MEMORY AND INTELLIGENCE

GROUP MEMBERS

• HAMZA JAWED• MUBEEN ARIF• MUHAMMAD HUSSNAIN• ANSAR NISAR

MEMORY

WHAT IS MEMORY ???

THERE ARE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS OF MEMORY:

1. A PERSON’S POWER OF REMEMBER THINGS.

2. MEMORY IS A LEARNING THAT PERSISTED OVER TIME.

3. MEMORY IS A PROCESS OF ENCODING , STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION

TYPES OF MEMORY

• SENSORY MEMORY

• SHORT TERM MEMORY • LONG TERM MEMORY

TYPES OF MEMORY

• SENSORY MEMORY:SENSORY MEMORY IS THE EARLIEST STAGE OF THE MEMORY.SENSORY MEMORY HOLDS THE SENSORY INFORMATION FOR A

VERY BRIEF PERIOD OF TIME.

HALF SECOND FOR VISUAL INFORMATION3 – 4 SECONDS FOR AUDITORY INFORMATION

TYPES OF MEMORY

Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Haptic Memory

Examples:

TYPES OF MEMORY

• SHORT TERM MEMORY:SHORT TERM MEMORY, ALSO KNOWN AS ACTIVE MEMORY, IS THE INFORMATION WE ARE CURRENTLY AWARE OF.

SHORT TERM MEMORY REMAIN FOR 20 – 30 SECONDS.

Sensory Memory Pay Attention Short Term

Memory

TYPES OF MEMORY

• EXAMPLES:

TYPES OF MEMORY

• LONG TERM MEMORY:CONTINUING STORAGE OF INFORMATION.MOSTLY UNAWARE OF LONG TERM MEMORY.LONG TERM MEMORY CALL IS REFERRED AS

PRECONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS.

TYPES OF MEMORY

Implicit MemoryExplicit Memory

TYPES OF MEMORY

• EXPLICIT MEMORY:THE CONSCIOUS , INTENTIONAL RECOLLECTION OF PREVIOUS

EXPERIENCES AND INFORMATION.ALSO KNOWN AS DECLARATIVE MEMORY.THESE MEMORIES ARE FORMED THROUGH EFFORTFUL PROCESSING.

Episodic MemoriesSpecific life Events

Semantic MemoriesFacts , Words , Concept

TYPES OF MEMORY

• IMPLICIT MEMORY:

PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES AID IN THE PERFORMANCE OF A TASK WITHOUT CONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF THESE PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES.

Procedural MemoriesRide a bike

Conditional MemoriesThe real reason of Pavlov’s dog

salivation

PROCESS OF MEMORY

• THE PROCESS OF MEMORY DEPENDS UPON THREE STEPS:1: ENCODING2: STORAGE3: RETRIEVAL

PROCESS OF MEMORY

Stimulus

SensoryMemory

Duration: 2 Sec

Long Term

Memory

Capacity: UnlimitedDuration: Unlimited

Attention Rehearsal

Forgetting Forgetting Forgetting

Short Term

Memory

Capacity: 7+/- 2

Duration: 20 sec

Retrieval

InputEncoded

MaintenanceRehearsal

MEMORY MODEL

HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR MEMORY ???

MNEMONICS ( A MEMORY AIDS ):THE STRATEGIES USED FOR IMPROVING THE MEMORY.

MNEMONICS

• CHUNKING:

MNEMONICS

• DEEP PROCESSING INSTEAD OF SHALLOW PROCESSING:

MNEMONICS

• VISUALIZATION:

• GREEN• ROPE• KNOB• TEMPER• HARD

MNEMONICS

• SPACING EFFECT:

MNEMONICS

• HIGH HIERATICAL ORGANIZATION:

MNEMONICS

• PERSONAL CONNECTION:

INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE ?INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND COMPLEX IDEAS, TO ADOPT EFFECTIVELY

TO THE ENVIRONMENT, TO LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE, TO ENGAGE TO VARIOUS FORMS OF REASONING, TO OVERCOME OBSTACLES BY TAKING THOUGHT.

-ACCORDING TO AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSOCIATION IN 1995.

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE HOLD THAT INTELLIGENCE CAN BE MEASURED BY INTELLIGENCE TESTS.

