merika // america

1Iseljavanje iz srednje Europe u Ameriku 1880.1914.

Emigration from Central Europe to America 1880 - 1914

emigracija 9 ok:Layout 1 29/11/08 14:34 Pagina 1

2CIP zapis dostupan u ra~unalnom kataloguSveu~ili{ne knji`nice Rijeka pod brojem 120118013

ISBN 978-953-6587-45-2

Autor i urednikAuthor and editorErvin Dubrovi}

Suradnici u pripremiCollaborators in preparationJelena Dunato Jasna Milinkovi}

Prijevod na engleskiTranslation into EnglishMario RossiniJelena Dunato Ira Stani}

KazalaIndex byVlasta Hrvatin

Lektura i korektura hrvatskog tekstaLanguage advising and proof reading for Croatian languageGordana O`bolt

Lektura i korektura engleskog tekstaLanguage advising and proof reading for English languageJelena DunatoJohn P. Kraljic

Grafi~ki dizajnGraphic designKlaudio Cetina

FotografijePhotographyIstog @or`

TisakPrinted byZambelli Rijeka 2008.

Istraìva~iResearchers

Ivan Balta, Osijek; Martin Besedi~, Bratislava; GerhardDienes, Graz; Marjan Drnov{ek Ljubljana; FrancescoFait, Trst/Trieste; Jovana Iveti}, Novi Sad; LjubinkaKarpowicz, Rijeka; William Klinger, Gradisca dIsonzo;Irvin Lukeì}, Rijeka; Stefan Malfer, Be~/Vienna; BarryMoreno, New York; Ljubica Oti}, Novi Sad; John P.Kraljic, New York; Marijeta Rajkovi}, Zagreb; JasnaRotim Malvi}, Rijeka; Michaela Schuller, Graz; MalcolmScott Hardy, London; Ferenc Szilli, Budimpe-{ta/Budapest; Adam Walaszek, Krakov/Krakow

SuradniciWith

Jozsef Berkes, Budapest; Theodor de Canziani Jak{i},Rijeka; Maria D. Zic, New York; Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka;Sanja Grkovi}, Zagreb; Egon Hreljanovi}, Rijeka; ZlatkoIvkovi}, Zagreb; Ilija Komnenovi}, Novi Sad; LjuboKrasi}, Chicago; Ivica Nemec, Kastav; Enrico Padula,Oriago (Venezia); Vanja Pavlovec, Rijeka; MilkicaPopovi}, Novi Sad; Wanda Radetti, New York; BorisSu{anj, Vi{kovo; Branka Stergar, Ozalj; Radovan Tadej,Zlobin; Jolanda Todorovi}, Rijeka; Marija Tonkovi},Zagreb; Josip @galji}, Rijeka; Irena @muc, Ljubljana

Institucije koje su omogu}ile kori{tenje gra|eInstitutions that allowed the use of their materials

Associazione Marinara Aldebaran, Trst/Trieste; ArcadiaPublishing, Portsmouth; Civici Musei di Storia ed Arte,Trst/Trieste; Donauschwabishes Zentralmuseum Ulm;Ellis Island Immigration Museum, New York; Ham-burg-Amerikanische-Paketfahrt Actien-Gesell-schaft --Arhiv; Hamburg Staastsarchiv; Hrvatska bratska zajed-nica/Croatian Fraternal Union Pittsburgh; Hrvatskamatica iseljenika, Rijeka; Hrvatski etni~ki insti-tut/Croatian Ethnic Institute Chicago; In{titut za sloven-sko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU; Ljubljana, KzlokodsiMzeum Budimpe{ta/Budapest; LaGuar-dia& WagnerArchives, New York; Mestni muzej Ljubljana;Ministarstvo kulture, fototeka, Zagreb; Muzej NikoleTesle Beograd/Belgrade; Muzej Vojvodine, Novi Sad;Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb; Narodna in {tudijskaKnji`nica v Trstu/Trieste; sterreichisches Ost-undSdeuropa Institut, Be~/Wien, Slovenske narodnemuzeum Bratislava; Southampton City HeritageServices; Spomeni~ka knji`nica i zbirka Maùrani}-Brli}-Ruì}, Rijeka; Sveu~ili{na knji`nica Rijeka; Sydney JonesLibrary, Special Collections and Archives, University ofLiverpool; Eni [ebalj, Rukavac; Frane [epi}, Rukavac;Zavi~ajni muzej Ozalj; Zavi~ajni muzej [ibenik


3Izlo`ba u Muzeju grada Rijekeod 10. prosinca 2008. do 28. velja~e 2009. Exhibition at the City Museum of Rijeka10 December 2008 28 February 2009

Autor izlo`beAuthor of the exhibitionErvin Dubrovi}

Autor likovnog postavaDesign of the exhibitionKlaudio Cetina

Suradnica u pripremiCollaborator in preparationJasna Milinkovi}

Suradnik u postavu izlo`beCollaborator in designBojan KukuljanMirna Kutle{a

VideoprojekcijeVideo presentationsJelena Dunato

Tehni~ki postavTechnical arrangementAnto Kova~evi}

Tehni~ka realizacijaTechnical realizationPru{a d.o.o.Jedinstvo d.o.o.

Muzeji suradniciMuseums associates

Ellis Island Immigration Museum, New YorkDiane Pardue

Musei Civici di Storia ed Arte, Trst/TriesteAdriano Dugulin

Muzej Vojvodine, Novi SadJovan Paunovi}

Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz Wolfgang Muchitsch

Medijski pokroviteljMedia coverage

Novi list, Rijeka

Sufinancirali suCo-funded by

Grad Rijeka, Ministarstvo kulture Zagreb; Primorsko-goranska `upanija, Rijeka; Zaklada Adris, Zagreb;Veleposlanstvo SAD-a, Zagreb; INA d.d., Zagreb;Hrvatska banka za obnovu i razvitak, Zagreb; Bevandad.o.o., Opatija; Austrijski kulturni forum, Zagreb


Emigration from Central Europe to AmericaEmigration from Central Europe to America1880 - 19141880 - 1914

Emigration from Central Europe to America1880 - 1914

Iseljavanje iz Srednje Europe u AmerikuIseljavanje iz Srednje Europe u Ameriku1880. 1914.1880. 1914.

Iseljavanje iz Srednje Europe u Ameriku1880. 1914.

Ervin Dubrovi}

Muzej grada Rijeke, 2008.


6Emigracija u Amerikupredgovor 10

IseljavanjeNAJVE]A MIGRACIJA U POVIJESTI 16SREDNJA EUROPA I MIGRACIJA 22Dràva i iseljavanje 22Prvi iseljenici, masovno iseljavanje i neodlu~nost dràve 24Emigracija izme|u protivnika i zagovornika 26Slaveni i iseljavanje 28

Ustroj prekooceanskog egzodusaPRIJEVOZNICI I POSREDNICI 34Parobrodarske kompanije 36Cunard Line 36Inman Line 38White Star Line 40HAPAG - Hamburg-Amerika Linie 40Norddeutscher Lloyd 42Brodarski karteli 46@eljeznica - od rodnog sela do polazne luke 50Glavna èljezni~ka ~vori{ta 52Iseljeni~ke agencije 56Banke 58

Luke - odakle putovati u Novi svijet?Bremerhaven 66Hamburg 68Rotterdam 72Antwerpen 74Le Havre 76Cherbourg 78Liverpool 80Southampton 82Genova 84Ameri~ke ulazne luke i Ellis Island 86

Rije~ka i tr{}anska lukaRIJE^KA LUKA 94Fiorello La Guardia i ameri~ki konzulat u Rijeci 108Tko se ukrcava u Rijeci? 110Iseljavanje iz rije~ke okolice i zale|a 114TR[]ANSKA LUKA 122Ukupni promet iseljenika u tr{}anskoj luci od 1903. do 1914. 126Smje{taj iseljenika u Trstu 128


7Sadràj

IseljeniciSTREPNJE, PUTOVANJE, @IVOT 134Amerika - bijeg od bijede 136Regruti i Amerika 138Strah od mora i plovidbe 140Veliko putovanje - prvi put na brodu 142Veli, veli brod s ken }emo brzo prit va Meriku! 146Posljednja prepreka - oto~i} Ellis 150Kamo doseljavaju na{i emigranti? 152Useljeni~ka Amerika - raj ili pakao? 156Kriza 1907. - ne u Ameriku! 162

SudbineLajos Kossuth i odbjegli sinovi revolucije 166Hans Kudlich - ~e`nja za domovinom 166Mihajlo Pupin - od iseljenika do izumitelja 168Nikola Tesla i zemlja zlatnih obe}anja 170Fran Sakser - slovenski novinar, dobrotvor i bankar 174Austrijski pivar Fritz, otac Freda Astairea 174Josip Marohni} - prvi Hrvat kod Predsjednika 176Peter V. Rovnianek - Zapisi ìvog pokopanog 176Jozef Murga{ - slova~ki sve}enik i radiotelegrafist 178Franjo Grèti} ne èli doma 180Kuharica Liza u New Yorku 182Frank Zotti, kralj Hrvata 182Ante Biankini - lije~nik, politi~ar i kriminalni sociolog 184Frane Lu~i} Borinov i njegova obitelj 186Imu}ni gostioni~ar Nick i sirota Ana Verzuh 188Tarzanova obitelj Weissmller 190Naprasiti Klement Sisari} ne voli Ameriku 192Erich von Stroheim - la`ni aristokrat i upe~atljiv glumac 194Marljivi dobrotvori Anton i Ana Justini} 194Louis Adamic - ìvot i smrt poznatog iseljenika 196Julija i Ondreij Varchola - roditelji Andyja Warhola 198Jura Stare{in~i} ima tu|e dijete 198Anton Kinkela ônjina i njegovi sinovi 200

Kraj velikog valaOD NATIVIZMA DO OGRANIÂVANJA USELJAVANJA 206ê`nja za domom i povratak u domovinu 212NA KRAJU - KORIST ILI [TETA OD EMIGRACIJE? 216


8Emigration to AmericaIntroduction 11

EmigrationTHE LARGEST EMIGRATION IN HISTORY 17CENTRAL EUROPE AND MIGRATION 23The State and Emigration 23First Emigrants, Large Scale Emigration and Vacillation of the State 25Emigration, For and Against 27Emigration of the Slavs 29

Organizational Setup of The transoceanic ExodusCARRIERS AND AGENTS 35The Shipping Companies 37Cunard Line 39Inman Line 41White Star Line 41Hamburg-Amerika Linie 43Norddeutscher Lloyd 47Shipping Conferences 49The Railways from the Native Village to the Port of Departure 51The Main Railway Hubs 57Emigration Agencies 59 The Banks 61

The Ports - Where to Travel to The New World from?Bremerhaven 67Hamburg 69Rotterdam 73Antwerp 75Le Havre 77Cherbourg 79Liverpool 81Southampton 83Genoa 85American Ports of Entry and Ellis Island 87

The Ports of Rijeka and TriesteTHE PORT OF RIJEKA 95Fiorello LaGuardia and the US Consulate in Rijeka 109Who Sailed from Rijeka? 111Emigration from the Rijeka Region and the Hinterlands 115THE PORT OF TRIESTE 123Total Emigrants Traffic at the Port of Trieste from 1903 to 1914 127Accommodation of Emigrants in Trieste 129


9Contents

EmigrantsFEARS, PASSAGE, LIFE 135America Haven for the Poor 137The Recruits and America 139Fear of the Sea and the Passage 141Long Passage First Time on Board 143Big, Big Ship that Will Take Us to America Quickly! 145The Last Obstacle Ellis Island 149Where Did Our Emigrants Settle? 153The Immigrants America - Heaven or Hell? 157The Recession of 1907 Not to America! 163

