Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceinthe
ElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
ChrisMarnay
TrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin
EngineeringandDesign
McGillUniversity,Montreal
SeminaratHECMontréal
26January2017
MikeQuashi&GraemeBalint
2 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure2
WhatistheTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin
EngineeringandDesign(TISED)?
• AnInstitutethat‘lives’intheFacultyofEngineeringatMcGillUniversityinMontréal.
• InstitutesatMcGillgenerallyconductresearchbutcanalsoofferacademicprograms,andfrequentlyhostevents
• TISEDsupportstheworkofengineers,architects,andurbanplannersforsustainabilityadvances.
• TISEDisasistertoInstitutdel’énergieTrottier(IET)atPolytechniqueMontréal
3 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
• microgriddefinition
• powersectorhistory¶digms
• motivationsformicrogrids&emergenceofresiliency
• N.Y.Prize
• examples:NYU,BorregoSprings,Sendai,&Higashi-Matsushima
• relevancetoQuébec
4 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
5 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
CIGRÉC6.22WorkingGroup&NYSERDA
MicrogridDefinitions
ConseilInternationaldesGradesRéseauxÉlectriquesInternationalCouncilonLargeElectricSystemsMicrogridsareelectricitydistributionsystemscontainingloadsanddistributedenergyresources,(suchasdistributedgenerators,storagedevices,orcontrollableloads)thatcanbeoperatedinacontrolled,coordinatedwayeitherwhileconnectedtothemainpowernetworkorwhileislanded.
NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityMicrogridsarelocalenergynetworksthatareabletoseparatefromthelargerelectricalgridduringextremeweathereventsoremergencies,providingpowertoindividualcustomersandcrucialpublicservicessuchashospitals,firstresponders,andwatertreatmentfacilities.
6 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
DefinitionsofReliability&Resilience
• Resilienceisthe"…abilitytoprepareforandadapttochangingconditionsandwithstandandrecoverrapidlyfromdisruptions."
U.S.PresidentialPolicyDirective21(TheWhiteHouse,2013)
* Reliabilitybycontrastfocusesonthestatisticalexpectationofpower
availability,andshortand/orextremeeventsareoftenexcludedfrom
thecalculation.
ASAI=AverageServiceAvailabilityIndex,e.g.99%is“twonines”
SAIDI=SystemAverageInterruptionDurationIndex,min/a
SAIFI=..................Frequency...,prob.ofevent
7 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
8 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
CentralParadigmLimitations* conflictingpolicyobjectives
generationcompetition(equipmentstress,volatilemarkets)
connectionofintermittentrenewables
* resiliency,security,…(inherentlyinsecurenetworks)
* infrastructureinterdependency* environmentalconstraints(carbon,water,etc.)
* loadgrowth?(transportationelectrification,heating,…)
* centralizedgenerationheatloss* reliabilityiscostlyforafundamentallyinsecuresystem
* restrictedexpansionofcentralizedsystem
* DCsourcesandsinks,heterogeneouspowerquality
* plug-inelectricvehiclesapotentialgamechanger
* gridparadigmvs.internetparadigm
9 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
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nanogrid“n�grid?”
truemicrogrid/facilityisland“μ�grid?”
community/u9litymicrogrid/areaEPSisland/EID/milligrid“m�grid?”
Megagrid“M�grid?”macrogrid/u9litygrid/legacygrid
10 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
11 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure11
source:OmarSaadeh
AdopterMotivations(mostlytruemicrogridsi.e.μgrids)
• reducedirectcostofmeetingenergyservicerequirements
• reduceindirectcosts(emissions,noise,…)/
(increaserenewablefraction)
• reliability&resilience• marketopportunities
(direct,wholesale,
ancillaryservices,…)
• independence&surety
12 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
EUàJapanàUS(RDSI,SPIDERS)àAsia(China,Korea,Singapore)
NEDOprogram(2003-20XX)
Jeju islandHangzhouDianzi Univ. XiamenUniv.
