microbial flora-of-the-human-body
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Rashad Shawgi BabikerM.Sc. (Microbiology)
(UMST)M.Sc. Stud. (Immunology )Institute of Tropical Medicine.
(SAS)
Normal FloraDefinition
Normal flora is the mixture of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that are regularly found at any anatomical site of human body.
Symbiotic Relationship1. Mutualistic
Both organisms benefit – “mutually benefical”
2. CommensalisticOne organism benefits, the other is neither
helped nor harmed
3. OpportunisticUnder normal conditions, microbe does not
cause disease, but if conditions become conducive , it can cause disease
MutualisticEscherichia coli
Synthesizes Vitamin K & B complex Vitamins
In return, we provide a warm, moist nutrient rich environment for E. coli
CommensalisticWe have no Commensalistic relationships with
Bacteria
If Bacteria are in or on our body, they are either helping us (Microbial Antagonism) or harming us.
OpportunisticEscherichia coli - normally in our digestive
tract where it causes no problems, but if it gets into the urinary tract it can become pathogenic.
Staphylococcus aureus – commonly found in the upper respiratory tract, but if it gets into a wound or a burn it can become pathogenic
The Three Types of Symbiotic Relationships
Table 14.1
Normal Microbial Flora1. Resident Flora
Microbes that are always present
2. Transient FloraMicrobes that live in or on your body for a
period of time (hours, days, weeks, months) then move on or die off
Transient MicrobiotaRemain in the body for only hours to
months before disappearing
Found in the same regions as resident microbiota
Cannot persist in the body…because…Competition from other microorganismsElimination by the body’s defenses cellsChemical or physical changes in the
body
Sterile tissuesIn a healthy human, the
internal tissues such as:
blood brain muscle cerbrospinal fluid (csf.) are normally free of
microorganisms.
Normal Flora
Normal Flora Skin Eyes (i.e.Cunjunctiva) Nose (i.e. Respiratory
tract) Mouth (i.e Human
Oral Cavity) Ears Urogenetal tract Elementry tract
Normal FloraResident flora
Acquired rapidly during & after birth
Normal FloraResident flora
Reflects age of personChanges continuously
through out lifeReflects nutrition of
personReflects genetics of
personReflects environment
of personReflects sex of person
1. They constitute a protective host defense mechanism by occupying ecological niches.
Importance of The Normal Flora (Advantages)
Importance of The Normal Flora (Advantages)
2. They produce vitamin B and vitamin K in intestine.
Importance of The Normal Flora (Advantages)
3. The oral flora contribute to immunity by inducing low levels of circulating and secretory antibodies that may cross react with pathogens.
Importance of The Normal Flora (Advantages)
4. The oral bacteria flora exert microbial antagonism against nonindigenous species by production of inhibitory fatty acids, peroxides, bacteriocins, etc.
Importance of The Normal Flora (Advantages)
5. The normal flora may antagonize other bacteria through the production of substances which inhibit or kill nonindigenous species.
Importance of The Normal Flora (Disadvantages)1. They can cause
disease in the following:a) When individuals become immunocompromised.b) When they change their usual anatomic location.
Contamination vs. Infection
Contamination – the mere presence of microbes in or on the body
Infection – results when the organism has evaded the body’s external defenses, multiplied, and become established in the body
Portals of Entry
Sites through which pathogens enter the body
Four major typesSkinMucous membranesPlacentaParenteral route
SkinOuter layer of packed, dead, skin cells
usually acts as a barrier to pathogens
Some pathogens can enter through openings or cuts
Others enter by burrowing into or digesting the outer layers of skin…flesh-eating bacteria
Mucous MembranesLine the body cavities that are open to
the environmentProvides a moist, warm environment
that is hospitable to pathogens
Respiratory tract is the most commonly used site of entry – entry is through the nose, mouth or eyes
Pathogens able to survive the acidic pH of the stomach may use the gastrointestinal tract as a route of entry
Some Pathogens that Cross the Placenta
Table 14.3
Parenteral Route
Pathogens deposited directly into tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes
Infection vs. Disease
Infection is the invasion of the host by a pathogen
Disease results only if the invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body
Disease is also referred to as morbidity
Manifestations of DiseaseSymptoms – subjective characteristics of
disease felt only by the patientSigns – objective manifestations of disease
that can be observed or measured by othersSyndrome – group of symptoms and signs that
characterize a disease or abnormal conditionAsymptomatic, or subclinical, infections lack
symptoms but may still have signs of infection
EtiologyStudy of the cause of disease
Germ theory of disease – disease caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms
Robert Koch developed a set of postulates one must satisfy to prove a particular pathogen causes a particular disease