Destinies

Runaway Sons of Revolution and Lajos Kossuth 167Hans Kudlich Homesickness 167Mihajlo Pupin from Immigrant to Inventor 169Nikola Tesla And the Land of Golden Promises 171Fran Sakser Slovenian Journalist, Benefactor and Banker 175The Austrian Brewar Fritz - the Father of Fred Astaire 175Josip Marohni} First Croat Who Met the President 177Peter V. Rovnianek Notes from One Buried Alive 177Jozef Murga{ Slovak Priest and Telegraphist 179Franjo Gr`eti} Does Not Want to Return Home 181Liza the Cook in New York 183Frank Zotti - The King of the Croatians 183Ante Biankini Physician, Politician and Criminal Sociologist 185Frane Lu~i} Borinov and His Family 187The Rich Innkeeper Nick and the Poor Ana Verzuh 189Tarzans Family the Weissmullers 191The Quick-Tempered Klement Sisari} Dislikes America 193Erich von Stroheim Fake Aristocrat and a Remarkable Actor 195Diligent Benefactors Anton and Ana Justini} 195Louis Adamic Life and Death of the Famous Immigrant 197Julija and Ondreij Varchola Andy Warhols Parents 199Jure Stare{in~i} Has Another's Child 199Anton Kinkela ^onjina and His Sons 201

The End of The Great WaveFROM NATIVISM TO IMMIGRATION QUOTAS 207Homesickness and Return 213TO SUMMARIZE, WAS EMIGRATION GOOD OR BAD? 217


10

Emigracija u AmerikuIseljavanje iz srednje Europe u Ameriku na prijelazu iz 19. u 20.stolje}e privuklo je moju pa`nju prije vi{e godina. Pripremaju}iu Muzeju grada Rijeke izlo`bu i opse`nu monografiju Rije~kaluka: povijest, izgradnja, promet, koja je objavljena 2001., uvrstilismo na izlo`bu i u knjigu i tekst o Rijeci kao iseljeni~koj luci, kojije napisao na{ njujor{ki suradnik John P. Kraljic, podrijetlom izHrvatskog primorja, iz Ledenica i Omi{lja na otoku Krku.

înilo mi se ~udnim da, osim nekoliko ozbiljnih i vi{e prigodnihtekstova, nitko dosad nije temeljito obradio iseljavanje iz Rijekei najbliè rije~ke okolice, kao {to nitko nije ni sustavno razmotriorije~ku iseljeni~ku luku u obzoru op}ih europskih i srednjoeu-ropskih iseljeni~kih tokova.

Tema me vi{e godina kopkala. Kada sam prije tri godinezapo~eo s radom na izlo`bi i novoj opse`noj monografiji, nisume vi{e zanimali samo iseljenici koji odlaze u Ameriku prekorije~ke luke nego, prije svega, op}a pojava iseljavanja iz srednjeEurope, {to je krajem 19. stolje}a zapo~ela te}i nezaustavljivomustrajno{}u. Iako se iseljeni~ki tokovi {ire svim kontinentima,

Vreva na ulasku u njujor{ku luku i pogled naKip slobode obe}avaju}i su prizor koji sepruà iseljenicima nadomak glavnih vrata uNovi svijet. Ilustrirane revije rado se doti~uteme iseljavanja, a ulazak u New York jedan jeod klju~nih, naj~e{}e spominjanih prizora. (Moderne Kunst, Berlin 1891., Sa{a Dmitrovi},Rijeka)

Commotion at the entrance to the port of NewYork and the view of the Statue of Liberty,enticing sights that the emigrants saw onapproach to the main gate of the New World.Illustrated reviews often dealt with immigra-tion issues, and the immigration station inNew York featured most prominently in theirreports.(Moderne Kunst, Berlin 1891., Sa{a Dmitrovi},Rijeka)


11

Emigration to AmericaI became interested in emigration of the 1900s from CentralEurope to America several years ago. When the City Museum ofRijeka was preparing an exhibition and a detailed monographThe Port of Rijeka: History, Development, Traffic (Rije~ka luka, povi-jest, izgradnja, promet), published in 2001, we exhibited and pub-lished a text on Rijeka as an emigration port by our New Yorkcorrespondent John P. Kraljic, a descendant of a family fromHrvatsko primorje, from the towns of Ledenice and Omi{alj onthe island of Krk.What struck me as odd as that other than a few serious texts,written for special occasions, there were no detailed surveys ofemigration from Rijeka and its immediate surroundings or onRijeka as an emigration port in the context of European andCentral European emigration.

I remained intrigued with that for several years. Then, threeyears ago, when I started working on this exhibition and onanother detailed monograph, I decided to cover not only theemigration from Rijeka but also from the whole of CentralEurope, which peaked around 1900. Although the emigrants


12

usmjerio sam se na SAD, najprivla~nije odredi{te europskih ise-ljenika. A sloèn i razvijen organizacijski sustav koji je omogu}ioiseljavanje, ~inio mi se jednako va`nim kao i sudbina brojnihiseljenika.

Da je tema vi{e nego privla~na i aktualna, za istraìva~e koliko iza muzealce, potvr|uje i to {to je u me|uvremenu u nekada-{njim iseljeni~kim lukama otvoreno vi{e muzeja i muzejskihpostava u Bremerhavenu (1905.), Hamburgu (2007.) i u Genovi(posebna cjelina u Musei del Mare e della Navigazione, 2008.) nesamo zato da bi se upozorilo na neke povijesne teme, ve} i dabismo se podsjetili da smo i sami uvijek negdje stranci i da una{e doba jo{ uvijek brojni iseljenici bjeè od raznih nevolja inapu{taju svoje domove.

Svjestan sam da je, unato~ srednjoeuropskoj i prekomorskojtemi, moje polazi{te ponajprije rije~ko i hrvatsko. No jednakosam tako uvjeren da, unato~ naglascima na rije~koj luci ipoja~anu zanimanju za primorske i hrvatske iseljenike, knjiga iizlo`ba ipak odraàvaju probleme i sudbinu iseljenika s tadajedinstvenog podru~ja srednje Europe, koje obuhva}aju granicezajedni~kog Carstva.

Na kraju, najiskrenije zahvaljujem muzejima: Ellis IslandImmigration Museum u New Yorku, Civici Musei di Storia ed Arteiz Trsta, Landesmuseumu Joanneum iz Graza i Muzeju Vojvodine izNovog Sada, s kojima je suradnja na projektu zna~ila vi{e odpuke kolegijalnosti.Posebno zahvaljujem suradnicima ~ijim sam se jo{ neobavljenimtekstovima koristio za ovo izdanje, a prikupljeni su za opse`numonografiju koju }emo u suizdanju s Civici Musei di Storia edArte iz Trsta objaviti 2009. na hrvatskom i talijanskom jeziku.

Ervin Dubrovi}


13

went to all the continents, I focused on the USA as their primedestination. Regarding that, I found the complex emigrationinfrastructure equally interesting as the plight of the numerousemigrants.

The importance and the topicality of the issue, both for theresearchers and for the museum experts, has been proven by theopening of museums and exhibitions in the former emigrationports, such as Bremerhaven (1905), Hamburg (2007) and Genoa(a special department in Musei del Mare e della Navigazione, 2008),as a reminder of some historic developments, but also of the factthat we are all strangers somewhere and that many persons arestill fleeing from their homes to escape some trouble.

In spite of my Central European and transcontinental scope, Iwas aware that my starting point was primarily Rijeka andCroatia. Yet I was convinced that, in spite of my focus on the portof Rijeka and the emigration from Croatian Littoral and otherCroatian territories, the monograph and the exhibition shouldreflect the problems and the plight of emigrants from all overCentral Europe, at that time united in the Austro-HungarianMonarchy.

Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the fol-lowing museums: Ellis Island Immigration Museum, New York,Civici Musei di Storia ed Arte, Trieste, Landesmuseum Joanneum,Graz and Muzej Vojvodine, Novi Sad, whose assistance wentbeyond the scope of usual collegiality. My special gratitude goes to correspondents who let me usetheir unpublished texts, which have been collected for a detailedmonograph we intend to publish in 2009 jointly with CiviciMusei di Astoria ed Arte, Trieste, in Croatian and Italian.

Ervin Dubrovi}


14

Iseljavanje


Emigration


16

Najve}a emigracija u povijestiU stotinjak godina najve}eg emigrantskog odljeva, u razdoblju od napoleonskih rato-va do me|uratnog doba, pedesetak je milijuna Europljana sudjelovalo u velikoj preko-morskoj seobi koja je ostavila jednako duboke tragove na obje strane na dru{tvenuzajednicu zemalja iz kojih iseljenici odlaze i na ìvot u zemljama u koje dolaze.1

Veli~ina toga gibanja uzdiè ga do va`nosti posebnoga fenomena s obilje`jimasmi{ljenog i pomno organiziranog projekta s dalekose`nim posljedicama.Migracija Europljana preko Atlantika najve}a je i ujedno najpotpunije dokumentiranaprekooceanska migracija u ljudskoj povijesti. U istom se razdoblju (1815.1914.) prib-li`no deset milijuna ljudi seli iz europskog dijela Rusije u Sibir, a i u Indiji, Kini iJapanu zbivaju se velika gibanja stanovni{tva.

Nakon prvih ameri~kih istraìva~a i kolonizatora europskih naseljenika i potomnasilno dovedenih afri~kih robova, nakon prvih pionira-poduzetnika za koje jo{

1 Dudley Bains, Emigration From Europe 18151930.Macmillan Education LTD, Houndmills, Basingstoke,Hampshire and London, 1991., str. 7. Autor navodi 52milijuna registriranih iseljenika iz Europe i vjerojat-nost da je pravi broj bliì 60 milijuna. Uz ostalo,zbrku stvaraju i turisti koji se vra}aju u svojezemlje.

Posljednji pozdrav putnicima koji izSredozemlja odlaze u Ameriku. U doba ve}razvijenog prometa parobrodima odlasci susve ~e{}i, broj putnika sve ve}i, a brodovi~esto pretrpani kao na slici isplovljenja izNapulja 1870-ih.(Lillustrazione Italiana, 21.11.1875, Muzejgrada Rijeke)

Last greeting to the passengers before theirpassage from the Mediterranean to America.Thanks to the development of the steamship,the volume of traffic increased significantlyand the ships were often overcrowded, suchas this one that sailed out of Naples in the1860s.(Lillustrazione Italiana, 21 November 1875,Muzej grada Rijeke)


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The Largest Emigration in HistoryDuring the the peak period of European emigration, hundred odd years after theNapoleonic wars, some 50 million people moved overseas, which seriously affectedthe social fabric both in the emigrants homelands and in their adopted countries.

1The

exodus became so monumental that it acquired the characteristics of a pre-plannedand well organized project with long term consequences.

European emigration across the Atlantic has been the largest and the best document-ed transoceanic migration in the history of mankind. During that same period (1815-1914), some 10 million people moved from European Russia into Siberia, and largemovements of populations happened in India, China and Japan.

