micro power stations
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MICROPOWER
SYSTEMSBy:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
![Page 2: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Topics
• Driving forces for micro power systems
• Energy scavenging/ collecting systems
• Energy reservoir/ power generation systems
![Page 3: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Micro Power??• Generation of small amounts of
electricity from sources close to where it's used.
• Eliminates the need for both excess production by the traditional generating stations powered by coal, oil or nuclear power, and transmission grids to deliver that power.
![Page 4: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why Micro Power Now??
![Page 5: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why Micro Power ??• renewable, on the site
energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
• plan not to replace the traditional electrical grid
• providing reliable service in remote communities
• waste energy scavenger concepts
![Page 6: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Energy Scavenging Areas
1.Solar/Ambient Light
2.Temperature Gradients 3.Human Power
4.Air Flow 5.Pressure Gradients 6.Vibrations
![Page 7: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Solar and Ambient Light
• Sources– Noon on a sunny day -
100 mW/cm2
– Office Lights: 7.2 mW/cm2
• Collectors– SC Silicon
• 15% - 30% efficient– Poly-Silicon
• 10% - 15% efficient– Photoelectric Dyes
• 5% to 10% efficient
Solar Powered Pico Radio Node
![Page 8: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Solar Photo Voltaic (solar PV) is the direct conversion of solar energy into electricity
• They are formed using semi-conductor materials like Si
• Light energy bounces the electrons away from their atoms † flow of electrons † current
Solar PV Arrays
![Page 9: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Solar Photo Voltaic (solar PV) is the direct conversion of solar energy into electricity
• They are formed using semi-conductor materials like Si
• Light energy bounces the electrons away from their atoms † flow of electrons † current
Solar PV Arrays
![Page 10: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Temperature Gradients
• Exploit gradients due to waste heat / ambient temp – Maximum power =
Carnot efficiency– 10˚C differential = (308K –298K) /308 =
3.2%– Through silicon this
can be up to 110 mW/cm2
• Methods– Thermoelectric
(Seebeck effect) ~ 40µW/cm2 @ 10˚C
– Piezo thermo engine ~ 1 mW/mm2
(theoretical)
Piezo thermo engine
![Page 11: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Autonomous nodes can only become reality when research on ultra-low-power electronics and micro-
power generators join forces • Thermal energy scavengers that use Seebeck effect
to transform the temperature difference between the environment and the human body into electricity
• Generators are mounted on a bracelet - 150μW • Bismuth telluride thermoelectric block, consisting of
about 3000 thermocouples
• Flexible wireless sensor module attached to this bracelet and powered by the thermoelectric generator
![Page 12: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Air Flow• Power output/
efficiencies vary with velocity and motors
• Applications exist where average air flow may be on the order of 5 m/s
– At 100% efficiency ~1 mW
• MEMS turbines may be viable
![Page 13: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pressure Gradients• Using ambient pressure
variations–On a given day, for a change of .2
inches Hg, density on the order of nW/cm3
• Manipulating temperature– Using 1 cm3 of helium, assuming
10˚C and ideal gas behavior, ~ µW/cm3
• No active research on pressure gradient manipulation
![Page 14: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Micro Heat Engines• MEMS scale parts for
small scale engine– 1 cm3 volume– 13.9 W– Poor transient
properties• Micro size heat engine
– ICE’s, thermoelectrics, thermoionics, thermo photo voltaics via controlled combustion
– Meant for microscale applications with high power needs
![Page 15: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Solar Photo Voltaic (solar PV) is the direct conversion of solar energy into electricity
• They are formed using semi-conductor materials like Si
• Light energy bounces the electrons away from their atoms † flow of electrons † current
Solar PV Arrays
![Page 16: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Temperature Gradients
• Exploit gradients due to waste heat / ambient temp – Maximum power =
Carnot efficiency– 10˚C differential = (308K –298K) /308 =
3.2%– Through silicon this
can be up to 110 mW/cm2
• Methods– Thermoelectric
(Seebeck effect) ~ 40µW/cm2 @ 10˚C
– Piezo thermo engine ~ 1 mW/mm2
(theoretical)
Piezo thermo engine
![Page 17: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Human Power
• Burning 10.5 MJ a day– Average power dissipation of 121 W
• Areas of Exploitation– Foot
• Using energy absorbed by shoe when stepping
• 330 µW/cm2 obtained through MIT study– Skin
• Temperature gradients, up to 15˚C– Blood
• Panasonic, Japan demonstrated electrochemically converting glucose
![Page 18: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Autonomous nodes can only become reality when research on ultra-low-power electronics and micro-
power generators join forces • Thermal energy scavengers that use Seebeck effect
to transform the temperature difference between the environment and the human body into electricity
• Generators are mounted on a bracelet - 150μW • Bismuth telluride thermoelectric block, consisting of
about 3000 thermocouples
• Flexible wireless sensor module attached to this bracelet and powered by the thermoelectric generator
![Page 19: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Air Flow• Power output/
efficiencies vary with velocity and motors
• Applications exist where average air flow may be on the order of 5 m/s
– At 100% efficiency ~1 mW
• MEMS turbines may be viable
![Page 20: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pressure Gradients• Using ambient pressure
variations–On a given day, for a change of .2
inches Hg, density on the order of nW/cm3
• Manipulating temperature– Using 1 cm3 of helium, assuming
10˚C and ideal gas behavior, ~ µW/cm3
• No active research on pressure gradient manipulation
![Page 21: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Energy Reservoirs/Power Generation
BatteriesFuel CellsCapacitorsHeat EnginesRadioactive Sources
![Page 22: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Batteries
• Macro Batteries - too big
Zinc air (3500 J/cm3), Alkaline (1800 J/cm3),Lithium (1000 - 2880 J/cm3)
• Micro Batteries - on the way
– Lithium(i) Thin film Li (1-D micro scale, 2-D
macro scale )(ii) 3-D Lithium Ion (in initial stages)
– Ni/ NaOH /Zn
![Page 23: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MEMS Fuel Cell• Current Generation
– Toshiba 1 cm3 hydrogen reactor
– Produces 1watt• Next Generation
– Planar Arrays• Fraunhofer - 100
mW/cm2
• Stanford - > 40 mW/cm2 (more room for improvement)
Stanford University
Fraunhofer
![Page 24: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Capacitors• Capacitors– Energy density too low to be a real
secondary storage component
• Ultra capacitors– Energy density on order of 75 J/cm3
–Work being done to shrink them
![Page 25: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Micro Heat Engines• MEMS scale parts for
small scale engine– 1 cm3 volume– 13.9 W– Poor transient
properties• Micro size heat engine
– ICE’s, thermoelectrics, thermoionics, thermo photo voltaics via controlled combustion
– Meant for microscale applications with high power needs
![Page 26: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Radioactive Approaches!!
• High theoretical energy density
• Power density inversely proportional to half life
• Demonstrated power on the order of nanowatts
• Environmental concerns
![Page 27: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CONCLUSION• Produce high quality competitive
R&D • Micropower: The Next Electrical
Era • Emergency Micro-Power Systems• Squeezed every wasted kilowatt-
hour or leaking calorie of heat out of our homes and businesses
![Page 28: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
REFERENCES• terrain.org• powerconnect.com• micropower-connect.org• the-infoshop.com
![Page 29: Micro Power Stations](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061207/54846bd45906b599158b4772/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
THANK YOU