BUT SOME RESEARCHERS ARE DISSATISFIED WITH THAT NOTION AND ARGUE THAT INTELLIGENCE TEST IS NOT ENOUGH TO DEFINE INTELLIGENCE

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

1. HOWARD GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

• INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE FEELINGS AND INTENTIONS OF OTHERS.• INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND ONE’S OWN FEELINGS AND MOTIVATIONS• LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO EFFECTIVELY MANIPULATE LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS ONESELF RHETORICALLY OR POETICALLY.

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE• LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO DETECT PATTERNS, REASON PERSUASIVELY AND THINK LOGICALLY.• E. MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE :- CAPACITY TO RECOGNIZE AND COMPOSE MUSICAL PITCHES, TONES AND RHYTHMS.• NATURALIST INTELLIGENCE :- ENABLES HUMAN BEING TO RECOGNIZE, CATEGORIZE AND DRAW UPON CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT.• SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO MANIPULATE AND CREATE MENTAL IMAGES IN ORDER TO SOLVE PROBLEMS• BODILY-KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO USE ONE’S MENTAL ABILITIES TO COORDINATE ONE’S OWN BODILY MOVEMENT.

TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

2. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE BY ROBET STERNBERG’S

INTELLIGENCE HAS THREE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS, THE ANALYTIC, CREATIVE AND PRACTICAL (GOOD AT PROBLEM SOLVING) HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE MUST BE A BALANCE OF THE THREE MENTIONED ASPECTS.

THURSTONE’S MULTIFACTOR THEORY

3. THURSTONE’S MULTIFACTOR THEORY

THIS THEORY WAS FORMULATED BY AN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST LOUIS L. THURTONE. HE STRESSED THAT INDIVIDUAL HAVE AT LEAST SEVEN PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES NAMELY: VERBAL ABILITY, NUMBER, SPATIAL, MEMORY, REASONING AND WORD FLUENCY.

MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENCE

• ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE INTELLIGENCE IS BY MEANS OF INTELLIGENCE TEST.

• STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE (SBIS) :-THIS TEST WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE MENTAL ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN.

MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENCE

THE FORMULA FOR INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT IS

WHEREAS :

IQ = INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT

MA = MENTAL AGE

CA = CHRONOLOGICAL OR ACTUAL AGE

FORMULA IQ=MA/CA X 100

STANFORD - BINET CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE

140 ABOVE--------------------VERY SUPERIOR120-140-----------------------SUPERIOR110-120-----------------------HIGH AVERAGE90 – 110-----------------------NORMAL OR AVERAGE80-90 ---------------------------BELOW AVERAGE70-80 ---------------------------BORDERLINE50-70 ---------------------------MORON25-50 ---------------------------IMBECILE25 BELOW----------------------IDIOT

WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE (WAIS)

THIS TEST WAS DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE GENERAL INTELLIGENCE OF ADULT.

WECHSLER CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE128 AND OVER--------------VERY SUPERIOR120-127---------------------SUPERIOR111-119---------------------BRIGHT NORMAL91-110-----------------------AVERAGE80-90-------------------------DULL NORMAL66-79-------------------------BORDERLINE65 AND BELOW---------------DEFECTIVE

MENTALLY RETARDEDACCORDING TO THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS( DSM-IV),THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MENTALLY RETARDED ARE AS FOLLOWS:

BELOW 70 IQ DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR BECAME

APPARENT BEFORE THE AGE OF 18 

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR REFERS TO THE SKILLS NEEDED TO IVE INDEPENDENTLY THAT ARE

MINIMALLY ACCEPTABLE LEVEL FOR ONE’S AGE.

THREE LEVELS OF MENTALLY RETARDED

• MORON :- EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 12 YEARS AND AN IQ LEVEL OF 50-70• IMBECILE :- TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 7 YEARS AND AN IQ LEVEL OF 25-50• IDIOT :- CUSTODIAL MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 3 YEAR OLD AND AN IQ LEVEL OF BELOW 25  

THE MENTALLY GIFTED• IN 1972, MARLAD DESCRIBES GIFTED STUDENTS AS THOSE

WHO GIVE EVIDENCE OF HIGH ACHIEVEMENT CAPABILITY IN AREAS SUCH AS INTELLECTUAL, CREATIVE, ARTISTIC OR LEADERSHIP CAPACITY, OR IN SPECIFIC ACADEMIC FIELDS.

• SPECIFICALLY, THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY GIFTED ARE AS FOLLOWS

1. 130 IQ AND ABOVE;2. USUALLY TALENTED OR GIFTED; AND,3. ACADEMICALLY SUPERIOR

Computer based Intellegence?

