measurement of some biochemical … · measurement of some biochemical parameters in cattle with...

1

MEASUREMENT OF SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN

CATTLE WITH THROMBOTIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS

By Ayman Kamal Ahmed

B.V.Sci.(2000) University of Khartoum

Supervisor Dr. Barakat Elhussein

A thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement of the Degree of Master of Science in Biochemistry

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum

July 2007

2

DEDICATION

To my Islamic nation, father and mother, my brother Ashraf and sisters Ghada and Eiman, my dear wife Reem,

my lovely children Amro and Alla, all my family and friends.

3

Acknowledgements

There are often times many people in the background of research such as this whose

names do not appear in final publication, but without their sharing, input, support, and

other efforts, none of this would be possible.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank and acknowledge all of the people

that have helped to make this a ppositive experience and allowed me to gain the knowledge

or tools necessary to complete this project.

I would first like to thank my advisor, D.Barakat Elhussein, for his patience and for

teaching me how to focus on an objective and attain it.

I thank all of the staff of the biochemistry. I thank the Military Hospital in sharing

laboratory facilities and always willing to help.

4

LIST OF CONTENTS Page

i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii LIST OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES

vi ABSTRACT vii ARABIC ABSTRACT

1 INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 3 1.1 Thrombotic meningoencephalitis in cattle 5 1.2 The effect of bacterial endotoxins on the following

Biochemical parameters 5 1.2.1 Triglycerides 7 1.2.2 Albumin 8 1.2.3 Total protein 8 1.2.4 Urea and creatinine

10 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIAL AND METHODS 10 2.1 Animals 10 2.2 Diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus 10 2.3 Blood smears 11 2.4 Faecal samples 11 2.4.1 Sedimentation 11 2.4.2 Flotation 11 2.5 Serum samples 12 2.6 Serum chemistry 12 2.6.1 Serum triglycerides determination 13 2.6.2 Serum albumin determination 14 2.6.3 Serum total protein determination 15 2.6.4 Serum urea determination 17 2.6.5 Serum creatinine determination 18 2.6.6 Statistical analysis

19 CHAPTER THREE: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 19 3.1 Serum chemistry findings 19 3.1.1 Serum triglycerides 19 3.1.2 Serum albumin

5

21 3.1.3 Serum total protein 25 3.1.4 Serum urea and creatinine 28 CONCLUSION 29 REFERENCES

6

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table (1): Level of serum triglycerides, albumin, total protein, urea, 20 creatinine in cattle with thrombotic meningoencephalitis compared to the control.

7

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Fig. (1): Serum triglycerides level in cattle with thrombotic mening- 22

oencephalitis compared to the control

Fig. (2): Serum albumin level in cattle with thrombotic meningoen- 23

cephalitis compared to the control

Fig. (3): Serum total protein level in cattle with thrombotic mening- 24

oencephalitis compared to the control

Fig. (1): Serum urea level in cattle with thrombotic meningoencep- 26

halitis compared to the control

Fig. (1): Serum creatinine level in cattle with thrombotic meningo- 27

encephalitis compared to the control

8

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to evaluate serum chemistry in cross-breed

cattle (Friesian-Kenana) infected with thrombotic meningoencephalitis

compared to the control.

The results showed that, there were significant increases (P≥0.05) in

triglycerides, albumin, total protein, urea, and creatinine levels in the infected

cattle compared to the control.

9

ملخص الدراســــــة

الهجين األبقار في كيمياء مصل الدم في البحث هو هذه الدراسة الهدف من اجراء

).الهيش(المصابة بمرض التهاب الدماغ والسحايا الخثري ) كنانة- فريزيان(

الجلسريدات الثالثية،في ) P≥0.05( وجود زيادة معنوية أظهرتنتائج تحليل العينات

. مقارنة بالسليمة المصابةاألبقاراليوريا والكرياتينين في ،البروتين، االلبيومين

10

Introduction

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis in cattle is a septicaemic life

threatening disease caused by Haemophilus somnus, characterized by pyrexia, in-

coordination, depression, ataxia, weakness, coma and death within several

hours to several days. The severe losses due to mortality and drop of milk

production have raised the necessity of its investigation (Humphery and

Stephens, 1983).

Haemophilus somnus that causes the disease adheres to the endothelium of

vessels, resulting in contraction, exposure of collagen, platelet adhesion and

thrombosis formation (Aiello and Mays, 1998).

