

§̈¦8

§̈¦8

Ã7£¤111

Ã56

Ã52

Ã54

§̈¦5

SaltonSea

LakeHenshaw

DiamondValley Lake

LakeCasitas

Lake Perris

Big Bear Lake

Lake Piru

Vail Lake

Baldwin Lake

El CapitanReservoir

Skinner Reservoir

Silverwood Lake

San VincenteReservoir

LakeArrowhead

Otay Reservoir

Sweetwater Reservoir

Blythe

Oxnard

Calexico

Temecula

El Centro

San Diego

Escondido

Santa AnaLong Beach

Los Angeles

Laguna Beach

Palm Springs

Thousand Oaks

Santa Barbara

San Bernardino

Huntington Beach

Twentynine Palms

San Buenaventura

DanbyLake

CadizLake

Dale Lake

EmersonLake

Deadman Lake

Mesquite Lake

Riverside

ImperialSan Diego

Ventura

Orange

Imp eria lIrr igat ion

Dis tr ic t

San Diego Gas& E lec t r ic

Anza E lec t r ic C o-op

Los An gelesDepa rtmentof Wate r &

Po wer

City ofRiver side

Be ar Val leyElec tr ic

Mo re noVal leyUt il i ty

Glendale Wate r & Pow er

City ofAnahe im

Pa sade naWa te r & Pow er

City ofIndus tr y

Ci ty ofCer ri to s

Col ton Ele ctric

Ci ty ofBanningCity of

Ver non

Bur bank Water & Pow er

Azus a L ig ht & Wate r

elevation182mrecordhightemp.50°C

averageJul&Aug>40°Cannualrainfall175mm

inAnza-BorregoStateParksummerpopulation3,500

winterpopulationreaches5,000largeretiredpopulation

RicardoBrecedasculptures

BorregoSprings


BS1:RDSIProject2008-13

•  SanDiegoGas&ElectricaprogressivedistribuPoncompany•  classicmilligrid•  renewableandDistributedSystemsIntegraPonaprogramofU.S.DOE

•  9“microgrid”projects2008-2013,incl.SantaRita&BorregoSprings

•  goalwas15%peakloadreducPon•  BorregoSpringsdependsonsinglevulnerable28MW32km69kVPe

•  26&5MWIPPPVarraysinthearea

•  14MWpeaklocalload+28MWPeunabletoabsorballPVoutput

•  environmentallysensiPveareaandsuspiciouspopulaPon

•  relaPvelysimpletechnologyandunclearobjecPves

•  exampleofadistribuPonuPlityembracingmicrogrids

•  butregulatoryresponseunclear


IslandingFromaDesertSubstation


6September2013

•  hotmorning,38°Cby10:00and42°Cat13:20

•  thunderstormsbegantoformbetween12:00and13:00

•  producedrainfalltotalsof33mmatWarnersby14:00,withsimilaramountsalongthedesertslopeswestoftown

•  gusty outflow winds from the thunderstorms began to reach the Borrego area at 14:00.

•  peak gusts of 87-105 km/h were measured between 14:20 and 14:30, though evidence supports that a microburst likely occurred near the center of the storm, producing gusts up to 113 km/h

• ~ 167 lightning strikes occurred in the Borrego area

source: SDG&E


Restoration•  9 transmission and 11 distribution poles were down •  all roads into/out of Borrego Springs were closed •  restoration took 25 h•  >200 employees involved

source: SDG&E


OutageGeneration

•  At14:20,singletransmissionlinetoBorregotripsout

•  1056totalcustomersrestoredduringoutage

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

13:15

13:55

14:35

15:15

15:55

16:35

17:15

17:55

18:35

19:15

19:55

20:35

21:15

21:55

22:35

23:15

23:55

0:35

1:15

1:55

2:35

3:15

3:55

4:35

5:15

5:55

6:35

7:15

7:55

8:35

9:15

9:55

10:35

11:15

11:55

12:35

13:15

13:55

14:35

15:15

15:55

16:35

Load

(kW)