Europeans first came to the Americas as explorers and colonizers. Slaves from Africafollowed them, brought there by force, as did entrepreneurs, who had plenty of land

1 Dudley Bains, Emigration from Europe 1815 1930.Macmillan Education LTD, Houndmills, Basingstoke,Hampshire and London, 1991, p. 7. The author cites the number of 52 million immigrants,and warns that the actual number could have beencloser to 60 million. The discrepancy is partly due tothe confusion created by the tourists who trav-eled back and forth between America and their home-lands.


uvijek ima dovoljno zemlje, ve} u 18. stolje}u dolaze useljenici novoga tipa, u bitnodruk~ijem poloàju od prethodnika. Useljenici su, barem isprva, jo{ uvijek dobrodo{li. Od ku}a odlaze s gor~inom zbognemogu}nosti preìvljavanja, a dolaze sa strahom i nadom, ali im se u Americi vi{e nenude osobite pogodnosti.

Useljenici dolaze kao najamni radnici na upravo otvoreno trì{te rada. Zemlje u kojestiù prihva}aju ih, ali im vi{e ne nude nikakve posjede. Nude im samo mogu}nostpreìvljavanja i {ansu za uspjeh.U zemljama iz kojih dolaze dru{tveni su odnosi jo{ gotovo feudalni, a Amerika ve}prednja~i poletnim gra|anskim sustavom. Liberalne dru{tvene okolnosti obe}anezemlje spretnima i umje{nima na svim podru~jima omogu}uju uspon kakav im kodku}e jo{ nije mogu}.

Razdoblje prvih naseljenika na podru~ju SAD-a vezano je isklju~ivo uzAnglosaksonce. Ve}e iseljavanje kontinentalnih Europljana u SAD po~inje sNijemcima potaknutim tridesetogodi{njim ratom i gospodarskim neda}ama.Petnaestak tisu}a njema~kih seljaka i obrtnika kre}e 1709. u Ameriku.Zato je dobrim dijelom krivac jedan njihov sunarodnjak koji tiska primamljiv poziv sla`nim obe}anjima o slobodnoj zemlji koja ih ~eka u Americi.Putovati su mogli jedino preko Engleske u koju dolaze i nekoliko mjeseci ~ekaju pri-jevoz. U i{~ekivanju, zbog lo{ih uvjeta ìvota, jedni umiru, druge vra}aju u Njema~ku.Preostali na kraju ipak stiù u Ameriku, ali nakon sukoba s Indijancima i tamo{njimstanovni{tvom, samo ih tri tisu}e stiè na kona~no odredi{te, u dolinu rijeke Hudson,na proizvodnju katrana i smole. Kona~no dobivaju i dozvolu da se nasele u predjeli-ma dràve New York.2

No unato~ tragi~nom po~etku, ve} je 1766. u engleskim kolonijama u Americi bilo oko200.000 njema~kih useljenika.

3

Prava masovna migracija po~inje s Ircima u prvoj polovici 19. stolje}a. Prenapu~ena isiroma{na zemlja doslovno je umirala od gladi. Nakon katastrofe s propalim urodomkrumpira, osnovne ìvotne namirnice, 1846.1847. irski se ìvalj smanjuje od osam namanje od tri milijuna!Najve}i dio preìvjelih odlazi u Englesku, u najbliù luku Liverpool, odakle se ve}inazaputila preko oceana.

4

2 Prema neobjavljenom tekstu Williama Klingera,Gradisca dIsonzo, 2008.

3 Stjepan Radi}, Moderna kolonizacija i Slaveni, MaticaHrvatska, Zagreb 1904., str. 326.

4 Bains, isto, str. 9.Autor navodi ukupno 7,3 milijuna irskih iseljenika(1815.1830.).

AUSTRO-UGARSKA/ AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

PORTUGAL

[PANJOLSKA/SPAIN

NJEMA^KA/GERMANY

NORVE[KA/NORWAY

[VEDSKA/SWEDEN

RUSIJA/RUSSIA

1,67.7

70

21,3%

922.94

111,8%

351.9

084,6%

78.25

1

1%

2,092.763 26,6%

2.191.734

27,9%

493.1

90

5,6%

106.775

1,3&

ITALIA/ITALY

FRANCUSKA/FRANCE

VELIKA BRITANIJA/GREAT BRITAN

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Karta predo~ava razmjere priljeva useljenikaiz europskih zemalja u SAD. Me|u najbrojni-jima su iseljenici koji dolaze iz srednje Europe iz Austro-Ugarske Monarhije.(Nach Amerika, Burgenlandische Landes-ausstellung, Burg Gssing, 1992.)

A chart with the breakdown of emigrationfrom different European countries to the USA.One of the most active emigration areas wascentral Europe, including the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. (Nach Amerika, Burgenlandische Landes-ausstellung, Burg Gssing, 1992.)


19

to exploit. But, by the 18th century, the fortunes of immigrants had changed.After having left their homelands frustrated by the lack of basic resources, they con-tinued to be welcomed in America, but they could no longer rely on receiving any spe-cial benefits. These immigrants found work as hired hands in the newly liberalizedlabor market. Their adopted countries allowed them entry, but they received nooffers for property. All they were offered was a chance to survive and better theirstanding.

While the dynamic American bourgeoisie set an example for the rest of the world, intheir home countries social relations still predominantly remained feudal. In liberalAmerica or the promised land, on the other hand, the resourceful and the daring inall walks of life could better themselves faster than they could at home at that time.

At first, immigrants into the future United States consisted primarily of those ofAnglo-Saxon and Irish descent. Large scale emigration from continental Europe start-ed with the Germans, after the Thirty Years War and the economic crises that ensued.In 1709, some 15,000 German peasants and artisans set out from Germany forAmerica. Their emigration had been prompted primarily by one of their compatriotswho had published an enticing leaflet containing false promises of free land alleged-ly waiting to be taken by the immigrants.

The only route to America led through England. There they waited several months forpassage. Due to poor living conditions, some of them died in England and many oth-ers were sent back to Germany. The rest finally arrived in America, where theyclashed with Indians and the local white population. Only three thousand reachedtheir final destination, the Hudson River Valley, where they engaged in the productionof tarmac and pitch. Eventually, they received permission to settle in the territory ofNew York.

2

In spite of the tragic fortune of the first wave of German immigration, in 1766 Germanimmigrants in the English colonies numbered around 200,000 persons.

3

Large scale immigration started with the Irish in early 19th century, when the over-sized and impoverished population of Ireland suffered from starvation. After cata-strophically low crop yields of potatoes, the main food staple, in 1846-1847, the popu-lation of Ireland dropped from eight million to less than three million! Most of the sur-vivors went to the nearby English port of Liverpool, and from there the majority sailedacross the Atlantic.

4

The face of immigration changed in late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the arrivalof immigrants of other origins, whose existence at home had been either threatened orwho had been poor. In some cases, they even received encouragement, often directly,to emigrate on religious or nationalistic grounds. However, during that period manyemigrants did not emigrate for good but only to save money to improve their livingconditions at home.

Between 1871 and 1915, emigration from Central Europe, that is, from Austria-Hungary, totalled 4,383,000.

5

When plotted on the entire 100 year period, i.e., from the Napoleonic wars until WorldWar I, emigration from Austria-Hungary totalled five million. Thus, one in tenEuropean immigrants was a native of Central Europe. After Great Britain (11.4 mil-lion), Italy (9.9 million) and Ireland (7.3 million), Austria-Hungary represented thefourth largest source of emigration.

6

2 From an unpublished text by William Klinger,Gradisca dIsonzo, 2008.

3 Stjepan Radi}, Modern Colonization and the Slavs(Moderna kolonizacija i Slaveni), Matica Hrvatska,Zagreb 1904, p. 326.

4 Bains, ibid, p. 9. The author gives 7.3 million as thetotal number of Irish emigrants (1815-1830).

5 Ferenczi, W.F. Willcox, International Migration, vol. I,Statistics, National Bureau of Economic Research,New York, 1929, p. 230-231. W. Nugent, Crossings, The Great TransatlanticMigrations, 1870-1914. Bloomington-Indianapolis,Indiana University Press, 1992, p. 12.

6 Bains, ibid, p. 9.


20

Pretrpana paluba pru`a istu sliku pri isplov-ljenju iz europske luke i pri dolasku uAmeriku. Ovaj brod pristi`e iz sjevernonje-ma~kih luka, iz kojih od kraja 19. stolje}aodlazi najvi{e siroma{nih srednjoeuropskihiseljenika i ruskih @idova u bijegu predpogromom.(Ellis Island Immigration Museum, New York)

On departure from European ports and onarrival to America decks were equally crowd-ed. This ship arrived from one of the northGerman ports. As of the late 19th century theywere most popular with the poor centralEuropean emigrants and with the Jews fleeingthe pogroms. (Ellis Island Immigration Museum, New York).


21


22

Masovno iseljavanje kontinentalaca drugoj polovici 19. i po~etkom 20. stolje}a novaje pojava koja odre|uje i nove glavne tokove migracije. Zemlja iz koje iseljenici odlaze ili im ne omogu}uje osnovne uvjete preìvljavanja iline nudi ìvot kakav prièljkuju. Katkad ih vi{e ili manje izravno i poti~e naodlazak, naj~e{}e zbog vjerskih ili nacionalnih razloga.Ipak, u novije doba mnogi ne odlaze zauvijek, nego samo da bi zaradili za bolji ìvotu domovini.

Iz srednje Europe, to~nije iz Austro-Ugarske, u razdoblju od 1871. do 1915. iselilo je4.383.000 ljudi.

5

Ako se uzme u obzir cijelo stogodi{nje razdoblje, od napoleonskih ratova do Prvogasvjetskog rata, broj se osobito ne pove}ava, ali ipak dosiè ukupno pet milijuna ise-ljenika. Dakle, desetina je europskih iseljenika rodom iz srednje Europe. Nakon VelikeBritanije (11,4 milijuna), Italije (9,9 milijuna) i Irske (7,3 milijuna), ovo je podru~jenajve}i izvor iseljavanja.

6

Srednja Europa i migracijaDràva i iseljavanje Na~elno su i u prvoj polovici 19. stolje}a slobodni ljudi, naro~ito plemstvo, obrazovaniljudi, studenti, obrtnici i trgovci, imali slobodu kretanja, ali zapravo je za svako puto-vanje, ~ak i u susjedni okrug, trebalo odobrenje, svako je putovanje trebalo biti prijav-ljeno i odobreno, trebalo je zapravo dobiti putovnicu na koju, dakako, nisu moglira~unati oni koji su do 1848. bili kmetovi.

7

U Habsbur{koj je Monarhiji tek 1857. uvedena op}a sloboda putovanja u granicamadràve, a za inozemstvo je i dalje trebala putovnica.

Iako u njema~kome Svetome Rimskom Carstvu (koje je propalo 1806.), prethodnikuAustrijskoga Carstva i Austro-Ugarske (1867.), postoji svojevrsno pravo emigracije(ius emigrandi), ono se ne odnosi na pravo pojedinca, ve} na pravo nekatoli~kih vjer-skih grupa, uglavnom protestanata, da uz uredno pla}ene pristojbe napuste zemlju.No time se ujedno gube sva prava i imanja u zemlji.Iako je to pravo zasnovano u po~ecima novoga vijeka (1555.), gotovo do sredine 19.stolje}a (1837.) doga|aju se povremeni progoni protestanata iz Austrije.

8

Iseljavanje je od 18. stolje}a strogo zabranjeno jer merkantilisti~ka dru{tvena koncep-cija brojnost stanovni{tva smatra jednim od temelja snage i dobrobiti dràve.Francuski je ekonomist Jean Baptista Say tvrdio: Ako se godi{nje iseli 100.000 ljudi sdesetak milijuna forinti, to je isto kao da vojska od 100.000 ljudi s oru`jem i opremompro|e preko granice i tamo propadne.

