methods persuasive speaking

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking

Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech

Credibility Appeals

Evidential Appeals

Logical Appeals

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Emotional Appeals

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Methods of Persuasive Speaking(continued)

Motivational Appeals



• Expect Selective Exposure

• Don't Expect Too Much

• Employ Empathy and Sensitivity

• Use Different Kinds of Appeals

Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech


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• The selective exposure theory is a concept that refers to individuals’ tendency to

favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory

information.

• Selective exposure operates by reinforcing beliefs rather than exposing

individuals to a diverse array of viewpoints.

• Perceived usefulness of information, perceived norm of fairness, and curiosity

regarding valuable information are three factors that can counteract selective

exposure.

Expect Selective Exposure


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Pianist

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• The expected effectiveness of each speech depends on a number of factors,

such as the audience, venue, time allotted, and the speaker's experience.

• The expected quality of the delivery depends on the speaker's experience and

comfort. Even the most gifted speakers make mistakes, so expecting perfection

from a novice is unreasonable.

• Anxiety of public speaking sometimes is derived from the idea that the audience

expects perfection. In reality, most audiences are sympathetic and want the

speaker to succeed.

Don't Expect Too Much


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Martin Luther King, Jr.



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• Appeals to empathy and sensitivity are called emotional appeals. Emotional

appeals seek to impart certain feelings in the audience so that they will act a

certain way. They can be much more powerful than logical arguments in some

situations.

• To deploy an emotional appeal you need to share carefully selected information

that naturally makes your audience feel a certain way.

• Audiences can sense inauthentic emotional appeals and react negatively

because they feel that they are being negatively. Poorly used emotional appeals

can have the exact opposite effect than intended.

Employ Empathy and Sensitivity


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Audience Emotion



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• Aristotle defined 3 types of appeals: logos (evidential), pathos (emotional), and

ethos (based on moral standing). Logos and pathos are the two most common

contemporary categories.

• Evidential appeals (logical appeals, logos) are based entirely on evidence that is

then shown to cause a certain outcome based on rationality alone. This is the

type of appeal allowed in scientific research and in courts of law.

• Emotional appeals (pathos) attempt to cause the audience to feel certain

emotions in order to persuade them. Stories and metaphors are examples of

emotional appeals.

Use Different Kinds of Appeals


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Courtroom



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• Defining Credibility

• Types and Elements of Credibility

• Building Credibility

• Ethical Usage

Credibility Appeals

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Credibility Appeals




• Credibility is a composite of subjective and objective factors, so it relates to

feelings and opinions, as well as facts and evidence.

• The subjective component of a public speaker's credibility centers on the

speaker's self-presentation.

• The objective aspect of a public speaker's credibility is based on the speaker's

expertise.

Defining Credibility


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Unmasking Credibility



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• Personal experience in the workplace, at home, in a hobby, or volunteering

situations can bolster your credibility. You can support the validity of your

experience with testimonials and personal recommendations.

• Formal or informal training that relates to your topic can also support your

credibility.

• If you connect yourself and your message to credible people, your own credibility

will benefit from the association.

Types and Elements of Credibility


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Mountaineering



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• Establishing your good character is a crucial part of winning the audience's trust.

• For a public speaker, character is not only about being a good person or a law-

abiding citizen; speakers should also be looking out for the needs of their

listeners.

• To show your listeners that you care about their needs and interests, find

common ground with the audience, appeal to shared beliefs and goals, and

entertain potential objections.

Building Credibility


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Building Blocks



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• There are three types of appeal techniques in persuasive speaking: logos, pathos

and ethos. Ethos is focused on the credibility appeal, that is, a rhetorical appeal

to an audience based on the speaker's credibility.

• It is unethical to lie to your audience about who you are and what you bring to the

table in terms of experience, credibility and authority.

• When it comes to ethical usage of credibility appeals, stick to authenticity and

speaking honestly about who you are.

Ethical Usage


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Rhetorical



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• Defining Evidence

• Deploying Evidence

• Ethical Usage: Considering Other Viewpoints

Evidential Appeals

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Evidential Appeals




• Accurate, contextual, easily understandable evidence builds credibility to your

persuasive argument.

• The success or failure of an evidential appeal depends on how well the evidence

has been defined and laid out for the audience.

• Any information used as evidence must be complete enough that it strengthens

the appeal. Otherwise, weak evidence will only erode the argument.

