Module 1SOURCES OF ENERGY

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By:Dr. Taib Iskandar bin Mohamad

Energy and nation progress

• Progress of a country can be measured from per capita of electrical energy consumption

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Sources of energy

• This power can be generated from various forms of energy sources

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Conventional

Energy

Conventional energy

• Coal

• Coke

• Petroleum (diesel, petrol, kerosene etc)

• Natural gas

• Nuclear Fusion

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Renewable energy

• Solar (sun)

• Wind

• Tidal

• Wave

• Geothermal

• Hydro potential (potential energy of water)

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Petroleum formation

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World’s top petroleum producer

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Coal formation

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Coal

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Fossil fuel Power plant

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Nuclear energy

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Solar energy

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Wind energy

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Tidal energy

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Wave energy

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Geothermal energy

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Fuels

• Materials that when burnt will produce heat

• Classification

– Solid fuels

• Wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal etc

– Liquid fuels

• Petroleum derivatives- gasoline, diesel, kerosene.

– Gaseous fuels

• Natural gas, coal gas, producer gas, hydrogen etc.

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Requirement of fuels

• Calorific value – high

• Price – low

• Burn effectively

• Produce minimum ash

• Can be handled and stored with minimal cost

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Fuel properties

• Calorific value– Amount of energy per kg of fuel– High heating value (water in liquid form)– Low Heating Value (water in gas form)

• Flash point– Minimum temperature of fuel to start burning when ignited

• Fire point– Minimum temperature Flash will stay as flame for 5 sec or more

• Viscosity– Fluid resistance to flow

• Cloud point– Temperature where wax content of petroleum separate out as solid

• Pour point– Temperature below which entire mass of fuel freeze (5-10oC below could point)

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Combustion

• Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames

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Chemical Reaction

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Conditions for good Combustion

• Sufficient air supply (equal to or more than stoichiometric value)

• Good air-fuel mixing

• Enough residence time for burning completion

• High furnace temperature for subsequent burning

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Combustion Products

• Oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)

• Oxides of sulfur (SO2)

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

• Excess oxygen (O2)

• Nitrogen (N2)

• Water vapor

• Soot particle - impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon

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Principal stages of Combustion

• Ignition

– Period when fuel gradually rise its temperature to form flame

• Combustion

– Flame developed after reaching ignition point until all (or maximum) fuel are burnt

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Complete combustion

• Combustion process with sufficient amount or air (stoichiometric) were achieved and combustion products as below:

C + O = CO2

H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O

S + O2 = SO2

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Incomplete combustion

• Incomplete combustion happen when carbon monoxide, CO and soot particles present in combustion products:

• This is due to:

1. sufficient amount of oxygen

2. poor mixing

3. Limited time for combustion completion

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