The primary pathological process in the tissues of animals was vasculitis,

accompanied by thrombosis, septic infarction and interruption of the blood

supply, in the brain, myocardium, pericardium, pleura, skeletal muscles, and

the kidney (Kennedy et al., 1960; Humphery and Stephens, 1983).

Noro et al. (1995) reported that Haemophilus somnus endotoxins caused

lipid metabolism impairment. Also it was stated that the blood lipoprotein and

triglycerides levels were elevated due to an increased synthesis of lipids in the

liver consequent to bacterial endotoxins action (Romanosky et al., 1980).

Furthermore bacterial endotoxins induced protein synthesis in the liver,

and resulted in an increased blood protein level including albumin (Biolo et al.,

1997).

Bacterial endotoxins also caused tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis

which altered renal function resulting in accumulation of urea and creatinine in

blood (Haybron et al., 1987; Vinen and Oliveira, 2003).

According to these facts, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect

of thrombotic meningoencephalitis on the levels of serum triglycerides,

albumin, total protein, urea, and creatinine of the infected cattle compared to

the control which could be of significance in the diagnosis of the disease.

11

CHAPTER ONE

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis in cattle:

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (formally known as thromboembolic

meningoencephalitis and locally known as Elheesh) is specific, usually fatal

septiceamia-like disease of young cattle. The disease is caused by asmall

pleomorphic Gram-negative coccobacillus Heamophilus somnus (Humphery and

Stephens, 1983). Heamophilus somnus is also the etiological agent of other bovine

diseases such as pneumonia, abortion, infertility, arthritis and myocarditis (Wu

et al., 2000).

The first report of thrombotic meningoencephalitis was issued by Griner

et al. (1956) in Colorado. The disease was then reported in the United States

(Kennedy et al., 1960; Panciera et al., 1968; Olander et al., 1970; Shigidi and

Hoerlein, 1970; Smith and Biberstein, 1977). Most cases in animals occurred

between 4 months to 3 years of age (Saunders et al., 1980; Carrillo et al.,

1993). In Sudan, Haemophilus somnus - like organism was isolated by Elsanousi

(1998) (unpublished) from kafori Military Diary Farm in Khartoum State.

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis was reported in dairy animals (Saunders

et al., 1980; Sanfacon and Higgins, 1983) and in pastured cattle (Panciera et al.,

1968; Smith and Biberstein, 1977; Donkergoed et al., 1993 ) although it was a

disease of feedlot young cattle as firstly reported by Kennedy et al. (1960). The

pathogen was also found in intensive and extensive fatting operations (Rusvai

and Folder, 1998; Miklos and Izadpanah, 1999).

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis is most prevalent in winter months

(Little and Sorensen, 1969). Outbreaks were reported during wet and

moderately cold weather (Humphery and Stephens, 1983). In addition, a

marked seasonal winter and autumn incidence was observed (Orr, 1992).

Humphery and Stephens (1983) mentioned two forms of the disease,

acute characterized by sudden death or animal found moribund, and sub-acute

12

or chronic characterized by lameness and stiffness of limbs. The affected

animals in the early stage of the acute form showed signs of stiffness, pyrexia,

dyspnea, anorexia, and decreased milk production (Kennedy et al., 1960;

Williams et al., 1978; ELsanousi, 1998) (unpuplished).

Humphery and Stephens (1983) mentioned that the neurological

disturbances which developed later included ataxia, paralysis, excitement,

circling, irritability, muscle tremors, involuntary paddling of legs and terminal

coma.

In the chronic form, lameness developed due to arthritis or polyarthritis.

Also firm swelling of particular region were observed (Corboz and Wild,

1981).

On necropsy of an animal which had died of thrombotic

meningoencephalitis, the lesions were grossly described as follows: multiple or

single hemorrhagic foci of diameter ranged from 1 to 4 cm with colour varied

from bright to brown in many parts of the brain, the meninges were

hemorrhagic and congested and the lungs showed massive hemorrhage and

congestion with interstitial pulmonary odema (Kennedy et al., 1960). Focal

hemorrhagic necrosis in the kidney, the pericardial sac contained excess fluid

and fibrinopurulent or suppurative poly-arthritis was noticed. Also petechial

hemorrhage was seen throughout the intestinal tract, and skeletal muscles

(Williams et al., 1978; Kitching et al., 1985).