• Name and define the evidence only as comprehensively as the scope of the

speech allows; dense supporting materials can actually confuse your audience by

overwhelming them with too much or too deeply defined evidence.

Defining Evidence


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Sherlock Holmes



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• When crafting your speech, consider the following three areas: accuracy,

relevance, and thoroughness.

• Make sure that your evidence, be it facts, statistics, personal testimony, or other

pieces of information, comes from credible sources.

• Make sure your evidence is directly related to the points you are trying to make

while also anticipating competing evidence that may contradict your line of

reasoning.

• By thorough by fully explaining and defining your evidence to your audience, but

don't overwhelm them in the process.

Deploying Evidence


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Sherlock Holmes



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• The same evidence can be interpreted differently by different people.

• Falsified evidence (intentionally or unintentionally) is unethical to use. Finding

false evidence that is due to statistical fallacy can only be found after deep

critique.

• If an argument can withstand the honest critique of an opponent and is based on

true and complete evidence, then the appeal is on sound ethical ground.

Ethical Usage: Considering Other Viewpoints


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Chilean Presidential Debate



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• Different Lines of Reasoning

• Deploying a Rational Appeal

• Logical Fallacies

Logical Appeals

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Logical Appeals




• Inductive reasoning, also known as induction, is a kind of reasoning that

constructs general propositions that are derived from specific examples.

• Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it only states that, given the premises, the

conclusion is probable.

• One important aspect of inductive reasoning is associative reasoning: seeing or

noticing similarity among the different events or objects that you observe.

• Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from one or more general

statements, laws, or principles regarding what is known, in order to reach a

logically certain conclusion.

Different Lines of Reasoning


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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning



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• Deploying rational appeals focuses on reasoning and how you use evidence to

reason with your audience and invention, how arguments are formed based on

the classical proof of logos--rational appeal and logic.

• The burden of proof is on you the speaker to develop the right appeals for the

particular audience.

• When deploying deductive reasoning consider whether or not the audience is

likely to accept the general premise as valid and true before you attempt to

deduce other ideas or courses of action based on the general premise.

• When deploying inductive reasoning consider if you have observed or collected

enough evidence to draw a highly probable conclusion.

• When deploying associative reasoning, you will want to make sure that the ideas

are indeed similar and that there are not obvious or outstanding differences which

would negate the association you propose.

• As you deploy a rational appeal consider if your reasoning is sound, whether the

audience will accept your evidence and reasoning, and what objections the

audience might raise so you can address the most significant points of

disagreement in your message.

Deploying a Rational Appeal


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The mind



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• "Formal" refers to the form of the argument. An argument that contains a formal

fallacy will always be invalid. However, even if a premise is not accurate, the

formal conclusion could still be valid if the rules of logic are followed.

• An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs due to a problem with the

content, rather than mere structure, of the argument and is often due to a

misconception or a presumption.

• Common Fallacy--hasty generalization: argues from limited examples or a special

case to a create general rule that applies to many cases.

• Common Fallacy--Popular sentiment or bandwagon appeal (argumentum ad

populum):—appeal to the majority; appeal to loyalty, "Everyone is doing it".

• Common Fallacy--If it comes before, it is the cause, post hoc ergo propter hoc:

believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation.

• Common Fallacy--Two events co-occurring is not causation, cum hoc ergo

propter hoc: believing that correlation implies a causal relation.

Logical Fallacies


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Euler circles to illustrate categorical deduction



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• Defining Emotional Appeal

• Producing an Emotional Appeal

• Ethical Usage

Emotional Appeals

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Emotional Appeals




• Pathos represents an appeal to the emotions of an audience.

• An emotional appeal uses the manipulation of the emotions rather than valid

logic to win an argument.

• Emotional appeal is a<b> </b>logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win

an argument by trying to get an emotional reaction from the opponent and

audience.

• In debating terms, emotional appeals are often effective as a rhetorical device,

but are generally considered naive or dishonest as a logical argument, since they

often appeal to the prejudices of listeners rather than offer a sober assessment of

a situation.

Defining Emotional Appeal


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A father with his children



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• Producing an emotional appeal requires an understanding of your audience and

what may strike their emotions the most.

• An effective way to create emotional appeal is to use words that have a lot of

pathos associated with them. Pathos is an emotional appeal used in rhetoric that

depicts certain emotional states.