9

Jedan je od brojnih patenata cara Josipa II. i patent o emigraciji, izdan 10. kolovoza1784., u kojem su saèti svi stari propisi. U prvom je paragrafu definiran pojam emi-granta: Iseljenikom se smatra onaj tko iz bilo koje carsko-kraljevske nasljedne zemljestupi u vanjsku zemlju s namjerom da se vi{e ne vrati.

10

5 Ferenczi, W.F. Willcox, International Migration, sv. I,Statistics, National Buereau of Economic Research,New York, 1929., str. 230.231.W. Nugent, Crossings, The Great TransatlanticMigrations, 1870 - 1914. Bloomington-Indianapolis,Indiana University Press, 1992., str. 12.

6 Bains, isto, str. 9.

7 Prema neobjavljenom tekstu Stefana Malfera, Be~2007.

8 Stefan Malfer, isto.

9 Citat prema navodu Stjepana Radi}a, Moderna kolo-nizacija i Slaveni, Matica Hrvatska, Zagreb, 1904., str.326.Zabrana iseljavanja vrijedila je u svim europskimzemljama. Tijekom 18. stolje}a Engleska donosi nizodredaba koje strogo brane emigraciju. Isto tako i[panjolska i Njema~ka.


Prizori iz sredi{ta Be~a, prijestolnice Austro-Ugarske Monarhije. Poslanici u Carevinskomvije}u (Reihstag) godinama raspravljaju olo{im i dobrim stranama te o posljedicamaemigracije u Ameriku. Zbog razli~itih intere-sa, unato~ brojnim prijedlozima i nacrtima,zakon o emigraciji nije nikad izglasan.(Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb, MUO 3784)

Sights from downtown Vienna, Capitol of theAustro-Hungarian Monarchy. For yearsdeputies at the Imperial Council (Reichstag)debated pros and cons of emigration toAmerica. Due to conflicting vested interests, alaw on emigration was never adopted, inspite of different proposals and bills. (Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb, MUO 3784)

Dolje:Nakon ukidanja kmetstva 1848. seljaci postajuslobodni, ali ne i posjednici zemlje kojuobra|uju. Prezaduènost sela i gospodarskekrize u koje zapada postfeudalno dru{tvo,glavni su razlozi iseljavanja.Najvi{e iseljavaju stanovnici najsiroma{nijih,uglavnom perifernih i egzoti~nih krajevaMonarhije iz dana{nje Poljske, Slova~ke,Srbije (Vojvodine), Rumunjske (Banat).(Ungarn, Budimpe{ta 1909., Zbirka zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

Down:After the abolition of serfdom in 1848, peas-ants got freedom but not ownership of landthey worked on. The main reasons for emigra-tion were indebtedness of the peasantry andan economic crisis that beset the post-feudalsociety.Emigration was most intense in the poorest,mostly peripheral and exotic regions of theMonarchy modern Poland, Slovakia, Serbia(Vojvodina), Rumania (Banat).(Ungarn, Budapest 1909., Collection zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)


23

7 According to an unpublished text by Stefan Malfer,Vienna 2007.

8 Stefan Malfer, ibid.

9 Quoted in the text by Stjepan Radi}, ModernColonization and the Slavs, Matica Hrvatska, Zagreb,1904, p. 326. All European states banned emigrationduring this period. In the 18th century, Englandpassed several regulations strictly banning emigra-tion, as did Spain and the Germanic states.



Central Europe and MigrationThe State and Emigration

In principle, in the late 19th century, freemen, especially the nobility, the educated,artisans and merchants, had freedom of movement. Yet, for any travel, even to a near-by borough, they needed a permit. For that, they had to register and obtain a traveldocument. Obviously, serfs, who received their freedom only in 1848, had no entitle-ment to one.

7

In 1857, the Habsburg Monarchy introduced general freedom of travel within stateborders. But one still needed a travel document for trips abroad.

The Holy Roman Empire (which had been dissolved in 1806), predecessor of theAustro-Hungarian Empire (1867), recognized a right to emigration (ius emigrandi),but not as an individual right. This right had been granted only to non-Catholic reli-gious groups, mostly Protestants, who could leave after the payment of a required fee.After emigrating, they lost all their rights and all property they left behind. The rightto emigration had been established early in the modern era (1555). As late as the mid-19th century (1837), Austria expelled several hundred Protestants.

8

During the 18th century, emigration had been strictly banned in the spirit of mercan-tilism, which viewed the populace of a state as its backbone and the source of its wel-fare. The French economist, Jean-Baptiste Say, claimed: If 100,000 persons leave acountry with 10 million Florins, that is the same as if 100,000 fully equipped andarmed soldiers go across the border and perish there.

9

One of the many patents issued by Emperor Joseph II, dated 10 August 1784, con-cerned emigration, encompassing all prior regulations. Paragraph 1 defined the termemigrant: An emigrant is any person who moves from any of Our Hereditary Landsabroad with the intention to stay there.

10

The patent strictly forbade such emigration, as it also banned any incitement to emi-grate! A breach resulted in the loss of all civic rights and confiscation of property,which the state would then administer on behalf of the wrongdoers legal heirs. Theissuance of this patent proves that emigration existed and that the state feared it!Because of this fear, the patent obliged major landowners and local authorities toassist all people willing to work so that they would not be forced to leave.Until the 1850s, emigration from the Monarchy did not exceed 1,000 persons per year.

11

In 1832, Emperor Francis Joseph I issued another emigration patent, this one recogniz-ing legal emigration, but with the loss of citizenship. But, that patent recognized theproperty rights of legal emigrants.Though the Parliament (Reichstag) in Vienna debated free emigration during the

Sredi{te Be~a na prijelazu stolje}a.(Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb, MUO37813)

Centre of Vienna at the turn of the century(Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb, MUO37813)

Rumunjski seljaci iz Transilvanije.(Ungarn, Budimpe{ta 1909., Zbirka zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

Roman peasants in Transylvania.(Ungarn, Budapest 1909., Collection zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)


24

Takva je emigracija strogo zabranjena, kao i njezino zagovaranje! Kazna je gubitaksvih gra|anskih prava i zapljena posjeda kojim dràva nastavlja upravljati u imezakonskih nasljednika.Dono{enje ovog zakona potvr|uje da emigracije ima i tada i da je se dràva priboja-va! Zato istim patentom obvezuje veleposjednike i mjesne vlasti da pomognusvakome tko ho}e raditi, da ga nu`da ne bi natjerala na odlazak. No emigracija iz Monarhije u prvoj polovici 19. stolje}a ne prelazi prosjek od tisu}uiseljenika godi{nje.

11

Car Franjo I. izdaje 1832. novi iseljeni~ki patent kojim uvodi pravo zakonske emi-gracije prema kojem se moglo legalno iseliti, ali se gubilo dràvljanstvo i dobivalostatus stranca. Ipak, nije se gubilo pravo vlasni{tva, {to su ga i dalje gubili svi ilegalniiseljenici.Iako se u vrijeme revolucionarnih previranja 1848./49. u parlamentu (Reichstagu) uBe~u raspravlja o slobodnoj emigraciji, nikakav zakon o tome nije donesen jo{dvadeset godina, sve do 1867. kada je progla{ena sloboda kretanja koja se ograni~avajedino u slu~aju vojne obveze. Emigracija je kona~no dopu{tena, no unato~poku{ajima cjelovit zakon o iseljavanju nije donesen do kraja Monarhije, ve} je u poje-dinim ~lancima ostao na snazi odavna zastarjeli zakon iz 1832. godine.

12

Iako nije sporno da emigrantu ostaje pravo vlasni{tva, ostaje sporno pravo na dràv-ljanstvo za koje se po~inje smatrati da ga iseljenik gubi tek kada prihvati stranodràvljanstvo.

Prvi iseljenici, masovno iseljavanje i neodlu~nost dràveNeki dokumenti upu}uju na po~etke ve}ega prekomorskog odljeva.Izvje{taj zapovjednika otoka Visa kapetana Josefa Schmidta od 6. listopada 1860.,upu}en vrhovnome pomorskom zapovjedni{tvu ustvr|uje: Svi mladi ljudi su oti{li,vi{e od stotinjak njih, u Ameriku i Australiju, a mnogi su drugi na Lloydovim parnimbrodovima i drugim trgova~kim brodovima...

13

No {ezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina 19. stolje}a iz Habsbur{ke se Monarhije jo{ uvi-jek iseljava samo nekoliko tisu}a ljudi godi{nje, a Dalmacija je prete~a toga razvoja. Tek 1880., u jeku velike gospodarske krize, emigracija iz austrijskog dijela u preko-morje naglo raste na 20.000 iseljenika godi{nje i nikad se vi{e ne smanjuje. Godine1892. dosiè broj od 50.000 iseljenika, a 1904. ~ak 100.000 iseljenika godi{nje.

Na dotad nepoznatu i posve novu pojavu, poput brojnih i organiziranih napu{tanjadomovine, dràva odgovara sporo i prili~no neodlu~no. Poticanje i reklamiranje emi-gracije zabranjeno je, a to uklju~uje i bilo kakve bro{ure, letke i oglase u novinama. Jo{1895. putni~kim je uredima izri~ito zabranjeno nova~enje emigranata, poticanje emi-gracije ili izdavanje putnih karata za potpalublje za brodove stranih pomorskihkompanija. Zakon od 21. sije~nja 1897. zabranjuje bavljenje emigrantskim poslovimabez slu`bene dozvole, a za nagovaranje na emigraciju slijedi i zatvorska kazna.No ti su propisi ipak ve}inom ostali nedjelotvorni. Habsbur{ka Monarhija slu`beno ne




Prizor galicijskog sela u dana{njoj Poljskoj izalbuma carskog ~asnika. Iz ovih je krajevaiselilo stotine tisu}a seljaka.(Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka)

A sight from a Galician village, modernPoland, taken from a photo album of an impe-rial officer. Hundreds of thousands of peas-ants emigrated from this region. (Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka).

Karta pravaca austrougarske emigracije.Najvi{e iseljenika iz srednje Europe prijePrvoga svjetskog rata odlazi u SAD, nopodosta njih upu}uje se i u zemlje Ju`neAmerike i u Kanadu.(Nach Amerika, Burgenlandische Landes-ausstellung, Burg Gssing, 1992.)

A chart showing the main routes of emigra-tion from Austria-Hungary. Prior to WorldWar I, most emigrants from central Europewent to the USA, but quite a few headed toSouth America and Canada. (Nach Amerika,Burgenlandische Landesausstellung, BurgGssing, 1992.)

KANADA/CANADA

SAD/USA

ARGENTINA

JU@NA AMERIKASOUTH AMERICA

AUSTRO-UGARSKAAUSTRIA-HUNGARY

AZIJA/ASIA

AFRIKA/AFRICA

AUSTRALIJA/AUSTRALIA4.097

109

1771

167,969

2,953.587

6.544 64.360

358.507

BRAZIL/BRASIL


25



revolutionary movement of 1848-1849, such a concept only became law in 1867, whenthe only restriction imposed applied to conscripts. Although the Monarchy thus lib-eralized emigration, it never passed an all-encompassing law on emigration, whichcontinued to be partially regulated by the old 1832 law.

12

With the passage of time, the state recognized not only an emigrants right to the prop-erty that he left back home but also to citizenship, which he would lose only upon theacquisition of another citizenship.

First Emigrants, Large Scale Emigration andVacillation of the State

Some records point to the commencement of the large-scale emigration. Thus, in hisreport to Navy Headquarters, dated 6 October 1860, the commander of Vis Island,Captain Josef Schmidt notes: All the young people have left, more than a hundred toAmerica and Australia, while many others are on the Lloyds and other cargosteamships.

