Media Timeline.•Ellen Brooking

•A2 Media Studies

History of Music Videos. 1902-1917: The phonoscène era

The phonoscène was a forerunner of sound film. It combined a chronophone sound recording with a chronograph film shot with actors lip-synching to the sound recording. The recording and film were

synchronized by a mechanism patented by Leon Gaumont in 1902. The first phonoscènes were presented by Gaumont in 1902 in France.

1926-1959: Talkies, soundies, and shorts

In 1926, with the arrival of "talkies" many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers. Spooney Melodies in 1930 was the first true musical video series. Shorts were typically six minutes in duration, and featured Art Deco-style animations

and backgrounds combined with film of the performer singing.

1960–1967: Visual innovation

In 1961, for Canadian show Singalong Jubilee, Manny Pittson began pre-recording the music audio, went on-location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip-synching, then edited the audio and

video together. Most music numbers were taped in-studio on stage, and the location shoot "videos" were to add variety. In 1963, singer Kyu Sakamoto is featured on the Japanese television program

Shall We Meet At Seven? singing eight of his best-known songs, including his international hit Sukiyak. Sakamoto is shown singing the latter as he walks through an alley past barrels.

One of the earliest Videos of a Top 40 hit, was Jan & Dean's "Surf City", produced in Summer 1963, contemporaneous with the single release reaching Number One nationally in July 1963 (ref:

Wikipedia). Filmed on location on Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu, it's a period-piece, capturing much of the atmosphere and vibe of the Southern California early 1960s beach scene. This video is

readily available for download and viewing on YouTube.com.

Another early performance clip was The Animals's 1964 hit “House of the Rising Sun".This high-quality colour clip was filmed in a studio on a specially-built set; with the group lip-synching.

1974–1980 – Beginnings of music television

United Kingdom

In 1975, The Who released their all-music feature film Tommy, directed by Ken Russell, based upon their 1969 rock opera of the same name. Also in 1975, the band Queen ordered Bruce Growers to

make a promo video for their new single "Bohemian Rhapsody" to show it in Top of The Pops; this is also notable for being entirely shot and edited on videotape.

History of Music Videos.The Alan Parker film adaptation of Pink Floyd The Wall transformed the group's 1979 concept double-LP of the same title into a

confrontational and apocalyptic audio-visual labyrinth of stylised, expressionistic images, sounds, melodies and lyrics.

The long-running British Rock music show "The Old produced a number of pioneering videos made especially for the program throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. These included a video of Frank Zappa's "City of Tiny Lights" made using claymation

and videos made for performers such as Television, Led Zeppelin, Genesis, Pink Floyd and Mike Oldfield. The executive producer of The Old Grey Whistle Test was Mike Appleton. Derek Burbidge and Kate Humphreys directed and videoed many of the artists. The audio was always of prime importance. Gregg Baily was the recordist for the show on location. Although many assumed the bands were playing live, due to technical issues and the need to ensure performances were controlled, the bands

often recorded the performance on the day of shooting prior to taping, and then mimed to this "live" track. Other directors and camera operators were Martin Pitts in the USA, and for England, John Metcalfe and Tim Pope and many others. Location shoots

all over the world were an essential part of the program. Martin Pitts Directed clips for the Bee Gees that aired on the show.

United States

American alternative punk rock group Devo created many self-produced music videos, which were included in the pioneering compilation "The Truth About Devolution", directed by Chuck Statler. Devo's video cassette releases were arguably among the first true long-form video productions. Also, one of their music videos "The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprise" was the first to

use computer and traditional animation.Shock-rocker Alice Cooper took a video of his Welcome To My Nightmare concert showcasing the intense visual performance it gave.Alice Cooper himself makes reference to making one of the first music videos

on the promotional videos for his album Along Came A Spider.

1981–1991: Music videos go mainstream

In 1981, the U.S. video channel MTV launched, airing "Video Killed The Radio Star" and beginning an era of 24-hour-a-day music on television. With this new outlet for material, the music video would, by the mid-1980s, grow to play a central role in popular music marketing. Many important acts of this period, most notably Adam and The Ants, Duran Duran and Madonna,

owed a great deal of their success to the skilful construction and seductive appeal of their videos.

Examples of Music Videos.

The Animals - House of The Rising Sun: www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwAw9ThDQmkQueen - Bohemian Rhapsody: www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJ9rUzIMcZQ

Jan & Dean - Surf City: www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNwqa-QzAecThe Buggles - Video Killed The Radio City: www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8r-tXRLazs

Michael Jackson - Thriller: www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ_ExkfcBao

History of Rock.Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in 1950s America and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as blues and folk, and

incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.

Blues Based Rock – 1963-1970The rock revolution of the 1960s seen through the life and music of Jimi Hendrix. The first doomed icon of rock, Hendrix was the

synthesis of everything that had gone before him and all that was to come. The Birth Of Rock also explores the influence of rhythm & blues on a generation of British musicians such as The Rolling Stones, Cream and The Who, and how the song-writing of Bob Dylan and studio

developments of The Beatles transformed the possibilities and ambitions of rock.Art Rock – 1966-1980

The story of how artistic and conceptual expression permeated rock. From the pop-art multi-media experiments of Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground to the sinister gentility of Peter Gabriel's Genesis, White Light, White Heat traces how rock became a vehicle for artistic

ideas and theatrical performance. We follow Pink Floyd from the fated art school genius of Syd Barrett through the global success of Dark Side of the Moon to the ultimate rock theatre show, The Wall. Along the way, the film explores the retro-futurism of Roxy Music and the

protean world of David Bowie.Punk- 1973-1980

A tale of two cities, London and New York and the birth of punk. Each city created a bastard child that marked the biggest and fundamental shift in popular music since Elvis walked into Sun Studios. Blank Generation unpicks the relationship between the bankrupt

New York and the class and race-riven London of the mid-1970's and explores the music of The Sex Pistols, The Clash, Ramones, Television, Patti Smith, The Damned and Buzzcocks.

