medieval europe 500-1500. russell ’ s rule to the middle ages: major questions about the middle...
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Medieval Europe
500-1500
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Russell’s Rule to the Middle Ages:
Major questions about the Middle Ages (according to the regents) deal with:
1) Feudalism (weak central gov’t)2) Rise and power of Catholic Church3) The Crusades and the increase in trade
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The Good and the Bad
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Germanic invasions lead to fall of Roman Empire which also led to:
Results of the Fall of
Rome
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1) Breakdown of trade
Fear of bandits and without someone to “police” people stopped trading
= Less money, Less power, more isolation
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2) Cities destroyed
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3) Population Shift
People move out of “center” of Civilization and begin moving to North and Countryside
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4) Learning decreased
a. Germanic invaders were not educated leaving only priest and other high officials educated
b. People could not read ancient texts of Greeks or Romans (culture lost)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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5) Loss of common languagea. Germanic people
spoke different language leading to Latin changing in to different dialects such as Spanish and French
b. DIFFERENT LANGUAGES SEPARATE PEOPLE
Homer says” Latin, who needs
Latin? I’m never going to use Latin”
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After the Fall of Rome, many people went searching for
stability in everyday life,
Where do people search for stability?- Individually - Society
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6) THE CHURCH!!!!!!
Increase in power of RCC!
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Life began to surround itself around the Church
Going to ChurchHolidaysBehaviors
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Education
Roman Catholic Church became source of education for many
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The Arts
Mostly church relatedGothic ArchitectureFlying Buttresses Stained Glass
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Age of Faith: Gothic Architecture
Economy: Monasteries and churches often had their own lands and produced food and wine with the help of the peasants.
THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH
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Tithe
Tax by the Church, each person must give 1/10 income to Church
Another example of RCC increase in power.
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This left Europe weak for many years until…
Life became chaosNothing was stable
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Charlemagne (Charles the Great)united Europe 771 ad
-created greatest empire since Ancient Rome
-Frank (German) King, 6’4
-Spread Christianity-Pope crowned him Emperor
signifying alliance between Germans, Church, and former Roman Empire
Created Holy Roman Empire1st Reich
Died in 814
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So what happened after Charlemagne?
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WEAK RULERSDivided Empire amongst sons…too weakRulers that followed Charlemagne were weak and
empire would be divided in 3 parts-This lack of strong leadership lead to Feudalism in Europe
o Nobles often fought over power with one another
o Viking invasions also helped weaken rulers and villages
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Political Systems of the Middle Ages
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People searched for safety
Answer: Feudalism
Remember Feudalism is the political term Manor system or manorialism is the economic term for this system
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Without a strong central body of power keeping peace,
people searched for
security
Feudalism King Lord
Knight Peasant
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OATH OF FEALTY
THE BASIS OF MEDIEVAL ECONOMY WAS THE FIEF, OR PARCEL OF LAND GIVEN AFTER AN OATH OF LOYALTY IN EXCHANGE FOR SERVICES.
VASSALS (lesser lords and knights) pledged their loyalty.
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FEUDALISM
Kings were Relatively Weak
Decentralized political system LORDS, LAND, AND LOYALTY
Isolated, Self-Sufficient Manors
Lords and Nobles control the domain or fiefOaths of Fealty to one’s liege lordLand was the basis of wealthProtection was exchanged for loyalty and land
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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SERFS AND SERFDOMSerfs were tied to the land. They could not leave, marry, etc. without the lord’s permission.
A serf was at the bottom of the manor system.
They worked the lord’s land, and often the church estates, and then could tend their own small plot of land they received in exchange for these services.
LABOR!!LAND!
SERFS ALSO GOT PROTECTION !
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KING
NOBLES
LESSER LORDS
KNIGHTS
SERFS
Feudal Society
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Economics:MANORIALISM
AGRARIAN TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
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AGRARIAN MANORIALISMA SELF-SUFFICIENT ECONOMY
BASED ON AGRICULTURE
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THE MANOR HOUSE
THE LORD’S HOUSE WAS THE BIGGEST ONE BUT OFTEN NOT VERY SANITARY. IF HE LIVED IN A CASTLE, IT WAS COLD AND DAMP. THE LORD HAD CONTROL OF ALL OF THOSE IN HIS DESMESNE (domain). THEY WORKED OR PROVIDE MILITARY SERVICES FOR HIM. HE PROTECTED THEM IN HIS CASTLE IN TIMES OF DANGER.