13

In the 1860s and the 1870s, emigrants from the Habsburg Monarchy numbered onlyseveral thousand per year, with Dalmatia in the lead. Only during the economic reces-sion in the 1880s did overseas emigration from the Austrian part of the Empire sharplyrise to 20,000 persons per annum and it never fell below that level again. In 1892, thenumber of emigrants reached 50,000 and in 1904 as many as 100,000.

The state responded slowly and hesitantly to the new phenomenon of organized largescale emigration. The Government banned the instigation and advertising of emigra-tion, including all brochures, fliers and newspaper ads. As early as 1895, travel agen-cies were explicitly ordered not to recruit emigrants, instigate emigration or sellcargo hold tickets for transoceanic ships of foreign shippers. A law passed on 21January 1897 forbade unauthorized emigration business and introduced a prison sen-tence for anyone encouraging emigration.

These regulations were rarely enforced. Although the Habsburg Monarchy officiallyrejected emigration, the phenomenon soon got out of control. However, only aroundthe early 1900s did the problem became a subject of serious debate.

Reactions to emigration varied from open nationalistic gloating over the emigration ofundesirables, such as Jewish merchants and poor Ruthenian peasants, to the recogni-tion of the right of a free man to emigrate anywhere where he would not face the risk

@idovi iz Galicije iseljavaju se manje negoruski @idovi, no i oni spadaju u najugroènijei, prema mi{ljenju nekih politi~ara uCarevinskom vije}u, najmanje poèljne naro-de Monarhije.(Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka)

Galician Jews emigrated in smaller numbersthan those from Russia. Yet, even the formerwere amongst the most endangered groups,considered by some politicians in the ImperialCouncil the least desirable ethnic group in theMonarchy. (Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka).

Karta Austro-Ugarske Monarhije, najsloènijezemlje na svijetu. Monarhiju ~ine dvije glavnejedinice, Austrija i Ugarska, a svaka od njihobjedinjuje brojna kraljevstva, vojvodstva,kneèvine, grofovije i markgrofovije.Dotada{njoj {arolikosti koja u istoj dràvizdruùje istok i zapad, pridruèna je i najeg-zoti~nija akvizicija Bosna i Hercegovina sislamskim ugo|ajem Orijenta.

A map of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy,the worlds most complex country. TheMonarchy consisted of two main units,Austria and Hungary, each comprising a largenumber of kingdoms, duchies, principalities,counties and arch counties. The complexitywas augmented with the annexation of theexotic Bosnia-Herzegovina, with its orientalIslamic atmosphere.

Budimpe{taBudapest

PragPrague

Bodenbach

De~inTetschen

Brno

Opava Krakow

Oswiecim/AuschwitzLavovLiviv

êrnovici

Temi{varTimisoara

Novi Sad

Zagreb

Rijeka

Trieste

Pore~

Gorizia

Ljubljana

GrazKlagerfult

Innsbruck

Salzburg

Linz

Zadar

Sarajevo

SibinjSibiu

Be~Vienna

Feldkirch

Cormons


26

prihva}a emigraciju, a u stvarnosti je fenomen migracije pokrenut poput lavine.Tek se na prijelazu u 20. stolje}e po~inje ozbiljno raspravljati o problemu emigracije.

Reakcije na emigraciju kre}u se od nesakrivenoga nacionalisti~kog zadovoljstva zbogodlaska nepoèljnih, ìdovskih trgovaca i siroma{nih rusinskih seljaka, do priznava-nja prava slobodnog ~ovjeka da ode onamo gdje ne}e umrijeti od gladi. Istovremenose javlja i zabrinutost zbog opusto{enih krajeva. Ima i onih koji upozoravaju na potre-bu ublaàvanja problema i stvaranja uvjeta da se kod vlastite ku}e mogu prehranitidjeca na{e zemlje.

Na nerije{ene probleme emigracije upozoravali su i pojedini skandali poput kaznenihpostupaka u Wadowicama (na jugu dana{nje Poljske) 1889. i 1890. kada je nekolikoemigracijskih agenata osu|eno zbog prijevara kojima su o{tetili brojne seljake, zbog~ega se razvila velika bura u parlamentu i u novinama. Sve se vi{e govorilo o nu`nosti zakona koji }e urediti problem emigracije. U raznimje prigodama u parlamentu predloèno vi{e zakona o emigraciji, no ni jedan nije bioizglasan. Pred sam je rat, 1913., predloèn novi, vrlo restriktivan zakon koji je doìvioburne kritike od onih koji su navodili uzorne talijanske, {vicarske i njema~ke zakone.

Emigracija izme|u protivnika i zagovornikaProtivnici emigracije gledali su u iseljavanju zlo za narodno gospodarstvo i upozo-ravali na àlostan odljev stanovni{tva, jedne od temeljnih okosnica dràve.Zagovornici su prihva}ali stanje kakvo jest, navodili pozitivne strane i isticali va`nostpriljeva inozemnog novca.

U svakom slu~aju, sukob mno{tva suprotstavljenih interesa desetlje}ima jeomogu}avao da se emigracija razvija bez ikakva dràvnog utjecaja, ovisno o trì{tu iinteresima brodara, èljeznice, posrednika, bankara i agenata, barem koliko i interesi-ma onih o ~ijoj se koì radilo koji su pak imali osnovni ljudski interes i pravo da sepoku{aju spasiti od bijede i potraè svoju sre}u.

Neki su krajevi posve opustjeli, ali se zato, kaù prista{e iseljavanja, Americi moèzahvaliti {to je othranila njihove ìtelje. Protivnici pak upozoravaju na to da je iselja-vanje unijelo pusto{ u zavi~ajne domove.No napredak je mnogih krajeva u domovini vezan upravo za povratnike iz Amerike.înjenica je da do samoga pada Austro-Ugarske u be~kom parlamentu nije izglasanzakon o emigraciji. Pravi je razlog u okolnostima koje jednima pogoduju, a drugima{tete. Industrijalci koji trebaju radnu snagu, protive se. I vojska je protiv emigracije jer gubiregrute. Ali zato èljezni~ke i parobrodarske kompanije imaju koristi od emigracije ipoti~u je.

Ugarska ima vi{e nerazvijenih krajeva odAustrije, a nema|ari koji nastavaju rubnapodru~ja, slova~ke pokrajine, Banat iTransilvaniju, vi{e su podlo`ni odlaènju odMa|ara.(Ungarn, Budimpe{ta 1909., Zbirka zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

Hungary was less developed then Austria.Non-Hungarian populations of the peripheralregions, Slovakia, Banat and Transylvaniaemigrated in larger numbers than ethnicHungarians. (Ungarn, Budapest 1909.,Collection zu Kostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

Zgrada Parlamenta u Budimpe{ti politi~ko jesredi{te isto~ne polovice Monarhije. Za raz-liku od austrijskoga, ugarski je parlament vi{eputa donosio zakon o emigraciji.(Ungarn, Budimpe{ta 1909., Zbirka zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

The parliament in Budapest was the politicalseat of the eastern part of the Monarchy.Unlike the Austrian parliament, theHungarian Parliament passed several emigra-tion laws. (Ungarn, Budapest 1909., Collection zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)


27

of starvation. Some people expressed concern over the depopulation of entire regions.Others advised that the problem could be alleviated as emigration could create theconditions for the survival of the children of our lands at home.The unresolved problems concerning emigration became accentuated by scandals,such as those in Wadowice (now in southern Poland) in 1889 and 1890, when severaltravel agents were sentenced for fraud, damaging the interests of a large number ofpeasants, which caused an outcry in the Parliament and in the newspapers.By then it had become increasingly obvious that the problem of emigration had to besubject to legal regulation. On several occasions, MPs introduced bills for new emi-gration laws, but Parliament never adopted any of them. In 1913, on the eve of WorldWar I, a very restrictive emigration bill was introduced, which met with fierce criti-cism from the proponents of the exemplary emigration laws that had been passed inItaly, Switzerland and Germany.

Emigration, For and Against

The critics of emigration considered it a scourge for the national economy and warnedabout the shameful exodus of the population, a backbone of the state. The proponentsof emigration accepted the status quo, noting that it had some positive effects, such asthe inflow of foreign currencies.In any case, due to a clash of interests, for decades emigration continued without stateinterference, and depended on economic fluctuations and the interests of shippers,railways, middlemen, bankers and travel agents. These interests mattered at least asmuch or more than the interests of the emigrants themselves, who only tried to real-ize their basic human rights to earn a decent living and the right to social advance-ment.When some regions became totally depopulated, proponents stressed that the UnitedStates should be thanked for saving those people from starvation. On the other hand,critics warned about the depopulation of entire villages. However, emigrants whoreturned home boosted development and economic growth in many Austro-Hungarian regions.The true reason Austria-Hungary never passed a law on emigration must be based onthe clash of interests between the critics and proponents of emigration. Thus, theindustrialists, because of their need of a labor force remained opposed to emigration,as did the military, which needed recruits. But the railways and the shippers profitedfrom emigration and thus encouraged it.One of the critics of emigration expressed his opposition quite picturesquely: OurGovernment must pass economic, social and political measures that would ensure theloyalty of the labor force we need for our homeland. But, the state will not be able

Idili~an prizor selja~kog ìvota, kako gaprikazuju rasko{no opremljene monografije okrajevima i narodima Austrije i Ugarske, nepokazuju stvarne te{ko}e seoskog ìvlja.(Ungarn, Budimpe{ta 1909., Zbirka zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

This idyllic vignette of peasant life, takenfrom a sleek monograph on the regions andthe ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary, beliedthe real difficulties of rural life. (Ungarn, Budapest 1909., Collection zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

Selja~ka kola s galicijskom obitelji, pretrpanavre}ama i zave`ljajima, vi{e podsje}aju na bijeg i nevolje negoli na svakodnevni ìvot naselu.(Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka)

A horse cart with a Galician peasant family,overflowing with bags and bundles, evokesflight and trouble, rather than normal villagelife. (Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka).


28

Jedan je od stavova o nu`nosti spre~avanja emigracije izraèn prili~no osebujno: Zadatak je na{e vlade da pomo}u gospodarskih i socijalno-politi~kih mjera osigurada radna snaga koju ne èlimo izgubiti ima dovoljno razloga da voli na{u domovinu......Me|utim ne ide to tako da dràva... s policijskom palicom u ruci tr~i za vlastitomdjecom i grmi: Morate me voljeti.

14

Slaveni i iseljavanjeNa po~etku najve}ega iseljavanja iz Monarhije, panslavenski orijentiran hrvatskipu~ki tribun i selja~ki vo|a Stjepan Radi}, koji je u Parizu studirao komparativnukolonizaciju, u svojoj knjizi Moderna kolonizacija i Slaveni, objavljenoj 1904., naro~ito jezabrinut za iseljavanje socijalno i gospodarski najugroènijega ìvlja Austro-Ugarske. Radi}u je jasno da }e se broj iseljenika iz srednje Europe jo{ pove}avati pa, govore}i ouzrocima iseljavanja iz Podunavlja, isti~e naro~ito jak odljev Hrvata i Slovaka: To }eizseljavanje svakako potrajati jo{ neko vrieme, jer u jednu ruku sjeverna i ju`naAmerika silno napreduju u materijalnom blagostanju, dok u drugu ruku ba{ ~itavoPodunavlje prolazi stra{nom gospodarstvenom krizom.Razloge krize vidi i u pona{anju dràvnog aparata koji od dràvljana traì poreze ponajmodernijem sustavu, a radnici i seljaci u ~itavom su Podunavlju otprilike na istomstupnju znanja i svijesti na kojem su bili prije pedeset ili stotinu godina. Tako je nas-tao potpun nesklad izme|u potreba i mogu}nosti pa su niì narodni slojevi tolikougroèni da bjeè glavom bez obzira.