Histopathological changes were reported as follows: bacteriological

vasculitis which led to thrombosis and subsequent, septic areas of infarction,

microabscessation and focal necrosis in the brain (Kennedy et al., 1960;

Stephens et al., 1981; Kitching et al., 1985 ), severe fibriopurulent meningitis

accompanied by neutrophil infiltration (Ishikawa et al., 1984; Szalay et al.,

1994) and similar lesions to those of the brain in the myocardium, skeletal

muscles, kidney, retina, and mucosa of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and

spleen .

1.2 The effect of bacterial endotoxins on the following

biochemical parameters:

13

1.2.1 Triglycerides:

Triglycerides constitute the majority of lipids in the body. They have a

major role in lipid transport and storage, and in various diseases such as obesity

and hyperlipoproteinemia (Bell and Coleman, 1980).

Triglycerides must be hydrolyzed in the adipose tissue and plasma by

hormone sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase respectively, to their constituent

fatty acids and glycerol. Much of this hydrolysis occurs in the adipose tissue

with the release of free fatty acids into plasma, where they are found combined

with serum albumin (Bell and Coleman, 1980).

Endotoxins produced by Gram-negative bacteria induce vasculitis which

lately develops to thrombosis and altered blood flow and causes damage to

various organs such as kidney, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, and liver

(Romanosky et al., 1980).

Since the liver has an important role in regulation of plasma lipids, the

extent of the damage to this organ by each infection may alter its function.

During infection, bacterial endotoxins increase liver synthesis of lipids and

decrease lipids catabolism within this organ. Therefore, infection is

accompanied by modification of plasma concentration of a large group of lipids

originating from the liver, such as triglycerides and free fatty acids (Hirsch et

al., 1964).

Triglycerides content of liver responds rapidly to toxic substances.

Bacterial endotoxins have an inhibitory effect on the activity of postheparin

lipoprotein lipase which, in turn, results in an elevated level of plasma

triglycerides (Kessler et al., 1962).

Noro et al. (1995) suggested that increased level of low density

lipoprotein (LDL) and the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions in

serum were associated with high concentration of Haemophilus somnus

endotoxins.

Triglycerides increase in VLDL and LDL in the plasma due to bacterial

endotoxins, which induced hypertriglyceridaemia by inhibition

of lipoprotein lipase activity (Feingold et al., 1992).

14

VLDL accumulation was primarily responsible for the increase in plasma

triglycerides. Later, LDL also make substantial contribution to the increase in

plasma triglycerides, these lipoproteins become enriched in triglycerides

(Feingold et al., 1992).

The reason that triglyceride are enriched in LDL is not clear but it may be

due to inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (Kawakami et al., 1986). Formation of

endotoxin lipoprotein complexes and lipoprotein oxidation may also contribute

to the LDL accumulation (Liao and Floren , 1993).

1.2.2 Albumin:

Bacterial infections produce principle changes in the infected animals,

which include reduction in food intake, fall in body weight, and an increase

liver protein synthesis. Liver total protein synthesis is increased with each

infection (Rooyackers et al., 1994). The responses of liver to infection is also

characterized by a 50% increase in RNA content. Liver synthesizes both

exported and nonexported proteins. Therefore, infection is accompanied by an

increase of plasma concentration of a large group of proteins synthesized in the

liver (Vary and Kimball, 1992). Albumin is the major protein secreted by the

liver, because it represents 50% of the productive effort at any moment, and its

synthesis amounts to about 11-18% of the total liver protein synthesis in well

fed animals. Therefore, increased albumin synthesis during infection is

proportional to the increase in protein synthesis by the liver (Rothschild et al.,

1988).

Despite the role of albumin as a transport vehicle for many kinds of

anions, including free fatty acids (FFA) which exists in plasma as anions, less

than 0.01% are actually free. Although a small percentage of FFA is normally

bound to lipoproteins, the entity of greatest biological significance is the

albumin – FFA complex (Goodman, 1958).

Endotoxins induce lipid metabolism impairment in various organs like

heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (Romanosky et al., 1980). Thus

increased FFA, could be due to one or more factors; increased in the rate and

amount of lipid synthesis or decreased in clearance of lipids from the plasma

15

and release from organs into the blood (White and Engel, 1958). Therefore

increased FFA fraction after infection may result in an elevated plasma

albumin level.

1.2.3 Total protein:

Bacterial infection alters whole body protein homeostasis and causes

redistribution of body protein (Biolo et al., 1997). Protein synthesis takes place

in the liver, which develops the acute phase response during infection, which

increases the synthesis of both resident and exported protein. The contribution

of the liver to the whole body protein synthesis is increased in animals infected

with a bacterial disease (Breuillè et al., 1998).