THE HISTORY OF AI

AFTER WWII, A NUMBER OF PEOPLE INDEPENDENTLY STARTED TO WORK ON INTELLIGENT MACHINES. THE ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN ALAN TURING MAY HAVE BEEN THE FIRST. HE GAVE A LECTURE ON IT IN 1947. HE ALSO MAY HAVE BEEN THE FIRST TO DECIDE THAT AI WAS BEST RESEARCHED BY PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS RATHER THAN BY BUILDING MACHINES. BY THE LATE 1950S, THERE WERE MANY RESEARCHERS ON AI, AND MOST OF THEM WERE BASING THEIR WORK ON PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS.

IN THE NEWS

‘EUGENE’ BECOMES FIRST COMPUTER TO PASS THE TURING TEST ' - THESTAR.COM

THAT COMPUTER ACTUALLY GOT AN F ON THE TURING TEST – WIRED.COM IBM'S WATSON STARTED TALKING LIKE HUMANS AFTER LEARNING THE URBAN

DICTIONARY - HTTP://WWW.IBTIMES.COM

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IS THE INTELLIGENCE OF

MACHINES AND ROBOTS AND THE BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE THAT AIMS TO CREATE IT• THE ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEM• THE ABILITY TO ACT LIKE HUMANS

•HOW COMPLICATED IS OUR BRAIN?• NEURON• 10 12 NEURONS IN A HUMAN BRAIN• MANY MORE SYNAPSES (10 14) CONNECTING THESE NEURONS• CYCLE TIME: 10 -3 SECONDS (1 MILLISECOND)

•HOW COMPLEX CAN WE MAKE COMPUTERS?• 108 OR MORE TRANSISTORS PER CPU • SUPERCOMPUTER: HUNDREDS OF CPUS, 1012 BITS OF RAM • CYCLE TIMES: ORDER OF 10 - 9 SECONDS

•CONCLUSIONYES• LESS INTERCONNECTIONS (WIRES OR SYNAPSES) • FASTER

APPLICATIONS OF AI:•NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING

AND SPEECH RECOGNITION•COMPUTER VISION• INTELLIGENT ROBOT•EXPERT SYSTEMS•PERSONAL ASSISTANTS

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING• TO DESIGN AND BUILD SOFTWARE THAT WILL ANALYZE

UNDERSTAND AND GENERATE LANGUAGES THAT HUMAN USE NATURALLY.

SPEECH RECOGNITION• PROCESS OF CONVERTING SOUND SIGNAL CAPTURED

BY MICROPHONE OR MOBILE/TELEPHONE TO A SET OF WORDS.

• 70-100 WORDS / MIN WITH ACCURACY OF 90%

COMPUTER VISION• ABILITY OF A MACHINE TO EXTRACT INFORMATION

FROM AN IMAGE THAT IS NECESSARY TO SOLVE A TASK

IMAGE ACQUISITION IMAGE PROCESSING IMAGE ANALYSIS IMAGE UNDERSTANDING

INTELLIGENT ROBOT• TEND TO MIMIC HUMAN

SENSING AND DECISION MAKING ABILITIES SO THAT THEY CAN ADOPT THEMSELVES TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS AND MODIFY THEIR ACTIONS.

EXPERT SYSTEMS

• A PIECE OF SOFTWARE WHICH USES DATABASES OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE TO OFFER ADVICE OR MAKE DECISIONS IN SUCH AREAS AS MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS.

• THESE ARE SOFTWARES USED FOR DECISION MAKING

PERSONNAL ASSISTANTS

CORTANA SIRI GOOGLE NOW

MY POINT OF VIEW

I THINK AI WOULD BE GOOD FOR US. IT WILL ALLOW THE AI TO DO OUR BAD JOBS AND OTHER HARMFUL THINGS THAT AFFECT THE HUMAN BODY. FOR EXAMPLE LIKE MINING FOR DIAMONDS OR COAL.

MEMORY MANIPULATION

IN WEB & INTERNET

TO COME UNDER THE LIMELIGHT OF “SHORT TERM”

MEMORY OF TARGETED USER SHIP.ALSO CALLED GOOGLE EFFECT.

PRIMING TECHNIQUE• TO HIGHLIGHT SOME PART IN SUCH A WAY THAT USER’S

SUBCONSCIOUS MIND PONDERS OVER IT.