• An example of a speech that is particularly effective at producing an emotional

response with its listeners is Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.

The speech uses rhetoric to convey the point of equal opportunity for all people.

Producing an Emotional Appeal


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• Ethos (plural: ethe) is an appeal to the authority or honesty of the presenter.

• Emotional appeals will encourage the audience to identify with your message on

a visceral level, bypassing intellectual filters, such as skepticism and logic.

• It may be appealing to take a shortcut to making the audience sympathize with

your point of view. However, emotional appeals don't always hold up well after

the fact--so fortify your emotional appeal by engaging the intellect, too.

Ethical Usage


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Audience Emotion



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• Motivating Listeners

Motivational Appeals

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Motivational Appeals




• We can divide our motives into two basic types: internal, intrinsic and external or

extrinsic motives. Some are more intrinsic than others, but basically a motive or

motivator is external if someone controls the means for you to satisfy the need or

desire.

• It is important to understand the current state of unfulfilled desires or need states

that exist in your audience in order to select the appropriate motives for your

appeal.

• You can use Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to select an unsatisfied need for your

motivational appeals. The lower level needs such as Physiological and Safety

needs will have to be satisfied before higher level needs, such as achievement or

self-actualization can be addressed.

• Monroe's Motivated Sequence is one method to organize your appeal to the

listeners. The five steps in order are: Get Attention, Explain Need, Satisfaction

(how your solution will met the need), Visualization (picture audience living with

solution in place), and Action (what audience can do now).

Motivating Listeners


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Hierarchy of Needs


Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Motivational Appeals

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Appendix

Key terms

• accuracy Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value. (

CC BY-SA 3.0)

• audience A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• character Moral strength; consistency of values and principles. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Deductive reasoning The process of reasoning that uses given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true. Deductive reasoning contrasts with inductive reasoning. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Disposition A habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• emotional appeal An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• emotional appeal An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• ethics The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• ethos A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• ethos A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/character


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive+reasoning


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposition


http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/emotional-appeal




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethics


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ethos




• evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• evidential appeal An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or logos. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• fallacy An error in reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption; used in informal discourse to mean an argument which is problematic for any reason (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• fallacy An error in reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption; used in informal discourse to mean an argument which is problematic for any reason (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Inductive reasoning A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples. Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Invention the formulation of arguments based on logos--rational appeal or logic. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• logical fallacy A fallacy; a clearly defined error in reasoning used to support or refute an argument, excluding simple unintended mistakes. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• manipulation The usage of psychological influence over a person or situation to gain a positive outcome. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Motivated sequence a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspires people to take action, developed by Alan Monroe. Includes five steps—attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• motivation Willingness of action especially in behavior (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• motive An incentive to act; a reason for doing something; anything that prompted a choice of action. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidence




http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidential-appeal


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fallacy




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive+reasoning


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logical+fallacy


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manipulation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated+sequence


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motivation


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motive


• objective not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Pathos An appeal to the audience's emotions. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• persuasion the process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• red herring A clue or information that is or is intended to be misleading, that diverts attention from a question;often thought to relate to using smelly fish to train dogs to recognize the real scent of something they were suppose to be tracking. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• rhetoric The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• selective exposure The selective exposure theory is a concept in media and communication research that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• straw man An insubstantial concept, idea, endeavor or argument, particularly one deliberately set up to be weakly supported, so that it can be easily knocked down; especially to impugn the strength of any related thing or idea. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• subjective formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• syllogism An inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows necessarily from two other propositions, known as the premises. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• thorough painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objective


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos


http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/persuasion


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/red+herring


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetoric


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/selective+exposure


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/straw+man


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syllogism


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thorough


Pianist


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Audience Emotion


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Courtroom


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Unmasking Credibility


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Mountaineering


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Building Blocks


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Rhetorical


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Sherlock Holmes


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Sherlock Holmes


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Chilean Presidential Debate


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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning


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Summary of Deductive and Inductive Reasoning


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The mind


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Euler circles to illustrate categorical deduction


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A father with his children


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Audience Emotion


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Carrot and Stick


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Hierarchy of Needs


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A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance.

A) persuasion

B) emotional appeal

C) evidential appeal

D) audience

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A) persuasion

B) emotional appeal


D) audience

http://www.boundless.com/





Which of the following best describes the selective exposure theory?

A) The theory that suggests consumers strive for information that results in cognitive equilibrium.