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THE MANOR SYSTEM
ANYTHING NOT PRODUCED ON THE LORD’S MANOR COULD BE BARTERED.
MONEY WAS RARELY USED AFTER ROME’S EMPIRE COLLAPSED.
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MEDIEVAL FARM TOOLS
THE AX
THE FLAILTHE RAKE
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MEDIEVAL FARM TOOLS
LONG HANDLED SCYTHE AND THE SICKLE
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MEDIEVAL FARM TOOLS
HAYMAKING FORK AND SPADE
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THE 3 FIELD SYSTEMGray - Woodlands; the building blocks of the manor.
Green - The 3 Fields; crops were rotated each season on land owned by the Lord and worked by the serfs.
Purple - The Lord's house, land and pond.
Burnt Orange - The villager's homes.
Yellow - Small plots of land serfs could work themselves for their own benefit.
Blue - the stream used by all.
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THE PLOUGH (PLOW)
In the Middle Ages, three inventions would help increase food production:
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HORSE HARNESSThe Ox was a slow animal, but the ox harness was lethal to the horse. Once a new harness was designed, “horse power” was used.
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WINDMILL
WATERMILLS KEPT PEASANTS NEAR RIVERS. BUT THE WINDMILL EXPANDED WHERE GRAIN COULD BE GROUND.
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What do these inventions mean
Increase food productionIncrease populationLess people needed to farm
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KNIGHTS
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Knights
Soldiers of the Middle Ages
For a Fief, would pledge loyalty to defend Lords/Kings lands
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MEDIEVAL TOURNAMENT
IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES, THERE WERE FEWER INVADERS SO KNIGHTS WOULD FIGHT IN ENTERTAINMENT CALLED TOURNAMENTS.
CHIVALRY WAS THE IDEAL CODE OF HONOR THAT A KNIGHT SHOULD FIGHT, LIVE, AND DIE BY.
Soldiers mounted on horsebackProtect nobles or kings possessions
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Code of Chivalry
Moral/ethical code of the knights
Behaviors of what is right/wrong
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Tournaments:
when knights were not at war. (just like in A Knight’s Tale)
- Jousting- sword fighting
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MEDIEVAL WEAPONS
LONG BOW
CROSS BOW
SWORD
Trebuchet
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Medieval Women
Role of Women in Feudal society - little or no power - could inherit land- home activities or convent
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Rise of the Guild System:
-people, especially the poor, without education were unsure of how to better their lives.
-What is the guild system? Page 388 in text take notes
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Question to answer
1) What is a guild?
2) What is the purpose of the guild system?
3) What are the different levels of the guild system?
4) What are some examples of guilds?
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GuildsGuild system –
organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working together to improve economic and social conditions
Apprenticejourneyman.Master
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Middle Age living conditions
Small damp homesDirt Floors2 or 3 baths a yearGarbage in streetsFecal matter in streetsDead bodiesVery few had hot water
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What is a castle for?
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Wars
Numerous Wars (Hundred Years war between France and Britain and pillaging by Vikings and barbarians of lands)
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Hundred Years War: 1337 -1453
England vs. France-Fought over who was heir to French throne
when King died-English ruler Edward III believed it was
him because he was the grandson of Philip IV of France
-Joan of Arc- France eventually gets England off soilIncrease nationalistic feelings
VS
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Black DeathAlso known as the Bubonic Plague People
thought the apocalypse was coming
people were scared that God was punishing them
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Black Death
1/3 of Europe’s population goneWorkers decreaseProductivity decreaseTrade decrease
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Middle Ages: Good or bad
Good3 field systemHorse
harnessIron PlowGuild SystemChivalryResults of
CrusadesCommercial
Revolution
Bad
-Feudalism
-Education
-Living Conditions
-War (100 years war, Crusades
-Disease black death
-Life of a serf