microcomputer engineering digitalcircuits slide 1 combinational circuits changes at inputs propagate...

MicroComputer Engineering DigitalCircuits slide 1

Combinational circuits

Changes at inputs propagate at logic speed to outputs

Not clocked

No internal state (memoryless)


Example

I O

1

&

&I2I1

I0

O

1


NOT combinational

&

&

S R - latch (has a state)

D Q

D - flip-flop (clocked, no path)


Combinational logic

1 11

- can be connected into sequences

- can be connected parallel

1

1

11

&

1


Combinatorial loop

1 11

This is OK:

But what is this?

1 11


Combinationial loop

1 111 0 1 0

Impossible!Logical nonsenseElectrical trouble


Combinational loop

1 11

This is a “combinational loop”

We must never have, or form, a combinational loop


How is this usually solved?

D Q

“The edge-triggered flip-flop!”


The edge-triggered flip-flop!

Never a combinational path from in to out

A memory device, holds the value of “Q” until “clocked”

Ignores the value at “in” until “clocked”

D Qin out


Beginners explanation

Flipflop “samples” its input at the rising edge and presents that value on the output.

D Q

t

clock 10

A “rising edge” A “falling edge”


Flip flops in the circuit

We will put flip flops in our circuit(Good for “breaking” combinational loops)

and clock them all with the same clock

D Q


Setup time, tsetup the time the D input must be stable before the rising edge of the flip-flop.

Hold time, thold the time the D input must be stable after the rising edge of the clock

If the setup or hold time parameters are violated the Q output will be either logic 0, logic 1 or the flip-flop will enter a metastable state, but will eventually become a valid logic level.

setupt holdt

1, 0 or metastable!

D

Clk

Q

Timing of a positive edge triggered D flip-flop


Clock to output delay

pLH(CQ)t pHL(CQ)t

setupt

holdt

1, 0 or metastable!

D

Clk

Q

Clock-to-output delay, tp

The delay of a low to high transition and the delay of a high to low transition may be different.


Example

1BAD

OKD Q 1 Suppose the flip flop

holds a “1”.Let’s clock this circuit...


Example

D Q 10 1 0

Holding

Clock “pulse”

one “clock cycle”


Example

D Q 10 1 0

Samples the “0”


Example

D Q 10 0 0

The exact instantthat the outputchanges!


Example

D Q 11 0 1

... the circuit becomesstable again

A very short time later...

Called a logic “delay”(Propagation through the combinational logic)


Example

D Q 11 0 1

... until the next clockingAnd it stays like that....


Combinational logic in the MIPS

Zero extend box

Sign extend box

Controllable sign/zero extend box

“Tap box” (pick out fields of bits)

Shift left two bits


Zero extend box

16

16

16

In[0..15]

Out[16..31]

Out[0..15]

16 zeroes !


Sign extend box

16

16

16

In[0..15]

Out[16..31]

Out[0..15]

In[15] copied16 times


Controllable zero / sign extend box

16

16

16

In[0..15]

Out[16..31]

Out[0..15]

In[15]&

Control


Tap box

Contains no logic circuits

Regroup input bits

32

5

5

5

16

6Opcode field

Instruction

Rs field

Rt field

Rd field

Immediate field


Shift left two bits

32 Out bit [2..31*]

In bit [0..31] Out bit 1

Out bit 0

0

0

* Two bits lost


Arbitrary logic

Given a truth table:A B C D X Y Z

0 0 0 0 1 1 0

0 1 - 1 0 1 -

- 1 1 0 1 0 1

Digital design.......

Logic

ABCD

XYZ


So, it’s enough just to have the truth table.....

We have tools to build the “logic box”

“Logic synthesis”


The multiplexor

Special truth table:

A B Cont Out

0 - 0 0

1 - 0 1

- 0 1 0

- 1 1 1

Easy to generalise to

“A, B, C, D....”

A

B

Cont

Out


Shifters

Two kinds: logical-- value shifted in is always "0"

arithmetic-- on right shifts, sign extend

msb lsb"0" "0"

msb lsb "0"

Note: these are single bit shifts. A given instruction might request 0 to 32 bits to be shifted!


Example: 4 bit Logical Right Shifter

If added Right-to-left connections couldsupport Rotate (not in MIPS but found in ISAs)

A0 A1 A2 A3

S0

S1

”0”

”0”


Example: 4 bit logical Right Shifter II

•Shift two bits right

A0 A1 A2 A3

S0 = 0

S1 = 1

”0”

”0”A0 A1 A2 A3 A2 A3 ”0”


Example: 4 bit Right Shifter III


A0 A1 A2 A3

S0 = 0

S1 = 1

”0”

”0”A0 A1 A2 A3

A2

A3 ”0” A2

A3 ”0””0”


General Shift Right Scheme 16 bit using MUXes


S 0 (0,1)

S 1(0, 2)

S 3(0, 8)

S 2(0, 4)


Barrel Shifter (remember?)

Technology-dependent solutions: 1 transistor per switch:

D3

D2

D1

D0

A2

A1

A0

A3 A2 A1 A0

SR0SR1SR2SR3


What about adders?

A[0] A[1] .... A[31] B[0] ....... B[31] C[0] C[1] .... C[31]

Impractical to represent by truth table

Exponential in number of input bits

32

32

32

A

BC+


Adders are special .....

We’ll talk about them later

Also, multipliers

Let’s just assume they exist


Subtract ?

A - B ?

= A + NOT (B) + 1

Yes, there’s an easier way...

32

32

32

32

32

32

132

A

B

1+

+


Controllable Add / Sub ?

Subtract

Add

Choose

AB


How it’s really done

32

32

32

=1

32

A

B

Choose

Carry in

+


What’s the point of this ?

The ALU is combinational

Must have control signals to choose!

32

32

32ALU

Control points


32-bit wide inverter ?

1

1

1

1

1

32 32

In bit[31]

In bit[30]

In bit[1]

In bit[0]

Out bit[31]

Out bit[30]

Out bit[1]

Out bit[0]

Easier to draw!


Same idea :

32 - bit wide multiplexors

32 - bit wide clocked registers, such as the– Program counter

– write back data register

D Q32 32

Clock signalnot drawn


Memories ?

Register file Instruction memory Data memory

We’ll treat these as combinational(not “clocked”)

microcomputer engineering digitalcircuits slide 1 combinational circuits changes at inputs propagate...

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