B) The theory that listeners are easily swayed by new information based on their trust of the speaker.

C) The theory that people will pay closer attention when the information contradicts previous opinions.

D) The theory that people tend to favor information that reinforces their preexisting opinions.

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Which of the following best describes the selective exposure theory?

A) The theory that suggests consumers strive for information that results in cognitive equilibrium.

B) The theory that listeners are easily swayed by new information based on their trust of the speaker.

C) The theory that people will pay closer attention when the information contradicts previous opinions.

D) The theory that people tend to favor information that reinforces their preexisting opinions.






The _______ theory is a concept in media and communication research that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information.

A) emotional appeal

B) persuasion


D) selective exposure

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "selective exposure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/selective+exposure


The _______ theory is a concept in media and communication research that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information.

A) emotional appeal

B) persuasion


D) selective exposure



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/selective+exposure




A) non-verbal communication

B) noise

C) audience

D) situational awareness




A) informative

B) speech

C) audience

D) toast




A) Group

B) Gathering

C) Meeting

D) Audience




A) audience

B) Encode

C) Message

D) Demographics



the process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior

A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) persuasion

D) evidential appeal

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the process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior

A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) persuasion




http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/persuasion



Many speakers get nervous before giving a speech because they think the audience expects perfection. This is

A) false. Most audiences are like a sympathetic friend.

B) true. Most audiences expect you to speak perfectly.

C) false. Most audiences expect you to fail.

D) true. Audiences assume you are a professional speaker and won't make any mistakes.



An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos.

A) emotional appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion


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A) emotional appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion







Which of the following is an example of a drawback of appealing to the emotions of your audience?

A) All of these answers.

B) If taken too far, an appeal to emotion can seem forced.

C) Audiences may feel manipulated by a disingenuous emotional appeal.

D) If an emotional appeal appears inauthentic, an audience may reject the appeal and the speaker.



Which of the following is an example of a drawback of appealing to the emotions of your audience?


B) If taken too far, an appeal to emotion can seem forced.

C) Audiences may feel manipulated by a disingenuous emotional appeal.

D) If an emotional appeal appears inauthentic, an audience may reject the appeal and the speaker.







A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) logic

D) persuasion

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A) audience

B) emotional appeal

C) logic

D) persuasion






An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or logos.

A) evidential appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion

D) emotional appeal

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An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or logos.

A) evidential appeal

B) audience

C) persuasion

D) emotional appeal



http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidential-appeal




A) audience

B) persuasion


D) emotional appeal



A woman gives a press conference because her daughter has been kidnapped. The woman cries and begs for her daughter to be returned. This exemplifies which type of appeal?

A) Logos

B) Pathos

C) Evidential

D) Logical




A) emotional appeal

B) audience

C) logic

D) persuasion



formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment.

A) subjective

B) abstract

C) direct

D) orality

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formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment.

A) subjective

B) abstract

C) direct

D) orality



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective



Eye-Oh-Key-Are. That’s spelled I-O-K-I-Y-A-R. Eye-Oh-Key-Are. It means ‘It’s OK if you are a Republican’ and it’s one of many ways opposing parties vilify each other in today’s political climate. The problem is that each party spends so much time disparaging the other party that voters rarely hear politicians presenting their problem-solving ideas. Which of the following statements would be the best one to insert after this passage to establish the speaker’s credibility?

A) A poll sponsored by the Washington Times found that 1 in 3 registered voters did not know how their current representative in Congress would vote on infrastructure spending.

B) To prepare for this speech, I examined several transcripts from recent political speeches and found not a single one which went into detail about any policy issues.

C) I’ve been voting since the day I turned 18 and have never seen politics as dominated by misinformation as it is now.

D) Elected officials may be politicians, but in my opinion, they have an obligation to inform their constituents of where they stand on issues.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Eye-Oh-Key-Are. That’s spelled I-O-K-I-Y-A-R. Eye-Oh-Key-Are. It means ‘It’s OK if you are a Republican’ and it’s one of many ways opposing parties vilify each other in today’s political climate. The problem is that each party spends so much time disparaging the other party that voters rarely hear politicians presenting their problem-solving ideas. Which of the following statements would be the best one to insert after this passage to establish the speaker’s credibility?

A) A poll sponsored by the Washington Times found that 1 in 3 registered voters did not know how their current representative in Congress would vote on infrastructure spending.

