method & techniques of teaching

7/27/2019 Method & Techniques of Teaching

1/41

Methods andTechniques

of Teaching

1


2/41

Learning Through Play

Suitable technique forpreschool and primary school

children

A good language game is effective to overcome boring

(Julia Dobson)

The characteristics of play is intrinsically motivated and

is done only for sheer satisfaction of doing it (Rubin, Fein

and Vendenberg)

Children use theirphysical and mental abilities in

imaginative plays to construct their new experiences

(Jerome Singer)

2


3/41

Characteristics of

Learning Through PlayAn activity which enjoy to participate

Related to exploration and interaction with

the environment Children play freely in organized activity

No restricted schedule to be followed

Children play and solve problemaccording their own ideas

Children get opportunity to concentrate

and observe 3


4/41

Types of Play

Parallel

play

Associative

play

Solidarity

play

Cooperative

play

4


5/41

Learning Activities

Language games

Riddles

Quiz Cross word puzzle

Problem solving

Matching Treasure hunting

Demonstrating

5


6/41

Teaching Steps

Preparation

First step

Closure

Third step

Second step

6


7/41

Identify the type of play or activity

Prepare required materials

Determine rules for play

Determine play duration

Preparation

7


8/41

First step

Brief explanation of aim, rules, methods,

and required time for play

Teacher demonstrates as model

8


9/41

Second step

A pupil or group of pupils is picked to

follow the teachers demonstration

Teacher observes, guides and comments

9


10/41

Third step

Pupils play according to the demonstration

Teacher to observe, supervise, facilitate

and guide

10


11/41

Closure

Teacher and pupils assess performance

through discussion

Teacher to give reinforcement and planfollow-up actions

11


12/41

The Importance of

Learning Through Play Consolidate the acquired knowledge

Develops childrens potentials

Motivate children to learn Develop childrens creativity

Fosters cooperative spirit

Help children to practice communication skills Develop imaginative, thinking

Foster adventurous spirit

12


13/41

Role PlayA spontaneous act which involves a

group of pupils without referring to any

script Pupils imagine a certain real situation

according to certain problem arises in

learning situation

13


14/41

Teachers initiate a situation or problems

Objectives and characters involved in the

role play are described Pupils who are interested to participate

will be chosen to act

Time for acting should be short Having discussion after the role play

Role Play Step

14


15/41

Benefit of Role Play

Pupil will be able to strengthen their skill

of conversation

Trains pupils to think spontaneously Enable pupils to understand others

attitude and behavior

15


16/41

Brainstorming

Useful discussion forproblem-solving

Can be either in the form ofclass

discussion orgroup discussion Every participant express their opinion,

contribute possible and acceptable

solutions

16


17/41

Brainstorming

Three main stages

Preliminary stageDiscussion stage

Evaluation stage

17


18/41

Thematic Teaching

Often used in teaching story and essay

writings, moral education, art and history

subjects Closely related with group activity and

discussion

18


19/41

Ways to Organize

Group Discussion Discussion of the same theme by groups with mixed

abilities

Group C

Group B

Theme

Group A Topic X

Topic X

Topic X

19


20/41

Ways to Organize

Group Discussion Discussion of related topics that complement with one another by

groups of mixed abilities

Group C

Group B

Theme

Group A Topic Y1

Topic Y3

Topic Y2

20


21/41

Discussion of subtopics by groups of similar ability

Ways to Organize

Group Discussion

Theme

High ability

group

Subtopic

XAverage

ability groupSubtopic

Y

Low ability

group

Subtopic

Z

21


22/41

Integration

Integration

Skills =

Reading+

Speaking

+Writing+

Counting

NobleValues +academic

subject

Contents=Curriculum +

co

curriculum

Knowledg

e= subject

+subject

Languages

=

BM+non-

language

subject

Math=name, write numbers

and +-x/ operation

Moral value eg:

cooperation, friendliness

22


23/41

Story Telling

Present the lesson content in story form

Interesting

content, suitable

to the age

Prepare

teaching

aids &question

Communicatio

n skills,

variation of

intonation

Clear

audible toneand words

Questions

motivation and

curiosity

Evaluate

effectiveness,

follow up activities

discussion,

story writing

Principles and guidelines of story telling method23


24/41

Story Telling

Planning &

organization

Implementation

Closure

Determine obj & story content

Prepare teaching aids

Plan and organize classroom

situation

Set inductionPresent the story

Insert related question

Questioning recall

Summary by the students

DiscussionGuide student to make main

points

24


25/41

Facilitation

What is facilitating Method?? Process to operate learning activitysmoothly

What is facilitating Skill??Capability of a teacher to

motivate student to learn,Carry out learning activityeffectively

encourage studentactively involve in learning activity create conducive learning atmosphere with questioning,

Demonstration, explanation, scaffolding etc

25


26/41

Facilitation Skills

Questioning

Motivate pupils cognitive thinking and guide them to performlearning activity step by step until achieve the learning obj.

Socratic method: series of question to guide pupils togeneralize, conceptualize and establish a conclusion.

Sampling

Present suitable example overall representation of activitiesor task given.

Scaffolding

Motivate pupils to think rationally for a certain strategy inproblem solving

26


27/41

Facilitation Skill

Directive

Organized instructions systematically from simple

complex

Cognitive structuring Provide a mental frame bring the understanding towards

the learning situation.

Rules or series of action to perform a certain task. Eg

discussion, problem solving.