15

Uspore|uju}i nadnice hrvatskih, slova~kih i poljskih radnika sa zaradom talijanskihradnika, za koje se uvrijeìlo mi{ljenje da je vrlo niska, ustanovio je da su slavenskiradnici u Austro-Ugarskoj pla}eni vi{estruko lo{ije. Zato se u Galiciji u vi{e od 500op}ina pro{irio {trajk poljoprivrednih radnika. A jednako su lo{i i uvjeti radnika uHrvatskom zagorju.

16

Slijedi i vrlo dramati~an zaklju~ak:U takvim prilikama mi se ne smijemo dugo zadràvati kod teorije, je li izseljavanje{tetno, ili korisno, jer, ponavljam i naglasujem: mi se Slaveni u ovo najnovije doba oso-bito u sviet ne selimo, nego iz domovine bjeìmo, kud koji zna i moè. Pod tim mirazumijem, dakako, osnov svega na{ega narodnog bi}a: selja~ki i radni~ki na{ puk.

17

U svakom slu~aju, veliki je egzodus iz srednje Europe, iz prostranstava izme|uJadrana, Alpa i Podunavlja, u manje od ~etiri desetlje}a odnio blizu pet milijuna ìte-lja, a neke krajeve posve opusto{io, odnijev{i preko velike vode najbolje mladi}e io~eve obitelji. îni se kao da je samo svjetski rat mogao prekinuti egzodus kona~anzavr{etak jedne epohe. Nakon rata vi{e ni{ta nije kao prije.

14 Alexander Lffler, Der Entwurf eines Gesetzes betre-ffend die Auswanderung. Ein Kritik, Wien, 1913., str. 19.

15 Radi}, isto, str. 337.

16 Radi}, isto. str. 338.U nas se gotovo ob}enito zna i misli, da je u Italijinajmanja nadnica i najteì ìvot za sirotinju. Pa gle:najlo{ije pla}eni sicilski radnik sluì na dan jednu ipol taljanske lire; lombardijske nadni~arke koje radeoko riè dobivaju na dan 1 liru i hranu; radnice slam-natih {e{ira u Toskani zasluè dnevno najmanje jednuliru i hranu.A gle: u Hrvatskoj na glavnoj pruzi Zagreb-Rieka...pla}a nije naprosto nikakova...50 filira dnevno ihrana, a najve}a je nadnica 1 kruna bez hrane. A odtoga neka ìvi ciela obitelj!17 Radi}, isto, str. 338.

Izrazito sirotinjski izgled poljskog ko~ija{auvjerljivo govori o prilikama u najsiroma{ni-jim krajevima u kojima je velik dio selja{tvana rubu gladi.(Mein Oesterreich, Mein Heimatland, Band II,Be~ 1914., Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka)

Miserable appearance of a Polish carter clear-ly reflects the conditions in the poorestregions, where most peasants lived at theverge of starvation. (Mein Oesterreich, Mein Heimatland, Band II,Vienna 1914., Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka)

Dva slikovita seljaka iz sredi{nje Hrvatske(Hrvatsko zagorje) iz koje je velik dio mladihljudi izbjegao u Ameriku. (Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb, MUO15069-4)

Two picturesque peasants from centralCroatia (Hrvatsko zagorje region), which lostmany young people to emigration to America. (Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, Zagreb, MUO15069-4)


29

to achieve thatif it keeps running like a policeman after its children with a raisedbaton shouting: You must love me.

14

Emigration of the Slavs

In 1904, at the beginning of the peak of emigration from Austria-Hungary, the Pan-Slavic peoples tribune and peasant leader, Stjepan Radi}, who had studied compar-ative colonization in Paris, expressed keen concern over the emigration from Austria-Hungary of the socially and economically most deprived segments of the population.Radi} predicted that emigration from Central Europe would keep growing. In a pas-sage on the causes of emigration from the Danube basin, especially of the Croats andthe Slovaks, he wrote: This emigration will certainly continue for a while, given thefast economic growth in South America and North America and the terrible recessionin the entire Danube basin.According to Radi}, the Government also prompted emigration, as it demanded thatits citizens pay taxes in accordance with the latest system although the know-howand the education level of the workers and the peasants in the Danube basin remainedas it had been 50 or 100 years earlier. That created a growing chasm between the needsof the state and the potential of the working classes, whose very existence had been soseverely threatened that they started fleeing in all directions to save their bareskins.

15

In a comparison of the daily wages of Croatian, Slovak and Polish workers to those ofItalian workers, whose wages had been considered particularly low, he noted thatSlavic workers in the Austro-Hungarian Empire received several times less pay thantheir Italian counterparts. As a result, farm workers went on strike in more than 500municipalities in Galicia. For the workers in the Hrvatsko zagorje region, conditionshad been equally miserable.

16

His conclusion sounded equally dramatic:Under the circumstances, we should not dwell on theoretical questions about thepros and cons of emigration. Here I would like to reiterate and stress: recently, we, theSlavs, have not been emigrating from our homeland, we have been fleeing from herein desperation. When I say we, I have in mind primarily the backbone of our nation:our peasants and workers.

17

In any case, in less than 40 years, in a large-scale exodus from central Europe, an areabetween the Adriatic, the Alps and the Danube basin, almost five million people,including some of the finest young men and bread winners, emigrated across theocean. That resulted in the depopulation of large areas and it took nothing less thanWorld War I to end the exodus and mark the end of an era. After the War, nothingremained the same again.

14 Alexander Loffler, Der Entwurf eines Gesetzes betref-fend die Auswanderung. Ein Kritik, Wien, 1913, p. 19.

15 Radi}, ibid, p. 337.

16 Radi}, ibid, p. 338.In our lands people generally believe that the wagesand the plight of the Italian poor are the worst. Yet:the worst paid worker in Sicily makes 1 ? lira per day;the women working in the rice paddies of Lombardyreceive victuals and 1 lira; makers of wicker hats inTuscany no less than 1 lira and victuals. And inCroatia at the Zagreb-Rijeka main railway the payis a pittancebetween 50 fillers and victuals and 1Crown without victuals. And who can support a fam-ily on that?!

17 Radi}, ibid, p. 338.

Dva prijatelja, Pa{o i âkan, zapam}eni kaoprvi Rusini koji 1897./98. napu{taju rodniRuski Krstur, Banat (Vojvodina) i odlaze narad u Barbiton u Ameriku. Rusini spadaju unajugroènije stanovni{tvo Monarhije i visokosu na listama austrougarskog iseljeni{tva. (Muzej Vojvodine, Novi Sad)

Two friends, Pa{o and âkan, who wentdown in history as the first Ruthenian emi-grants in 1897/98 They left their native Banat(Vojvodina) and went to Barbiton, AmericaRuthenians, who featured high in the statis-tics of emigration from Austria-Hungary,were one of the most endangered groups inthe Monarchy. (Muzej Vojvodine, Novi Sad)

Prizor iz najisto~nijih dijelova Ugarske ov~ar pred skloni{tem od {iblja. Teàk ìvotna selu mnoge je nagnao na potragu za boljimsvijetom.(Ungarn, Budimpe{ta 1909., Zbirka zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

A sight from the easternmost regions ofHungary a shepherd in front of a wicketshelter. Due to the hardship of rural life, manypeasants emigrated in search for a better life. (Ungarn, Budapest 1909., Collection zuKostwein - de Canziani, Rijeka)


30

Tablica prema/according to: Chmelar, Auswanderung, 93.

Tablica prema/according to: Chmelar, Auswanderung, 94.

Emigracija iz Monarhije u Sjedinjene Dràve, po nacionalnim skupinama Emigration from the Monarchy to the USA, according to nationality

Tablica prema/according to: Hans Chmelar, Hhepunkte der sterreichischen Auswanderung. Die Auswanderung aus den im Reichsrat vertretenen Knigreichen und Lndern in den Jahren 1905-1914. (=Studien zur Geschichte der ster-reichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie Bd. XIV, Wien 1974)., 93.

Stanovni{tvo Austro-Ugarske Population of Austria - Hungary

Emigranti iz Austro-Ugarske u Ameriku (1908.-1913.) u doba najve}eg iseljavanja Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the USA (1908-1913), during the greatest emigration wave

100,02145977258737170191168529338507265291275723177158206009172532113300Sveukupno/Total

1,042236190539765613489284822354277266843Ostali/Others7,1215281113141284311529318885148841735220211187591284813006@idovi/Jews14,673147802681827941238265959342848458712385127132306913310Ma|ari(Hungarians4,37938351531786359912199351277396165835634334492020Romani/Italians and Romanians60,9613080381770461040359182519303615644916639410250912592011370977105Slaveni/Slavs11,842541522632421096275764049734848336422250723597162497816Nijemci/Germans

Narodnost/Nationality

UkupnoTotal

Ukupan boj 1901.-1910Total 1901-1910

U postocimaPercent

1910190919081907190619051904190319021901Godina/Year

Prema razgovornom jeziku/Accirding to the language they use

Dràva/Country

Nakon popisa pu~anstvaAfter population census

Sveukupno/Total

Ostali/Others

@idovi/Jews

Ma|ari/Hungarians

Romani/Italian andRomainas

Slaveni/Slavs

Osobe koje govorenjema~ki/

German-speaking1900.

2615070843797812247119351954750147715148752404Austrija/Austria192545593942338513788143604279527251515891918483Ma|arska/Hungary454052678322112076089815295537500221992310310670887Austro-Ugarska/Austria-Ungaria

1910.

285719345223311313687107971039981161845389500600Austrija/Austria208864874276469235378833819303218655882142081085Ma|arska/Hungary494584219499772237224884461640721672177275211581685Austro-Ugarska/Austria-Ungaria

UkupnoTotal

êsiCzechs

Osobe kojegovore

njema~ki/Germanspeaking

GodinaYear

1908./1909.17019184312237474841947327941115136281523636183660921096

1909./1910.25873742132203134593878526818185894522743860675816226324

1910./1911.8212910101472190761530812504557151602743084886323Austrija/Austria769282684206734582105371930836177719088518515027Ma|arska/Hungary159705127852114547721815219616128663341706827515867321350Skupa/Total

1911./1912.858548535659256884935610483858172843045978406265Austrija/Austria9302822222435871991495822818512453359119019114859Ma|arska/Hungary178882107572501774552380723174109963112087530649803121124Skupa/Total

1912./191313724511831177972470054997103628113Austrija/Austria117580337125923119552297029422387916002Ma|arska/Hungary25482515202407672857924115Skupa/Total

285

258737

235126361

445138583


31

Austrijska depandansa carski ~inovnicipred kartom obiju Amerika, s ucrtanim crnimto~kama krajeva u koje im podanici najvi{ebje`e.(Nach Amerika, BurgenlndischeLandesausstellung, Burg Gssing, 1992.)

Austrian subsidiary imperial clerks infront of the map of the Americas. Black dotsshow the areas in which their citizens emi-grated most.(Nach Amerika, Burgenlndische Landesaus-stellung, Burg Gssing, 1992.)