B) To prepare for this speech, I examined several transcripts from recent political speeches and found not a single one which went into detail about any policy issues.

C) I’ve been voting since the day I turned 18 and have never seen politics as dominated by misinformation as it is now.

D) Elected officials may be politicians, but in my opinion, they have an obligation to inform their constituents of where they stand on issues.


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/



The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.

A) anecdote

B) credibility

C) topic

D) introduction

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A) anecdote

B) credibility

C) topic

D) introduction






A good way to earn subjective credibility is to

A) speak loudly, clearly, and confidently.

B) state your credentials.

C) reveal a personal connection to your topic.

D) establish common ground with your audience.




A) understanding

B) memory

C) mnemonic

D) credibility




A) search engine

B) credibility

C) keyword

D) database



not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence.

A) inflection

B) objective

C) language

D) meaning

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not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence.

A) inflection

B) objective

C) language

D) meaning



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objective



You are giving a speech on Italian performance art. You spent a month studying Commedia dell'Arte in Italy. You refer to your time in Italy in your speech, boosting your credibility. This is an example of

A) credibility from training.

B) credibility from experience.

C) credibility by association.

D) credibility from intelligence.




A) search engine

B) keyword

C) credibility

D) database




A) understanding

B) memory

C) mnemonic

D) credibility




A) anecdote

B) credibility

C) topic

D) introduction



You are government official speaking to an audience of senior citizens about changes in their government-sponsored health care benefits. Which of the following would be a good way to establish your credibility with that audience?

A) Begin your speech with a story about your grandmother

B) Summarize what you know about the audience’s health care concerns and provide information that addresses those concerns.

C) Describe what your job is and how you were trained to do it

D) Emphasize how the changes will not increase their out-of-pocket expenses.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors."

CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


You are government official speaking to an audience of senior citizens about changes in their government-sponsored health care benefits. Which of the following would be a good way to establish your credibility with that audience?

A) Begin your speech with a story about your grandmother

B) Summarize what you know about the audience’s health care concerns and provide information that addresses those concerns.

C) Describe what your job is and how you were trained to do it

D) Emphasize how the changes will not increase their out-of-pocket expenses.


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/



Moral strength; consistency of values and principles.

A) objective

B) credibility

C) ethos

D) character

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Moral strength; consistency of values and principles.

A) objective

B) credibility

C) ethos

D) character



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/character



In order to build credibility, you should

A) entertain potential objections.

B) walk the audience through opposing viewpoints.

C) All of these answers.

D) listen to the needs of the audience.



In order to build credibility, you should

A) entertain potential objections.

B) walk the audience through opposing viewpoints.


D) listen to the needs of the audience.






A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility.

A) perception

B) classification

C) comparison

D) ethos

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A) perception

B) classification

C) comparison

D) ethos






A politician gives a speech during a campaign in which she misrepresents her past in order to appear more credible. This is

A) ethical. The politician has a right to freedom of speech.

B) unethical. The audience should not be lied to about the politican's experience.

C) unethical. The politician is likely to be found out, so it is too risky.

D) ethical. The audience is responsible for confirming the claims made by the politician.



Ethos is a type of appeal to an audience based on

A) the audience's emotional involvement in the argument.

B) the speaker's personal credibility.

C) logic and reason.

D) the audience's understanding of a universal morality.



How can context be used to strengthen evidence in a persuasive speech?

A) The evidence must be constructed and defined based on truth.

B) The evidence must be presented in a way the audience understands.

C) The evidence must be defined only as comprehensively as necessary.

D) The evidence must be defined within the subject matter of the speaker's appeal.



What is the primary role of evidence in persuasive speaking?

A) Evidence builds credibility.

B) Evidence builds audience support.

C) Evidence provides context.

D) Evidence appeals to emotion and logic.



The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review

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A) search engine

B) evidence

C) database

D) peer review







A) evidence

B) Deductive reasoning

C) logic

D) fallacy

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A) evidence


C) logic

D) fallacy






Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.

A) statistics

B) Mean

C) accuracy

D) Median

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy



A) statistics

B) Mean

C) accuracy

D) Median







A) search engine

B) database

C) evidence

D) peer review




A) Deductive reasoning

B) logic

C) evidence

D) fallacy



When crafting a speech, speakers must consider which of the following to ensure their evidence is accurate?

A) Ensure that facts, statistics, and personal testimony come from credible sources.