Heavy Metal- 1970-1991The story of the longest surviving and certainly the loudest genre of rock, heavy metal. With no sign of disappearing, metal has been the most controversial and misunderstood of all rock genres. Emerging at the tail end of the hippy dream from the rust belt of industrial England, heavy metal would go on to secure the most loyal fan base of all. With Black Sabbath as the undisputed Godfathers, we follow their highs and

lows, and, along the journey, meet Deep Purple, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden and Metallica.

History of rock.Stadium Rock – 1965 - 1993

We Are The Champions follows the development of some the biggest names in Rock, among them Queen, Bruce Springsteen, The Police and Dire Straits and shows how, through events such as Live Aid and the rise of MTV, rock

achieved a global influence on culture and politics. The film concludes in the early 90s, as U2 effectively brought the era to a close by reinventing the big rock show so completely, that fifteen years later most major rock tours are still pale

facsimiles.Alternative Rock – 1980-1994

The rise of alternative rock in the USA. From its early underground days where bands like Black Flag drew inspiration from the DIY ethos of punk, Left Of The Dial traces the history of the network of fans, clubs and fanzines that sustained

the scene and launched the careers of bands like REM, The Pixies and Hüsker Dü. The film takes a fresh look at the explosion of the Seattle scene, culminating in the success of Nirvana's 'Nevermind' and the tragic loss of Kurt Cobain, an

artist whose triumph and tragedy continues to cast an inescapable shadow.Indie – 1980-2007

The story of British indie, beginning with The Smiths, the archetypal indie group. The film follows The Stone Roses as the heirs to the indie crown, Suede's dark sexuality and the media saturation of Brit-pop's Blur v Oasis. What The

World Is Waiting For explores how indie ultimately lost its once cherished intimacy and integrity in front of 250,000 fans at Oasis's Knebworth spectacle in 1996 and how, by returning to its roots in clubs and bars (and even front rooms) with

bands such as Franz Ferdinand, The Libertines and The Arctic Monkeys, indie became respectable again.

Examples of rock music.

Oasis – Don’t Look Back In Anger: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-ysg62GmFoBill Haley & The Comets: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5fsqYctXgM

The Clash – London Calling: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfK-WX2pa8cR.E.M. – Losing My Religion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=if-UzXIQ5vw

Iron Maiden – Run To The Hills: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geHLdg_VNww

Summary of Rock Music Videos.Rock music videos initially began by showing pre recorded shows then relaying them to other TV shows and to other channels. The change into what we know

music video’s happened during the late 60s early 70s where bands began to create video that showed the band creating a visual experience for the audience however

this plan then transcended in to full feature length films such as HELP! By the Beatles. One of the first video’s that used new technologies to create an interaction

with the audience is the video to Bohemian Rhapsody to create the light and the multiple imagery within the video. Rock music has an ever changing conventions

as the genre has moved on so much that it allows ever expanding conventions to be created. Rock music video’s used to be based around the idea of viewing the band playing music to the idea that drugs, sex and rock and roll was the most important part to now where storylines are an extremely important part of what is ‘normal’

within music videos.

Influences.

All of the work I have done looking at the development of rock music and the music video industry have influenced the way that I want my video to be filmed and what I

want it to look like after the editing process. I want my music video to have a fun and summery vibe which has been influenced by the cross section of videos I have

looked at. I want my music film to have a storyline which has been influenced by the appearance of storylines in video’s in the 70s and the 80s. My video ideas have been influenced by video’s from David Bowies to Madonna and this is what I will try and recreate in my video. I really way my video to have a indie film look to it so I shall use a variety of different shot types that change at a rapid pace as well as using a lot

of point of view shots which will allow me to create a more intimate feel to the video. Foster The Peoples video really helped me to envisage what I want my

video’s to look like.

Digipak. Digipaks typically consist of a gatefold paperboard or card stock outer binding, with one or more plastic trays capable of holding a

CD or DVD attached to the inside. Digipaks were created to increase the content of a normal CD which is used to increase

interest and sales as it is not just purely a CD. They tend to feature a CD/DVD both and exclusive information such as pictures.

IMPAC Group, Inc. originally owned the Digipak trademark. That company was acquired by MeadWestvaco (MWV) in 2000 and

folded into its AGI Media division. Following this acquisition, the Digipak name and designs were licensed to manufacturers around the world. MWV sold AGI Media to Atlas Holdings in 2010. In 2012, Atlas purchased Shorewood Packaging from International Paper and merged the two companies to create AGI-Shorewood.

Although less vulnerable to cracking than a jewel case, the disc tray inside the package (particularly the "teeth" of the hub which

secure the disc in place) remains rather brittle and is prone to cracking if the package is crushed. Digipak-style cases grew in popularity among record labels and recording artists in the early

2000s.

Magazine Advertisement.Advertising is integral to the music industry as

revenue can be created from the sales of advertisement as well as the attraction and gaining of

an audience that a chosen advert can bring to a magazine. By placing an advert in a magazine a wider audience can be reached which ultimately may help your product with increased sales from an audience

that may have not have been reached without the advert.

Adverts can contain a theme of house style developed by the artist which allows the product to attract a new audience as well as identifying with an already formed

audience. Images of the artist and text that relates to the audience will help the advert to catch the attention

of the reader. Magazine adverts are often placed in magazine that

contain similar ideals and looks so that there is a connection between the reader and the advert ensuring

maximum sales and attraction which is the ultimate aim for the product.

Bibliography of References.

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_videowww.youtube.com

http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/