Ustroj prekooceanskogegzodusa


Organizational setup of The Transoceanic Exodus


34

Prijevoznici i posredniciSrednjoeuropska emigracija, ona drugoga vala koja slijedi iza masovnog iseljavanjaIraca, Nijemaca i Skandinavaca i doga|a se od 1880-ih do Prvoga svjetskoga rata,naslijedila je ve} visokorazvijen organizacijski, prijevozni~ki i posredni~ki sustav kojiraste, razvija se i ve} je oproban u prethodnim desetlje}ima. Op}i razvoj tehnologijekoji naj~e{}e shva}amo kao samorazumljivu, gotovu stvar, pridonio je zama{noj orga-nizaciji preseljenja milijuna Europljana u Ameriku.

18

Putovanje zapre`nim kolima iz unutra{njosti kontinenta i potom jedrima prekooceana, i u 19. je stolje}u bilo prava pustolovina. I putovanje kopnom traje danima itjednima, a plovidba preko oceana nerijetko i dva mjeseca.Razbojstva na cestama nevjerojatno su ~esta. Krajnje siroma{tvo i glad, primjerice uGorskom kotaru u prvoj polovici 19. stolje}a, poti~u brojna razbojstva na Lujzijani,glavnoj cesti koja Rijeku spaja s unutra{njosti Hrvatske i Ugarske. O tome svjedo~i i to{to tridesetih godina cestu ~uva cijela pukovnija!

19

Ni kada su se, jo{ prije sredine 19. stolje}a, po~eli graditi specijalizirani jedrenjaci zaprijevoz emigranata, uvjeti se nisu bitno pobolj{ali. No zato vlasti i zakoni propisujunajnu`nije higijenske uvjete te minimalan prostor za svakog ukrcanog putnika, koji jebrod duàn osigurati.Iako prvi veliki parobrod nije bio uspje{an u prijevozu putnika, te je brzo prenamije-njen, velika brodarska dru{tva uskoro uvode prve po{tanske i putni~keprekooceanske parobrode. Pojava po{tanskih linija (packet-boath) usmjerena je, uz osta-lo, i na pove}avanje brzine prijevoza, a to prije svega zna~i na tehni~ka pobolj{anjastrojeva, smanjenje potro{nje goriva, unapre|enje udobnosti smje{taja te, na kraju,smanjenje cijene putni~ke karte koju je moglo platiti sve vi{e emigranata.Ve} krajem 1850-ih Atlantikom plovi tridesetak parobroda, a uskoro ih je sve vi{e ivi{e, pa i onih koji mogu primiti vi{e od dvije tisu}e putnika.Umjesto nekada{njih mjesec i pol ili dva, putovanje na prijelazu stolje}a traje oko dvatjedna, a pred sam svjetski rat najbrì su brodovi prelazili najkra}u atlantsku rutu (izengleskih i francuskih luka) za manje od pet dana. U svakom slu~aju, veliki val nove emigracije ve} do po~etka 1880-ih do~ekuje razvi-jena èljezni~ka mreà koja i najudaljenija srednjoeuropska sela spaja s velikim luka-ma. Ve} je prvim iseljenicima iz najsjevernijih krajeva Carstva bilo lako sti}i do sjever-nonjema~kih luka. A tijekom 1870-ih moglo se razmjerno brzo iz unutra{njosti Ugarske otputovati doRijeke i potom preko Ljubljane ili Trsta do atlantskih belgijskih, francuskih iengleskih luka.Razvijen sustav iseljeni~kih luka ve} ima organiziran prihvat smje{taj i nu`nuuslugu za iseljenike. Velik broj parobrodarskih dru{tava udruìo se u kartele(Continental Pool, Mediterannean Pool) koji se natje~u u osvajanju trì{ta pa sve vi{epobolj{avaju uvjete i smanjuju cijenu prijevoza.U tom se velikome transkontinentalnom poslu pojavljuje i niz posrednika. Oni koji utome poslu prednja~e ~esto nevjerojatnom gipko{}u, nastoje objediniti {iroku ponuduraznovrsnih usluga prodavaju}i putne karte za parobrod i èljeznicu, organiziraju}iputovanje i, nerijetko, opskrbljuju}i putnike potrebnim kartama od rodnog sela dokrajnjega odredi{ta. Mnogi od njih istovremeno pruàju nov~arske i bankovne usluge mijenjaju valute, omogu}avaju razmjerno pouzdane {tednje i posreduju u slanjunov~anih doznaka obiteljima u domovinu.

Iseljeni~ke agencijske ku}e, bankari, predstavnici pomorskih kompanija i tisu}eakvizitera obilaze ~ak i udaljena sela, poti~u}i iseljavanje u potrazi za boljim ìvo-tom. Unato~ lo{em glasu koji su mnogi stekli borbom za opstanak u uvjetima silnorazvijene trì{ne utakmice, kao i zaobilaènjem zakonskih ograni~enja, organizacijaprijevoza i svih usluga izme|u srca europskog kontinenta i najudaljenijeg ameri~kogazapada na naj{irem transkontinentalnom planu funkcionirala je gotovo besprijekorno.To posvjedo~uju milijuni prevezenih putnika.

18 Moltmann, Gnter, Steamship Transport ofEmigrants from Europe to the United States, 1850 1914: Social, Commercial and Legislative Aspects, inMaritime Aspects of Migration, edited by KlausFriedland, 309-320. Cologne, Bohlau 1989.

19 Da omogu}i promet cestom, ovamo je raspore|enapje{a~ka pukovnija (regimenta) baruna von Meyera.

Compagnie General Transatlantique, vode}ifrancuski brodar koji preko Atlantika prevozistotinjak tisu}a austrougarskih podanika,reklamira svoju liniju iz Le Havrea u NewYork, na kojoj plove parobrodi La Provence, LaLorraine, La Savoie i La Touraine. I ovaj, kao ibrojni drugi plakati prekomorskih prijevozni-ka, obe}ava bolji ìvot koji iseljenike ~eka uNovome svijetu.(In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)

Compagnie General Transatlantique, the leadingFrench shipper, that carried about a hundredthousand emigrants from Austria-Hungaryacross the Atlantic, advertised its Le Havreservice in New York. The service was operat-ed by La Provence, La Lorraine, La Savoie and LaTouraine steamships. This, like so many otherposters by transoceanic shippers, promisedbetter life for the emigrants in the New World.(In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)


35

Carriers and AgentsUnlike the mass emigration of the Irish, the Germans and the Scandinavians, the sec-ond wave of emigration, from Central Europe, from the 1880s until World War I,relied on organization, transport and management developed over the previous sev-eral decades. The enormous endeavor of transport of millions of Europeans toAmerica was greatly boosted by general technological progress, which we often takefor granted.

18

As late as the 19th century, travel by horse cart from distant locations in European hin-terlands to the ports and then by sailboats across the ocean was a real adventure. Onland, travel took days or even weeks and ocean passage up to two months. Road banditry was rampant. In early 19th century, utter poverty and starvation, forexample in the Gorski kotar region, resulted in many bandit attacks on the Louisianaroad, the main thoroughfare connecting Rijeka with Croatian and Hungarian hinter-lands. This is born out by the fact that in the 1830s the road was guarded by a regi-ment of soldiers!

19

Even when the first sailing boats built specifically for transport of emigrants set sail,before mid 19th century, the conditions did not improve significantly. However, atthat time authorities prescribed minimal hygienic standards and passenger space onboard.

Although the first large steamship proved unsuccessful in passenger transport andwas soon redesigned, large shippers soon introduced the first regular transoceanicmail and passenger services. The packet boats were designed for faster, more fuel-effi-cient and more comfortable travel, at reduced prices, which made it affordable for agrowing number of emigrants. That was made possible partly thanks to advances inengine construction.

Already by 1860, the Atlantic routes were operated by more than 30 ships. Many morewere added to the fleets, including those that carried more than 2,000 passengers.Rather than 6-8 weeks, at the turn of the centuries the passage took around two weeks.On the eve of WW I, the fastest ships completed the transatlantic passage from thenearest English and French ports in less than five days.

In any case, as of the 1880s, the emigrants of the second wave use a well-developedrailway network, connecting even the most distant central European villages with thelarge ports. At that time even the emigrants from the northernmost regions of theEmpire could reach the north German ports without much inconvenience. Already in the 1870s one could rather easily travel from Hungarian hinterlands toRijeka, and from there to Belgian, French and English ports, via Ljubljana or Trieste.By then the well developed network of emigration ports have opened facilities foraccommodation and basic services for the emigrants. Shippers formed cartels(Continental Pool, Mediterranean Pool), which competed in prices and standards.This large intercontinental business soon attracted a large number of middlemen.Often in the forefront of the business, the resourceful businessmen offered a wholegamut of different services, including train and steamship tickets, and management ofan emigrants entire tip from his native village to the final destination. Many agentsalso provided exchange and banking services, such as money exchange, rather reliablesaving and transfer of money to the families in the homeland.Emigration agents, bankers, shippers representatives and thousands of sales agentstraveled even to the most remote villages, to look for customers willing to try theirluck abroad. In spite of their bad reputation, earned by the tricks in the highly com-petitive business environment and by violation of legal restrictions, they organizedtransport and other services between the heart of Europe and all destinations in theUSA impeccably, as proved by the transport of millions of passengers. In spite of that, the experiences of many individual emigrants were traumatic anddeserve to be studied with due respect and from a different perspective. From theaspect of peoples heightened emotions and frustrations, the system was not only effi-

18Moltmann, Gunter, Steamship Transport of Emigrantsfrom Europe to the United States, 1850-1914: Social,Commercial and Legislative Aspects, in Maritime Aspectsof Migration, edited by Klaus Friedland, 309-320.Cologne, Bohlau 1989.

19 In order to safeguard traffic on the road, aninfantry regiment from Rijeka, commanded by baronVon Meyer, was dispatched there.

[etnje palubom jedan od prospekata koje sudijelili brodari i iseljeni~ke agencije. I puto-vanje u potpalublju prikazivali su kao ugodui zabavu.(In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)

A stroll on the deck from one of thebrochures that were distributed by shippersand emigration agents. Even the passage inthe cargo hold was portrayed as pleasant andfun.(In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)


36

Dakako da tu ~injenicu nimalo ne umanjuju pojedina~ne ljudske traume o kojima susvjedo~anstva iseljenika vi{e nego brojna te zasluùju da im se posveti du`na pa`njai posve druk~ije razmatranje. Sa stajali{ta koje se bavi ljudskim emocijama i frustraci-jama, nije mogu}e zamisliti dirljivije okolnosti i agresivniji, ali jednako u~inkovit sus-tav.Prvi se put u povijesti upravo u organizaciji velikoga prekomorskog egzodusa jasnoiskazala i transkontinentalna organizacija poslovanja. To je ujedno zna~ilo i preno{enjeposlovnog sredi{ta iz Europe u Novi svijet, iz Londona u New York u kojem su sedonosile i bitne strate{ke odluke koje su se ticale povezivanja obiju obala Atlantika.

Parobrodarske kompanije

Iako razvoj velikih brodara, koji se pojavljuju ve} sredinom 19. stolje}a, zapo~inje udoba jedrenjaka, njihov je velik uspjeh zapo~eo s prekooceanskim ~eli~nim parobrodi-ma koji su uskoro postali sve uobi~ajeniji, a u putni~kom prekooceanskom prometuve} sedamdesetih potpuno potiskuju jedrenjake.Velike nade putni~koga prekooceanskog prometa bile su polagane u nekoliko slavnihbrodova Great Western (1838.) bio je najve}i dotad izgra|en parobrod, duga~ak vi{eod sedamdeset metara i prvi parobrod gra|en za prijevoz putnika preko Atlantika.Ovim je brodom najavljena era parobrodara; tih je godina osnovano vi{e parobro-darskih dru{tava koje parni pogon isti~u i u nazivu kompanije (npr. Great WesternSteamship Company osnovana u Bristolu 1836., Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, osno-vana u Londonu 1839.).