B) Ensure a comprehensive understanding about the knowledge base of the audience.

C) Ensure the evidence is relevant to the argument.

D) Ensure web sources are partial and biased.



painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail

A) thorough

B) fallacy

C) evidence

D) Motivated sequence

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painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail

A) thorough

B) fallacy

C) evidence




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thorough




A) accuracy

B) abstract

C) direct

D) objectivity

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy



A) accuracy

B) abstract

C) direct

D) objectivity






An error in reasoningoften due to a misconception or a presumption; used in informal discourse tomean an argument which is problematic for any reason

A) motivation

B) fallacy

C) evidence

D) logic

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "fallacy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fallacy



A) motivation

B) fallacy

C) evidence

D) logic







A) microeconomics

B) fallacy

C) Factors of production

D) Circular flow diagram




A) microeconomics

B) fallacy








Which of the following must a public speaker do to ensure that the evidence in his or her speech withstands audience scrutiny?


B) The speaker must consider the viability of opposing viewpoints before rejecting them.

C) The speaker must allow others to criticize his or her viewpoints.

D) The speaker must convince the audience of something that he or she believes to be true.



All humans require oxygen to survive. Mary is human. Therefore, Mary requires oxygen to survive. This is an example of

A) deductive reasoning.

B) inductive reasoning.

C) associative reasoning.

D) All of these answers.



All humans require oxygen to survive. Mary is human. Therefore, Mary requires oxygen to survive. This is an example of

A) deductive reasoning.

B) inductive reasoning.

C) associative reasoning.







The process of reasoning that uses given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true. _______ contrasts with inductive reasoning.

A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) Deductive reasoning

D) red herring

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Deductive reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive+reasoning


The process of reasoning that uses given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true. _______ contrasts with inductive reasoning.

A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) Deductive reasoning

D) red herring



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive+reasoning



A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples. _______ contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions.

A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) red herring

D) Inductive reasoning

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Inductive reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive+reasoning


A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples. _______ contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions.

A) Invention

B) fallacy

C) red herring

D) Inductive reasoning



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive+reasoning



An inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows necessarily from two other propositions, known as the premises.

A) Invention

B) syllogism

C) fallacy

D) red herring

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "syllogism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syllogism


An inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows necessarily from two other propositions, known as the premises.

A) Invention

B) syllogism

C) fallacy

D) red herring



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syllogism



Which of the following types of persuasive appeals focuses on appealing to the audience's sense of logic and reason?

A) pathos

B) logos

C) ethos




the formulation of arguments based on logos--rational appeal or logic.

A) Invention


C) syllogism

D) fallacy

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Invention." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention


the formulation of arguments based on logos--rational appeal or logic.

A) Invention


C) syllogism

D) fallacy



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention




A) motivation

B) evidence

C) logic

D) fallacy




A) microeconomics

B) fallacy





The dog is panting and the cat is sleeping, therefore the cat sleeps because the dog pants. This is an example of a logical fallacy known as

A) straw man.

B) a formal fallacy.

C) two events co-occurring is not causation.

D) converse fallacy of accidental or hasty generalization.



An insubstantial concept, idea, endeavor or argument, particularly one deliberately set up to be weakly supported, so that it can be easily knocked down; especially to impugn the strength of any related thing or idea.

A) straw man

B) microeconomics


D) market for the factors of production

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "straw man." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/straw+man


An insubstantial concept, idea, endeavor or argument, particularly one deliberately set up to be weakly supported, so that it can be easily knocked down; especially to impugn the strength of any related thing or idea.

A) straw man

B) microeconomics


D) market for the factors of production



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/straw+man



A clue or information that is or is intended to be misleading, that diverts attention from a question;often thought to relate to using smelly fish to train dogs to recognize the real scent of something they were suppose to be tracking.

A) market for the factors of production

B) Circular flow diagram

C) scientific method

D) red herring

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "red herring." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/red+herring


A clue or information that is or is intended to be misleading, that diverts attention from a question;often thought to relate to using smelly fish to train dogs to recognize the real scent of something they were suppose to be tracking.

A) market for the factors of production

B) Circular flow diagram

C) scientific method

D) red herring



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/red+herring



A fallacy; a clearly defined error in reasoning used to support or refute an argument, excluding simple unintended mistakes.