PRIMING AS A WAY TO HIGHLIGHT YOUR MESSAGE

PRIMING GONE WRONG

WEBSITE RE-DESIGN• DISRUPTS MEMORY PROCESSING OF USERS• CAN BE SUICIDAL IF GONE WRONG• HAS TO DO IN BITS

THE “WISH LIST” PHENOMENON• PEOPLE USED TO FORGET IN LATER VISITS WHAT THEY

HAVE LIKED IN PREVIOUS VISIT• THAN AMAZON.COM INTRODUCED “WISH LIST” FEATURE• SALES INCREASED BY 42%

SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER• SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER IS A MENTAL ILLNESS THAT IS RELATED

TO THE GENERALIZED SOCIAL ANXIETY, WHICH ACQUIRES WHEN THE SOCIAL MEDIA INTERFERES WITH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF A HUMAN BEING .

• INDIVIDUALS WHO CAN RELATE THEMSELVES TO THE SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER FEAR THAT INTERACTING WITHPEOPLE WILL GIVE RISE TO THE FEELINGS LIKE EVALUATION, JUDGMENTS, INFERIORITY AND SELF CONSCIOUSNESS.

• IT OFTEN LEADS TO THE FEELINGS LIKE DEPRESSION, INADEQUACY AND EMBARRASSMENT. AFTER DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM, SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER IS CONSIDERED AS THE THIRD LEADING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER IN W ORLD.

SYMPTOMS• BEING IN A GROUP OF FRIENDS AND INTERRUPTING THE CONVERSATION JUST TO SPEAK ABOUT THE

LATEST COMMENT ON THEIR FACEBOOK UPDATE.

• STAY AWAY FROM SOCIAL SITUATIONS WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS JUST TO KEEP UP WITH THE NEWS ON TWITTER.

• CHECKING THE SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND TWITTER AMIDST AN IMPORTANT CHORE TO SEE IF SOMEONE HAS LEFT A COMMENT OR NOT.

• ADDING STRANGERS HAPHAZARDLY TO YOUR TWITTER AND FACEBOOK ACCOUNTS.

• SPENDING A LONG TIME LIKE 8 OR MORE HOURS A DAY, ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES.

• FEELING A KIND OF ATTACHMENT TO THE PHONE AND COMPUTER LIKE NOTHING ELSE IS MORE IMPORTANT THANTHOSE ARE.

• TEND TO GET ANXIOUS WHEN COMMENTS OR PICTURES ARE NOT TAGGED OR POSTED IN THE RIGHT MANNER.

• CONSTANTLY CHECKING THE NUMBER OF FOLLOWERS ON YOUR TWITTER ACCOUNT.

HOW TO OVERCOME??1.ADMITTANCE OF HAVING A PROBLEM AND STAYING AWAY FROM DENIALS.

2. SPECULATE THE AMOUNT OF TIME YOU ARE SPENDING ON SOCIAL SITES. USE A TIMER AND RESTRICT THE USE OFTHE INTERNET FOR LONG HOURS.

3. TURN OFF ALL SOCIAL NOTIFICATIONS.

4. FORM A SCHEDULE FOR CHECKING THE FACEBOOK STATUS AND STICK TO IT AT ALL TIMES.

5. ASK OTHERS OR LEARN THROUGH YOUR BEHAVIOR IF YOU ARE RUNNING AWAY FROM A PROBLEM ON FACEBOOK OR OTHER SITES. LEARN TO DEAL WITH THE SITUATION RATHER THAN RUNNING AWAY.

6. TAKE A BREAK FOR A MONTH FROM FACEBOOK AND SEE HOW YOU FEEL DURING THE COURSE. TRY TO COPE UP WITH YOUR OFFLINE ACTIVITIES AT WORK, SCHOOL OR HOME AS WELL. YOU MAY BE SURPRISED WITH SOME REWARDING RESULTS.

7. MAKE A LIST OF ALL THE THINGS THAT YOU WOULD LOVE DOING OTHER THAN SPENDING SOME TIME ON SOCIAL MEDIA SITE LIKE FACEBOOK. START PLANNING AND STICK TO THE PLAN FOR CARRYING OUT THESE ACTIVITIES.

8. IT IS ALSO RECOMMENDED TO BLOCK SOCIAL MEDIA SITES FOR SOME TIME AND NEVER TO BE TEMPTED WITH IT. THIS IS JUST LIKE DECIDING THAT YOU DO NOT HAVE TO CONSUME ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE OR CIGARETTES THAT TEMPT YOUR BODY OR MIND.

Any Question ?