Kythnos
NationalTech.Univ.ofAthens
MVVMannheim-Wallstadt
PalauUbinHuatacondo
HartleyBay
BCHydromicrogrid
Sendai
Aichi
Hachinohe
SPIDERS(2011-2015)
RDSIgrants(2008-2013)
BornholmIslandMultiMicrogrid
Eigg Island
FP5(micro-generation)1998-2002
FP6(MoreMicrogrids)2002-2006
FP7(smartgrid)2007-2011
Kyotango
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
A*STAR
13 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
Japan’sPivottoResilience
• longandnotablehistoryinmicrogridresearch
• outstandingperformanceofSendai(andRoppongiHills)microgridsduring
Mar2011earthquakeandtsunamiwasnoPcedinpolicycircles
• movetowardsgreaterdependencyonmicrogrids
• interestinmicrogridsmovedbeyondNEDO,toMinistryofEnvironment,
andothers,aswellastheprivatesector
• JunMatsumoto,MinisterinChargeof
BuildingNationalResilience
• heterogeneouspowerqualityrepresentsonekeytoresiliency
ErikoYamatani
JunMatsumoto
14 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
15 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
• followedreleaseofReformingtheEnergyVisionStaffReport,April2014
• NYPrizeannouncedinDecember2014
• organizedbyNYSERDA&NewYorkGovernor’sOfficeofStormRecovery
• availabilityofuptoUS$40M,undertheNYPrizeCommunityGridCompetition
• tosupportthedevelopmentofcommunitymicrogrids
• theNYPrizecompetitioniscomprisedofthree(3)stages:
• Stage1:FeasibilityAssessment(~100pages)• 83projectsreceived100k$toconductFeasibilityAssessments• (i)preliminaryassessmentofthetechnicaldesignandsystemconfiguration• (ii)assessmentofcommercial,financialandlegalviability,and• (iii)benefit-costanalysisoftheproposedproject.
• Stage2:Audit-GradeDetailedEngineeringDesignandFinancial/BusinessPlan• RFPdeadlinewas12Oct2016• ~8projectswillreceive1M$each• detailedengineeringdesign,financialandbusinessplanassessment
• Stage3:MicrogridBuild-outandOperation• .• .
16 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
17 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure17
NYUCHPFacility:SandySuccessStory• major2011updatetoUS$125MCHPswitchfromoiltoNG
• savesUS$5-8M/a,23%lessGHG,65%lesscriteria
• doubledcapacityto13.4MW
• powers22buildings,HW&cooling&heatingto37
• ranislandedforsixdaysinSandyaftermath• notefirmNGsupply
18 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
AllBelowGradePowerStation
18
19 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
20 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
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(not connected to thehigh voltage grid)
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Corona
Palm Desert
Borrego Springs
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LakeHenshaw
DiamondValley Lake
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Lake Perris
Big Bear Lake
Lake Piru
Vail Lake
Baldwin Lake
El CapitanReservoir
Skinner Reservoir
Silverwood Lake
San VincenteReservoir
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Otay Reservoir
Sweetwater Reservoir
Blythe
Oxnard
Calexico
Temecula
El Centro
San Diego
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Santa AnaLong Beach
Los Angeles
Laguna Beach
Palm Springs
Thousand Oaks
Santa Barbara
San Bernardino
Huntington Beach
Twentynine Palms
San Buenaventura
DanbyLake
CadizLake
Dale Lake
EmersonLake
Deadman Lake
Mesquite Lake
Riverside
ImperialSan Diego
Ventura
Orange
Imp eria lIrr igat ion
Dis tr ic t
San Diego Gas& E lec t r ic
Anza E lec t r ic C o-op
Los An gelesDepa rtmentof Wate r &
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City ofRiver side
Be ar Val leyElec tr ic
Mo re noVal leyUt il i ty
Glendale Wate r & Pow er
City ofAnahe im
Pa sade naWa te r & Pow er
City ofIndus tr y
Ci ty ofCer ri to s
Col ton Ele ctric
Ci ty ofBanningCity of
Ver non
Bur bank Water & Pow er
Azus a L ig ht & Wate r
elevation182mrecordhightemp.50°C
averageJul&Aug>40°Cannualrainfall175mm
inAnza-BorregoStateParksummerpopulation3,500
winterpopulationreaches5,000largeretiredpopulation
RicardoBrecedasculptures
BorregoSprings
21 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
BS1:RDSIProject2008-13
• SanDiegoGas&ElectricaprogressivedistribuPoncompany• classicmilligrid• renewableandDistributedSystemsIntegraPonaprogramofU.S.DOE
• 9“microgrid”projects2008-2013,incl.SantaRita&BorregoSprings
• goalwas15%peakloadreducPon• BorregoSpringsdependsonsinglevulnerable28MW32km69kVPe
• 26&5MWIPPPVarraysinthearea
• 14MWpeaklocalload+28MWPeunabletoabsorballPVoutput
• environmentallysensiPveareaandsuspiciouspopulaPon
• relaPvelysimpletechnologyandunclearobjecPves
• exampleofadistribuPonuPlityembracingmicrogrids
• butregulatoryresponseunclear
22 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure22
IslandingFromaDesertSubstation
23 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
6September2013
• hotmorning,38°Cby10:00and42°Cat13:20
• thunderstormsbegantoformbetween12:00and13:00
• producedrainfalltotalsof33mmatWarnersby14:00,withsimilaramountsalongthedesertslopeswestoftown
• gusty outflow winds from the thunderstorms began to reach the Borrego area at 14:00.