A) logical fallacy

B) manipulation

C) ethics

D) Pathos

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "logical fallacy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logical+fallacy


A fallacy; a clearly defined error in reasoning used to support or refute an argument, excluding simple unintended mistakes.

A) logical fallacy

B) manipulation

C) ethics

D) Pathos



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/logical+fallacy



Emotional appeals are effective as a rhetorical device but considered a logical fallacy because

A) they often appeal to the prejudices of listeners rather than offer logical assessments.

B) they are associated with lots of pathos, ethos, and logos.

C) they are used to develop the foundation of an appeal to fact-based arguments.

D) None of these answers.



To create an effective emotional appeal in a speech, the speaker must use words that are heavily associated with

A) rhetoric.

B) anecdotes.


D) pathos.



A habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way.

A) manipulation

B) logical fallacy

C) ethos

D) Disposition

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Disposition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposition


A habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way.

A) manipulation

B) logical fallacy

C) ethos

D) Disposition



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposition



The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade.

A) Manipulation

B) Rhetoric

C) Persuasion

D) Logical Fallacy

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "rhetoric." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetoric


The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade.

A) Manipulation

B) Rhetoric

C) Persuasion

D) Logical Fallacy



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetoric



An appeal to the audience's emotions.

A) ethics

B) Pathos

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Pathos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos


An appeal to the audience's emotions.

A) ethics

B) Pathos

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation






When a speaker suggests to audience members that they do not care enough, are too selfish, or have it easy, the speaker is employing which of the following manipulative techniques?

A) Shaming

B) Vilifying the victim

C) Playing the victim

D) Guilt tripping



The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct.

A) extemporaneous

B) teleprompter

C) ethics

D) concept map

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "ethics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethics



A) extemporaneous

B) teleprompter

C) ethics

D) concept map







A) perception

B) ethos

C) classification

D) comparison

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "ethos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ethos



A) perception

B) ethos

C) classification

D) comparison







A) ethics

B) active listening

C) open-minded

D) recuse

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "ethics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethics



A) ethics

B) active listening

C) open-minded

D) recuse






The usage of psychological influence over a person or situation to gain a positive outcome.

A) Pathos

B) rhetoric

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "manipulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manipulation


The usage of psychological influence over a person or situation to gain a positive outcome.

A) Pathos

B) rhetoric

C) logical fallacy

D) manipulation



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manipulation



According to Maslow, which of the following must be met on the Hierarchy of Needs before satisfying self-esteem, recognition, and achievement?

A) Love and friendship needs

B) Physiology needs

C) Self-actualization needs

D) Safety and security needs



Willingness of action especially in behavior

A) evidence

B) fallacy

C) motivation

D) emotional appeal

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "motivation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motivation


Willingness of action especially in behavior

A) evidence

B) fallacy

C) motivation

D) emotional appeal



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motivation



a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspires people to take action, developed by Alan Monroe. Includes five steps—attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

A) Inductive reasoning

B) syllogism

C) emotional appeal


Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Motivated sequence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated+sequence


a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspires people to take action, developed by Alan Monroe. Includes five steps—attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

A) Inductive reasoning

B) syllogism

C) emotional appeal




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated+sequence



An incentive to act; a reason for doing something; anything that prompted a choice of action.

A) fallacy

B) persuasion

C) motive


Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "motive." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motive


An incentive to act; a reason for doing something; anything that prompted a choice of action.

A) fallacy

B) persuasion

C) motive




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/motive



After showing how the speech topic applies to the psychological needs of the audience members, the speaker must then

A) get the audience's attention.

B) present an action plan.

C) solve the issue.

D) provide a visual.

Attribution

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• Wikipedia. "Ethos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos#Rhetoric

• Wikispaces. CC BY-SA http://muneastafrica.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking

• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Encompassing%2520Terms/audience.htm

• Wikipedia. "Persuasion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion

• Brigham Young University. "rhetorical pedagogy." CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Pedagogy/Pedagogy.htm


• Wikispaces. CC BY-SA http://muneastafrica.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking

• Wikipedia. "Appeal to emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion

• Blog. "Speech Coach: Fear of Speaking in Public - Speech Coach: Fear of Speaking in Public - Blog.hr." CC BY-SA http://blog.dnevnik.hr/marquisedwar6140908/2012/02/1629914331/speech-coach-fear-of-speaking-in-public.html