Me|u najslavnijim su ranim brodovima gotovo stotinu metara duga~ak Great Britain(izgra|en 1843.) i vi{e od dvjesta metara dug Great Eastern (izgra|en 1858.). Iako supostali simboli tehni~kog napretka svoga doba, ti su brodovi u poslovanju doìvjelipravi krah i umjesto za prijevoz putnika vi{e sluìli drugim namjenama, pa i za pri-jevoz tereta i polaganje podmorskih kabela. Prvi su prekooceanski parobrodi, kao i jedrenjaci, isprva vi{e odràvali redovite linijezbog prijevoza po{te nego zbog putnika. Po{tanska slu`ba zna~ila je pouzdan iredovit prihod, no i redovitost odràvanja linija bila je obveza koje su se brodarimorali ~vrsto pridràvati pa su isplovljavali u to~no odre|ene dane, obi~no jednomtjedno ili svaka dva tjedna, bez obzira na koli~inu po{tanskih po{iljki (paketa) i brojputnika. Na to su ih silili i ugovori za prijevoz po{te i pritisci iseljeni~kih luka koje suèljele sprije~iti izgrede i izbje}i da iseljenici predugo ~ekaju brod.

Luka Liverpool u okolnostima rane industrijalizacije i prekomorskoga putni~kog pri-jevoza u 19. stolje}u posve potiskuje stariju i poznatiju luku Baltimore (mati~nu lukuGreat Westerna) te postaje sjedi{te prvih velikih parobrodarskih dru{tava. Uz najve}e njema~ke brodare iz Bremena (s mati~nom lukom u Bremerhavenu) iHamburga, u prekooceanskom putni~kom prijevozu desetlje}ima glavnu rije~ vodetri velika brodara iz Liverpoola Cunard Line, White Star i Inman Line.

Samuel Cunard iz Halifaxa (Nova Scotia) u Kanadi zajedno s partnerima osniva 1838.British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (koja se od 1878. nazivaCunard Steamship Company).

20Prvi parobrod ovoga dru{tva Unicorn (izgra|en 1838.) u

svibnju 1840. poduzima prvu plovidbu preko Atlantika. No jo{ je va`nije to {to jeCunardova novoizgra|ena Britannia ve} 4. srpnja te godine isplovila iz Liverpoola uHalifax i Boston i time zapo~ela odràvanje prve stalne prekooceanske parobrodarskelinije.

21

Za po~etak Cunardova prekooceanskog poslovanja presudno je to {to je britan-ska vlada, nakon vi{e uspje{nih prekomorskih plovidbi Great Westerna, objavila nam-jeru da subvencionira parobrodarsku plovidbu izme|u Engleske i Amerike. Ne zbogprijevoza putnika ili tereta, nego prije svega zbog prijevoza po{tanskih po{iljaka.Razvijena i brza prekomorska komunikacija Britanskom je Carstvu iznimno va`na izbog veze s kolonijama i zbog gospodarskih razloga.

20 Stephen Fox, The Ocean Railway, IsamabardKingdom Brunel, Samuel Cunard and theRevolutionary World of the Great AtlanticSteamships, HarperCollins Publishers, London 2003.

21 Stephen Fox, isto, str. XII. Duncan Haws, Merchant Fleets, Cunard Line, 1989.

Po{tanski ured na parobrodu Frst Bismarckdru{tva Hamburg-Amerika Linie jednom odbrzih po{tanskih brodova. Dràvna koncesijai stalan prihod od prijevoza po{te jam~ili susigurnost, ali i obvezivali na redovitostodràvanja linije.(Ueber Land und Meer, Stuttgart, Leipzig,Berlin, Be~ 1891./92., Sa{a Dmitrovi}, Rijeka)

A post office on Hamburg-America Lines mail-steamer Frst Bismarck. Initially, such shipswere more common than passenger ships.State concessions and a steady income fromtransport of mail guaranteed security but alsobound shippers to maintenance of regularschedules.(Ueber Land und Meer, Stuttgart, Leipzig,Berlin, Vienna 1891./92., Sa{a Dmitrovi},Rijeka)

Ogledna mu{ka dvokrevetna kabina reklamni prospekt. Takvima su se reklamiralepogodnosti prijevoza iseljenika, mnogo poz-natijeg po mu~nom vi{etjednom boravku uskupnim spavaonicama u kojima je obi~nosmje{teno vi{e desetaka iseljenika. (In{titut zaslovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana)

A typical male berth with two beds a com-mercial brochure. The brochures such as thisone stressed the amenities on the emigrantsships, which were notorious for hardships ofseveral week long passages in communal dor-mitories accommodating several dozen emi-grants each. (In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvoZRC SAZU, Ljubljana)


37

cient but also aggressive. For the first time in history a large overseas exodus was clearly organized at atranscontinental level. That resulted in the shift of the worlds business centre fromLondon to New York, where the major strategic decisions were made concerning bothsides of the Atlantic.

The Shipping Companies

Although major shippers sprang up already in mid 19th century, in the era of the sail-ing boat, they won the battle with the sailing boat only with the introduction of largeiron steamships. By the 1870s the sailing boat was on the wane.The hope for the transoceanic transport was pinned on several famous ships, such asthe Great Western (1838). At 70 meters long, it was the largest steamship ever built andthe first steamship built specifically for transport of passengers across the Atlantic.That ship inaugurated a new era for the shipping industry; over the next few yearsseveral companies whose names suggested steam power were founded (e.g. GreatWestern Steamship Company, founded in Bristol in 1836, Royal Mail Steam PacketCompany, founded in London in 1839). Some of the most famous early ships were the Great Britain (built in 1843), almost 100m long and the Great Eastern (built in 1858), more than 200 m long. Although hailed asthe symbols of technological progress of the time, they failed as passenger ships andwere redesigned for cargo transport and laying of underwater cables.Just like the sailing boats before them, the first steamships maintained regular servic-es primarily for the transport of mail. Mail service generated steady income, but theshippers had to observe a strict schedule, with 2-4 passages a month, regardless of thequantity of mail and the number of passengers. That was enforced both by contractson transport of mail and by migration ports that feared riots if the emigrants had towait too long for boarding. In the 19the century, at the time of early industrialization and transoceanic passengertransport, the port of Liverpool took primacy from older and more famous port ofBaltimore (home port of the Great Western) and hosted the first large shipping compa-nies. For the next few decades, other than by the major German shippers from Bremen(whose port was in Bremerhaven) and Hamburg, the transoceanic passenger transportwas dominated by the three main Liverpool shippers Cunard Line, White Star andInman Line.In 1838, Samuel Cunard from Halifax (Nova Scotia), Canada, with partners estab-lished British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company (from 1878 knownas Cunard Steamship Company).

20

20 Stephen Fox, The Ocean Railway, Isamabard KingdomBrunel, Samuel Cunard and the Revolutionary World ofthe Great Atlantic Steamships, HarperCollingPublishers, London 2003.

Blagovaonica tre}ega razreda svakakonajzastupljenijeg na prekomorskim putovanji-ma, u brodarskim i agencijskim prospektimaizgleda privla~no i udobno.(In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)

A 3rd class dining hall. In the brochures ofshipping and travel agents the conditions inthis most popular class looked enticing andcomfortable. (In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)

Reklamna ilustracija Cunard Linea, jednog odnajve}ih svjetskih putni~kih kompanija izvoznog reda rije~koga brodara Adrije. Zastavepovezuju Veliku Britaniju, mati~nu zemljubrodarske kompanije, s Ugarskom i SAD-om,koje spaja Cunardova linija izme|u Rijeke iNew Yorka.(Zbirka zu Koswein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

An ad in the schedule of Adria, a shipperbased in Rijeka, for Cunard Line, one of theworlds largest shippers. The flags link GreatBritain, seat of the shipper, to Hungary andthe USA, two countries served by CunardsRijeka New York service. (Collection zu Koswein - de Canziani, Rijeka)

@enska kabina s udobno{}u koju je tre}a klasarijetko u`ivala, iako su se uvjeti smje{taja prijePrvoga svjetskog rata bitno pobolj{ali u odno-su na one otprije nekoliko desetlje}a.(In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)

A 3rd class female berth. Although standardsgreatly improved over a few decades leadingto World War I, such comfort was rare in 3rd

class.(In{titut za slovensko izseljenstvo ZRC SAZU,Ljubljana)


38

Dotad kori{teni neveliki jedrenjaci pokazali su se nepogodnima i Admiralitet je uprosincu 1838., kada se ve} uvjerio u pogodnosti parobroda za plovidbu oceanom,razglasio da podupire pokretanje parobrodarskog prijevoza po{te. Samuel Cunardbrzo reagira, dolazi u London i uskoro pokre}e prve parobrodarske linije.

22

Godine koje slijede, sve do 1870., razdoblje su potpune prevlasti ovoga brodara; tak-maci mu jo{ uvijek nisu opasni. Tek se sedamdesetih godina izme|u brodara razbuk-tava izravna borba za prevlast na trì{tu.

23Uz razvijen promet iz luka u Sjevernom

moru i u europskim atlantskim lukama, Cunard se na prijelomu stolje}a zajedno sWhite Starom natje~e s Nijemcima oko linija izme|u sredozemnih luka (Genova iNapulj) i Amerike. A kada krajem1903. dolazi u luke Trst i Rijeku, Nijemci poduzima-ju sve da ga suzbiju jer Austro-Ugarsku smatraju doma}im terenom. Cunardovmonopol u Rijeci (1903.1914.) ublaàva to {to je u Trstu slab takmac doma}oj Austro-Americani koja je u ve}inskom vlasni{tvu njema~kih brodara.Brodovi koji su po~etkom stolje}a plovili na atlantskoj, mediteranskoj i aus-trougarskoj ruti (od New Yorka do Trsta i Rijeke) prevozili su oko dvije tisu}e putni-ka. Neki od njih nisu ni imali prvu klasu, a drugi samo manji broj kabina prve klase,dok su u tre}oj klasi neki od brodova imali i zajedni~ke spavaonice (dormitorije) ikabine.

Za razliku od starije Auranije (1883.) koja krajem 1903. obavlja probne vo`njeizme|u New Yorka, Trsta i Rijeke i prevozi 500 putnika prve i druge te 700 putnikatre}e klase, kasniji brodovi namijenjeni prije svega emigrantskim lukama, imaju vrlomalo ili uop}e nemaju kabine prve klase, ali zato imaju mnogo vi{e spavaonica zatre}u klasu.

24

Me|u takvima su Ultonia (1898.), Ivernia (1900.), Carpathia (1902.), Pannonia (1903.),Slavonia (1903.), Caronia (1905.), Carmania (1905.). Luksuznije su opremljeni brodovi koji su se ponosili ljepotom i brzinom, poputLusitanije (1907.) i Mauretanije (1907.).

Nakon konkurentskih White Starovih Titanica i blizanaca, i Cunard je morao izgraditikrunski brod i ponos svoje flote Acquitanniju (1914.) koja je prevozila 618 putnika uprvoj, 614 u drugoj i 1998 u tre}oj klasi!

25

No kompanija nije stigla dugo uìvati u njezinoj ljepoti i slavi, uskoro zasjenjenojpo~etkom rata.

Inman Line jo{ je jedno slavno liverpulsko brodarsko dru{tvo.26William Inmanzajedno s jo{ dvojicom partnera 1850. osniva Liverpool and Philadelphia Steam ShipCompany. Krajem 18

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