• peak gusts of 87-105 km/h were measured between 14:20 and 14:30, though evidence supports that a microburst likely occurred near the center of the storm, producing gusts up to 113 km/h
• ~ 167 lightning strikes occurred in the Borrego area
source: SDG&E
24 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
Restoration• 9 transmission and 11 distribution poles were down • all roads into/out of Borrego Springs were closed • restoration took 25 h• >200 employees involved
source: SDG&E
25 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
OutageGeneration
• At14:20,singletransmissionlinetoBorregotripsout
• 1056totalcustomersrestoredduringoutage
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Load
(kW)
Borrego Microgrid
load(MW)
source: SDG&E
26 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
BorregoSpringsMicrogrid2.0
CEC:4.7M$&SDG&E:1.75M$
Goals
EnhanceEmergencyReadiness
IncreaseOperationalFlexibility
DecreaseOutageResponseTimes
IncreaseGridResiliency
DemonstrateNewMicrogridTechnologies
IncreaseMicrogridLoadCapacity
EnhancetheBorregoSpringsMicrogridtobemoreflexibleandautomatedinrespondingtoavarietyofpotentialoutagesituations,andleveragevariousnewtechnologiesand
DistributedEnergyResourcesforincreasedMicrogridcapabilities.
source: SDG&E
27 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
28 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
SendaiMicrogridDemonstraPon
28
source: NTT Facilities
29 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
430 VDC bus
30 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
Source:hfp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/a-microgrid-that-wouldnt-quit/0
TheTOHOKUregionpacific
coastearthquake,
March11,2011
SENDAImicrogridsystem
byNTTFaciliPes
LongduraPonoutage
areacausedbythe
disaster.
SendaiSuccessStory
31 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
MulPplePowerQualiPesDuringOutage
31
source: NTT Facilities
32 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
July22,2012
Footertexthere32
SendaiandHigashi-Matsushima�
33 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
34 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
Higashi-Matsushima:Disaster-ResilientEco-City�
Tokyo
Sapporo
Osaka
35 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
36 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
RelevancetoQuébec
• youcanprobablyguess• ENEAreportmighthelp
• amorenerdyapproach
36
URBANMICROGRIDJanuary2017
Overview, challengesand opportunities
A study funded by:
37 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
McIntyreMedicalScienceBuilding
Footertexthere37
• built1965,remodeled1998
• 16storeycirculartower(30000m2)
• sickblg.venilationfix2003• 2theatres&classrooms
• officeandlab.space
38 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
PreliminaryDER-CAMAnalysisequipmentdetails
38
technology
capital
cost
($/kW)
discrete
size(kW)
fixedO&M
($/kW-a)
variable
O&M
($/kWh)
recovery
rate eff(%)
Microturbine-HX 3822 500 0.015 0.003 1.4 0.21
Biomass-HX 5434 500 0.017 0.010 1.8 0.29
PVsystem 4495 0.025 0
SolarThermal 4284 0.050 0
• hourlyelectricityuseandmonthlysteamusefromsimulation
• modeledtotalheatrequirementandshapebasedonaMinneapolishealthcareblg.
• *flat5¢/kWh&14$/kW
• 6.5$/GJforNG&biogas
• 3.5$/tCO2carbonallowance
• gridavailability99%
• outagecost225$/kW(option)
• widerangeofsensitivities10$/tCO2,5&10$/GJNG&biogas,emissionsfrombiogasproduction,….
• sitevs.sourceemissions500,850,4000gCO2/kWh(RobertHowarth,2015,)
*allinCAD
39 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
PreliminaryFindings�
• inefficientbuilding,using≈�moreenergythanatypicalCanadianmedicalbuilding
• withoutreliabilityonlyPVandsolarthermaleverchosen
• except,worsecastshalegasCH4emissionsplus10$/tCO22x500,1x400,&1x100kWbiogasCHPplus75kWsolarthermal
• withreliabilityconsidered,99%availability,NGCHP&PVdominate1500&2x100kWplus15kWPVrobustsolution
• solartechnologiessurprisinglyattractiveoftenhitfootprintconstraint• NGCHPcouldbeattractive,assensitiveloads,butupstreamemissions
• morecarefullookatbiomassandgroundsourceoptionsnecessary�
40 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
WanttolearnmoreaboutMicrogrids?
• IsThereaRoleforMicrogridsinQuébec?workshoporganizedbyTISED,eveningof25April2017NewResidenceHall,3625AvduParc,Montréal
• hfp://microgridknowledge.com/
• Newcastle2017SymposiumonMicrogrids28Nov–1Dec2017–byinvitaPononly–askmenowhfp://microgrid-symposiums.org/Sunday3-Friday8Dec20172017IEEEPESInnovaPveSmartGridTechnologiesAsia(ISGTAsia2017)Conference,Auckland,NewZealand
40
41 Marnay---Microgrids:FindingTheirPlaceintheElectricitySupplyInfrastructure
ChrisMarnayTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign
McGillUniversityoff:+1.514.398.3287-mob:+1.510.508.7705
[email protected]@mail.mcgill.ca