• Wikipedia. "Pathos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos

• Wikipedia. "Logos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos%23Rhetoric


http://muneastafrica.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking


http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Encompassing%20Terms/audience.htm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuasion


http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Pedagogy/Pedagogy.htm




http://muneastafrica.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion


http://blog.dnevnik.hr/marquisedwar6140908/2012/02/1629914331/speech-coach-fear-of-speaking-in-public.html










http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos





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• Wikipedia. "Source credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_credibility

• Wikipedia. "Expertise." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expertise

• Wikipedia. "Charlatan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlatan

• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Rhetorical Analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis

• Wikipedia. "Explanation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation

• Wikipedia. "Epistemic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic

• Wikispaces. "The Activist Toolkit Wiki - Public Speaking." CC BY-SA http://activist-toolkit.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking

• Brigham Young University. CC BY http://rhetoric.byu.edu/encompassing%2520terms/rhetoric.htm


• Wikipedia. "Poverty." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty

• Wikipedia. "Individual events (speech)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_events_(speech)#Persuasion

• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/encompassing%2520terms/rhetoric.htm

• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Persuasive%2520Appeals/Logos.htm

• Brigham Young University. CC BY-SA http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Persuasive%2520Appeals/Pathos.htm

• Wikipedia. "Perjury." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury

• Wikipedia. "Reason (argument)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(argument)

• Wikipedia. "Data manipulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_manipulation

• Wikipedia. "Individual events (speech)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_events_(speech)#Persuasion




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credibility


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_credibility


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expertise


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlatan


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic


http://activist-toolkit.wikispaces.com/Public+Speaking


http://rhetoric.byu.edu/encompassing%20terms/rhetoric.htm




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_events_(speech)%23Persuasion




http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Persuasive%20Appeals/Logos.htm


http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Persuasive%20Appeals/Pathos.htm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(argument)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_manipulation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_events_(speech)%23Persuasion

• Brigham Young University. CC BY http://rhetoric.byu.edu/encompassing%2520terms/rhetoric.htm

• Wikipedia. "Inductive reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning

• Wikibooks. "Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 4 - History of Communication Study." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_4_-_History_of_Communication_Study


• Wikibooks. "Effective Reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Effective_Reasoning

• Wikipedia. "Reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning


• Wikipedia. "Association (psychology)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(psychology)


• Wikipedia. "Deductive reasoning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning


• Wikipedia. "Argument from Analogy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_Analogy

• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Reasoning and Decision Making." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Reasoning_and_Decision_Making

• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Rhetorical Analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis#Persuasive_Appeals



• Wikibooks. "Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 7 - Rhetorical Criticism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_7_-_Rhetorical_Criticism


• Wikibooks. "Development Cooperation Handbook/How to present an idea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea#Guidelines_for_Public_Speaking






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_4_-_History_of_Communication_Study




http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Effective_Reasoning


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(psychology)




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_Analogy


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Reasoning_and_Decision_Making


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis%23Persuasive_Appeals






http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_7_-_Rhetorical_Criticism




http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea%23Guidelines_for_Public_Speaking

• Wikibooks. "Development Cooperation Handbook/How to present an idea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea#Guidelines_for_Public_Speaking

• Wikipedia. "Modes of persuasion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion

• Wikipedia. "Logos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos#Aristotle.27s_rhetorical_logos

• Wikipedia. "Evidence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence

• Wikipedia. "Soundness." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness


• Wikipedia. "Fallacy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy


• Wikipedia. "Red herring (fallacy)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_herring_(fallacy)


• Wikipedia. "False Analogy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Analogy


• Wikipedia. "Argument from Analogy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_Analogy

• Rational Wiki. "Emotional appeal - RationalWiki." CC BY-SA http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Emotional_appeal

• Connexions. "How do Emotion, Attention, Thought, and Arousal Work Together?." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m43583/latest/








http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea%23Guidelines_for_Public_Speaking


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos%23Aristotle.27s_rhetorical_logos


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_herring_(fallacy)




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Analogy




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_Analogy


http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Emotional_appeal


http://cnx.org/content/m43583/latest/









• Wikipedia. "Code of ethics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_ethics

• Wikipedia. "Modes of persuasion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion#Ethos

• Wikipedia. "Motivated sequence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated_sequence

• Wikipedia. "Motivation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_ethics


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion%23Ethos


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated_sequence


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation









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