Use the cognitive structure to assimilate the information &experiences

27


28/41

Facilitating Skill

Important component in discussion activities

Determine topic

Technique to

initiate

discussion

Control class

Encourage

pupils to

participate

Apply

questioning

technique

Create a

conducive

discussion

atmosphere

Guide pupils to

make summary

& suggestion

Component of facilitating skill for discussion method

28


29/41

Discussion

Teacher conversation pupils

opinions

opinions

pupils pupils

Compare ideas/solution

Analyze ideas/solution

Adopt the best ideas/solution

Self improvement29


30/41

Discussion

Class discussion facilitate by teacher

group discussion leads by pupil, under supervision of teacher

Planning

Introduction

Discussion

Wind-up

Conclusion

determine suitable topiclearning obj, students ability

Prepare materials, facilities

explain the obj, aim, idea of topic

Divide into small groups

Appoint chairman & secretary for each groupArrange seating arrangement facilitate discussion

chairman encourage member to voice out opinions

Members give the opinions

Secretary takes down the ideas

Teacher move from1 group to another group to provide

guidance

groups dissolvedSecretary present the result of discussion

Guiding students to make summary

Teacher summarize the results of group discussion &

give suitable comments.

Pupils record the summary

Reinforce student who taken part encourage them toparticipate actively 30


31/41

Inquiry

models of inquiry teaching

Discovery learning

Problem solvingInductive inquiry

31


32/41

BeforeDemonstration

Determine topic,objective,content.

Equipment & apparatus should be prepared

& arranged.Place of demonstration should be arranged.

Precautions must be taken before the use of

any equipment.

Inform the aim of the demonstration & the

focus of the activity.

Face pupils when carrying out the

demonstration activity.

Ought to repeat or direct another pupil to the

demonstration if pupil were doubtful.

Use questioning technique to draw pupils

attention.

Ensure pupils able to observe the

demonstration directly & listen explanationclearly.

If time permits, request a pupil repeat &

demonstrate the whole process.

DuringDemonstration

After

Demonstration

Discuss the aim & the important parts of the

demonstration.

Consolidation activity.

Demonstration

Principles

32


33/41

Planning

Determination topic & objective.

Planning procedures.Preparation instrument & apparatus.

Arrangement suitable place.

Explanation purpose of demonstration.

Implementation of demonstration with

teacher as a model.Use teaching aids/apparatus according

demonstration procedures.

Use questioning techniques to draw pupils

attention.

Pupils follow teachers example to carry out

the activity.Teacher rectifies pupils mistakes.

Demonstration

Discuss with pupils regarding the activities.

Pupils summarize & record the relevant

points.

Implementation

Consolidation

Reinforcement

Teaching

Proc

edures

33


34/41

Give problem-solving question to pupils

when they acquired relevant

knowledge/skills.

Discuss with pupils regarding various ways

can be used to solve problem.

Problem-Solving

Principles

Prepare problems according pupils ability &

previous knowledge.

Guide pupils to comprehend & identify

problem before process of problem-solving

begins.

Avoid the use of demonstration method to

teach pupils directly. All the process should

be carried out by themselves.

34


35/41

Identify the

problem

Problem-Solving

Teaching

Proc

edures

Deweys Model

Lesters Model

Polyas Model

Look for

clues /

information

Set up

hypothesis

Test the

hypothesis

Analyze, interpret, evaluate &

record final conclusion

Understand

the problem

Plan theproblem-solving

strategy

Implement the

problem-solving

strategy

Check the

solutions

alternately

Awareness

of the

problem

Understand

of the

problem

Planning of

strategy

Implementation

of the strategy

Objective

analysis

Evaluation

of the

solution

35


36/41

MASTERING LEARNING

Refers to theory and practice of using

remedial teaching based on the feedback

of the performance of pupils to assist

pupils to achives the learning objective

36


37/41

Strategy or Teaching-Learningfor Mastery Learning

Determine the learning outcome based on the observation ofpupils performance after they exposed the prosess of teachinglearning

Teach pupils with effective teaching method & technique-

include the suitable learning material or use different learning styles

Evalute the learning result- diagnostic test and summative testbased on the learning objective

Carry out remedial & enrichment ctivities remedial for not fullymastered a certain skill and enrichment for who have attained thelearning objective

37


38/41

Factors Affecting the Choice ofTeaching Methods and Techniques

Based on the age, ability and potentialdevelopment of pupils

The nature of subject and topics

Teaching and learning facilities

The place allocated for teaching and learning

The number of pupils involve in learningThe time allocated for teaching and learning

38


39/41

Criteria to Decide TeachingMethods and Techniques

To relate w ith the learning subject

Example; to teach science, teaching methods

such as inquiry-discovery, demonstration andexperimental

To relate w ith the lesson ob ject ive

Psychomotor practical methodCognitive - discussion technique

Affective simulation teacnique

39


40/41


To relate with pup i ls abi l i t ies

Homogenous use whole-class methods

Heterogenous grouping methods

To relate with the type of teach ing and learning

act iv i ty

Considation questioning technique

Acquire concept, principles law or teorem

facilitating technique, inductive or deductive methods

Requires critical and creative thinking problem-

solving techniques 40


41/41


To relate with teach ing strategies

Teacher-centred expository or demonstration

method

Pupil-centred facilitating, project, inquiry-discovery,brainstorming or problem solving method

To relate with Teach ing Approaches

Integration mastering learning

Inductive observation, questioning, facilitating or

discussion

D d i bl l i h i

method & techniques of teaching

Documents