The immune system is of vital importance in infection, and synthesizes

about 8 % of the whole body protein. Protein synthesis is increased in primary

and secondary lymphoid organs and in circulatory cells (Hellerstein and

Munro, 1994).

1.2.4 Urea and Creatinine:

Endotoxins of Gram- negative bacteria may be responsible for a

widespread inflammatory response and dysfunction of many organs including

the kidney (young, 1995).

There are two main functions of the kidney; production of urine and

excretion of waste products of nitrogen metabolism such as urea and creatinine.

Urea level is affected by gastrointestinal blood, changes in nitrogen intake, and

changes in protein catabolic rate. The creatinine level is a marker of glomerular

filteration rate. The use of urea and creatinine levels to define renal failure

seems to be a practical and reasonable approach to the biochemical diagnosis of

this condition (Sean and Bagshaw, 2006).

Although renal failure is a common complication of bacterial infection,

the most frequent injury described is acute tubular necrosis and

glomerulonephritis. Possible etiologies of renal failure during infection include

hypovolemia in the early stage phase of the disease, and alteration in intrarenal

blood flow, which result in vasculitis and thrombosis, and septic areas of

infraction (Haybron et al., 1987).

16

Haemophilus somnus endotoxins causes acute tubular necrosis, reduction in

glomerular filteration which lately develops into renal failure accompanied

with accumulation of waste products in blood such as creatinine and urea

(Haybron et al., 1987).

Bacterial infections may cause glomerulonephritis, with deposition of the

antigen in the glomeruli. Subsequent production of antibody by the host may

result in immune complex formation which alters the permeability of the

glomerular basement membrane, and allows subsequent deposition of further

pre-formed immune complexes. In addition bacterial antigens may cross and

react with glomerular structures or directly activate complement with

subsequent attraction of inflammatory cells (Vinen and Oliveira, 2003).

17

CHAPTER TWO

MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Animals:

Twenty non-lactating cross–bred cows in Alshigla area were used in this

study. These animals were 5-6 years of age and were kept on zero grazing

system. The cows were naturally infected with Haemophilus somnus and showed

signs of stiffness, irritability and decreased in milk production. Another ten

apparently healthy cattle taken from Judge Service Administration Farm were

used as control.

2.2 Diagnosis of Haemophilus somnus :

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis was firstly determined by Slide

Agglutination Test (SAT). 30 µl of the antigen were placed on a microscope

slide and 30 µl of the tested serum were mixed thoroughly by rotating for four

minutes and examined visually for agglutination, reaction which was graded as

+, ++, +++ according to the density of agglutination.

For exclusion of blood and internal parasites, blood smears and faecal samples

were examined.

2.3 Blood smears:

After wiping the exposed skin with ethanol, the margin ear vein was

punctured with a sharp – pointed needle, then quickly a drop of blood was put

onto a slide margin and drawn by the aid of another slide, then allowed to dry

and fixed with absolute methanol for 5 minutes. These slides were put into 10

% Giemsa's stain for 30 minutes, washed with distilled water for 30 seconds,

dried and examined under the light microscope at 100x using the oil immersion

was dropped onto it.

2.4 Faecal samples:

2.4.1 Sedimentation:

18

Asmall amount of faeces (5gm) was placed in a centrifuge tube. Distilled

water was added and the faeces were mixed thoroughly with a glass rod. The

tube was filled with water and centrifuged at 1500 r.p.m for 5 minutes. Then

the supernant was decanted. With a pipette, a drop from the top layer of the

sediment was placed onto a glass slide, another from the middle layer and third

from the bottom layer. The three slides were covered with cover slips and

examined systematically under the low power (100x)

2.4.2 Flotation:

A small amount of faeces (2gm) was taken in a macartney bottle, covered

with saturated salt solution, and mixed well. Then the bottle was filled to the

rim with saturated salt solution and few drops of salt solution were added in

excess. The bottle was then covered with a cover slide which was removed

after one hour and examined systematically using low magnification (100x).

2.5 Serum samples:

The area of the jugular vein was cleaned with ethanol. The vein was

raised using tourniquet around the neck. Glass vacutainer with tube holder and

double ended needle was used. The vacutainer tubes contain blood were placed

away from direct light for at least one hour, centrifuged, and then the clear sera

were removed using sterile Pasteur pipettes. The sera collected were frozen

until examined.