Borrego Microgrid

load(MW)

source: SDG&E


BorregoSpringsMicrogrid2.0

CEC:4.7M$&SDG&E:1.75M$

Goals

EnhanceEmergencyReadiness

IncreaseOperationalFlexibility

DecreaseOutageResponseTimes

IncreaseGridResiliency

DemonstrateNewMicrogridTechnologies

IncreaseMicrogridLoadCapacity

EnhancetheBorregoSpringsMicrogridtobemoreflexibleandautomatedinrespondingtoavarietyofpotentialoutagesituations,andleveragevariousnewtechnologiesand

DistributedEnergyResourcesforincreasedMicrogridcapabilities.

source: SDG&E


SendaiMicrogridDemonstraPon

28

source: NTT Facilities


430 VDC bus


Source:hfp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/a-microgrid-that-wouldnt-quit/0

TheTOHOKUregionpacific

coastearthquake,

March11,2011

SENDAImicrogridsystem

byNTTFaciliPes

LongduraPonoutage

areacausedbythe

disaster.

SendaiSuccessStory


MulPplePowerQualiPesDuringOutage

31

source: NTT Facilities


July22,2012

Footertexthere32

SendaiandHigashi-Matsushima�


Higashi-Matsushima:Disaster-ResilientEco-City�

Tokyo

Sapporo

Osaka


RelevancetoQuébec

•  youcanprobablyguess•  ENEAreportmighthelp

•  amorenerdyapproach

36

URBANMICROGRIDJanuary2017

Overview, challengesand opportunities

A study funded by:


McIntyreMedicalScienceBuilding

Footertexthere37

•  built1965,remodeled1998

•  16storeycirculartower(30000m2)

•  sickblg.venilationfix2003•  2theatres&classrooms

•  officeandlab.space


PreliminaryDER-CAMAnalysisequipmentdetails

38

technology

capital

cost

($/kW)

discrete

size(kW)

fixedO&M

($/kW-a)

variable

O&M

($/kWh)

recovery

rate eff(%)

Microturbine-HX 3822 500 0.015 0.003 1.4 0.21

Biomass-HX 5434 500 0.017 0.010 1.8 0.29

PVsystem 4495 0.025 0

SolarThermal 4284 0.050 0

•  hourlyelectricityuseandmonthlysteamusefromsimulation

•  modeledtotalheatrequirementandshapebasedonaMinneapolishealthcareblg.

•  *flat5¢/kWh&14$/kW

•  6.5$/GJforNG&biogas

•  3.5$/tCO2carbonallowance

•  gridavailability99%

•  outagecost225$/kW(option)

•  widerangeofsensitivities10$/tCO2,5&10$/GJNG&biogas,emissionsfrombiogasproduction,….

•  sitevs.sourceemissions500,850,4000gCO2/kWh(RobertHowarth,2015,)

*allinCAD


PreliminaryFindings�

•  inefficientbuilding,using≈�moreenergythanatypicalCanadianmedicalbuilding

•  withoutreliabilityonlyPVandsolarthermaleverchosen

•  except,worsecastshalegasCH4emissionsplus10$/tCO22x500,1x400,&1x100kWbiogasCHPplus75kWsolarthermal

•  withreliabilityconsidered,99%availability,NGCHP&PVdominate1500&2x100kWplus15kWPVrobustsolution

•  solartechnologiessurprisinglyattractiveoftenhitfootprintconstraint•  NGCHPcouldbeattractive,assensitiveloads,butupstreamemissions

•  morecarefullookatbiomassandgroundsourceoptionsnecessary�


WanttolearnmoreaboutMicrogrids?

• IsThereaRoleforMicrogridsinQuébec?workshoporganizedbyTISED,eveningof25April2017NewResidenceHall,3625AvduParc,Montréal

•  hfp://microgridknowledge.com/

• Newcastle2017SymposiumonMicrogrids28Nov–1Dec2017–byinvitaPononly–askmenowhfp://microgrid-symposiums.org/Sunday3-Friday8Dec20172017IEEEPESInnovaPveSmartGridTechnologiesAsia(ISGTAsia2017)Conference,Auckland,NewZealand

40


ChrisMarnayTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign

McGillUniversityoff:+1.514.398.3287-mob:+1.510.508.7705

[email protected]

[email protected]@mail.mcgill.ca

microgrids: finding their place in the electricity supply...

Documents