2.6 Serum chemistry:

2.6.4 Serum triglycerides determination:

Principle:

Triglycerides were determined after enzymatic hydrolysis with lipase. The

indicator is aquinoneimine formed from hydrogen peroxide, 4-

aminophenazone and 4- chlorophenol under the catalytic influence of

peroxidase. - Triglyceride + H2O lipase glycerol + fatty acid

- Glycerol + ATP Glycerol kinase glycerol – 3 – phosphate + ADP

- Glycerol – 3 – phosphate + O2 Glycerol-3phoshate oxidase dihydroxy acetone phosphate + H2O2

- 2H2O2 + 4. aminophenazone + 4. Chlorophenol Peroxidase quinoneimine + HCL + 4 H2O

19

Reagents:

- Buffer 40 mmol/L, Ph 7.6.

- 4chlorophenol 5.5 mmol/L.

- Magnesium ions 17mmol/L.

- 4-aminophenazone 0.5 mmol/L

- ATP 1.0 mmol/L

- Lipase ≥ 150 U/ml.

- Glycerol-kinase ≥ 0.4 U/ml.

- Glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase ≥ 1.5 U/ml.

- Peroxidase ≥ 0.5 U/ml.

- Standard reagent 2.29 mmol /L.

Procedure:

Three test tubes named as blank, sample and standard were prepared as

follows:

Blank Sample Standard

Sample - 10µl -

Standard - - 10µl

Working reagent 1.0ml 1.0ml 1.0ml

Then the tubes were mixed well and incubated at 37º C for 5 min and

read at 500 nm using colorimeter.

Calculations :

Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) =

Optical density (O.D) of sample x concentration of the standard

Optical density (O.D) of standard

2.6.2 Serum albumin determination:

The determination of serum albumin was performed using the modified

Spencer and Prince (1977) method.

Principle:

20

This method depends on the binding of bromocresol green (BCG) with

albumin at pH 4.1 using succinate buffer.

Sample:

Bovine serum.

Reagents:

Reagent (Bromocresol green) :

Succinate buffer 75 mmol/l.

Bromcresol green 0.15 mmol/l.

Brij 35 7 ml/l.

Procedure:


follows:


Sample - 20µl -

Standard - - 20µl

Working reagent 4 ml 4 ml 4 ml

All tubes were mixed well, then the absorbance of the sample and the

standard was measured against the blank at 628 nm.

Calculations:

Serum albumin (g/ dl) =

O.D of sample x concentration of the standard

O.D of standard

2.6.1 Serum total protein determination:

Determination of serum total protein was performed following Reinhold

(1953) method.

21

Principle:

Proteins in the sample give an intensive violet-blue complex with

copper salts in an alkaline medium. The intensity of the colour is proportional

to the amount of total proteins present in the sample.

Sample:

Bovine serum. Stable for at least 8 days at 2-8°C.

Reagents:

Tartarate 15 mmol/L.

Nal 100 mmol/L.

Kl 15 mmol/L.

CuSo4 5 mmol/L.

Procedure:


follows:


Sample - 100µl -

Standard - - 100µl


All tubes were mixed well and placed in a water bath at 37 °C for 20 min.

Then the absorbance of sample and standard was measured against the blank at

540 nm.

Calculations :

Serum total protein (g/ dl) =


O.D of standard

2.6.3. Serum urea determination:

Determination of serum urea was performed according to Faweet and

Scott (1960).

22

Principle:

Urea is hydrolyzed to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Ammonia reacts

with salicylate and sodium hypochlorite to form green indophenol. The colour

intensity is proportional to the concentration of urea.

Urea + H2 Urease CO2 + 2NH3

NH4+ + Salycilate +NaClO NITRPRUSSIDE Indophenol

Reagents :

- Phosphate pH 6.7, EDTA 2 mmol/L.

- Sodium salicylate 60 mmol/L.

- Sodium hypochlorite 1 mmol/L.

- Sodium hydroxide 150 mmol/L.

- Urease 3000 U/L.

Standard:

The standard was urea (50 mg /dl) .

Procedure:


follows:


Sample - 10µl -

Standard - - 10µl


All tubes were mixed well and incubated for 5 min at 37ºC.The O.D was

measured using colorimeter at 580 nm against blank reagent.

Calculations :

Urea (mg/dl) =


O.D of standard

23

2.6.5 Serum creatinine determination :

Principle:

Creatinine in alkaline solution reacts with picric acid to form a coloured

complex. The amount of the complex formed is directly proportional to the

creatinine concentration.

Reagents:

1. Standard 177 µmol/l (2mg/dl).

2. Picric acid 35 mmol/l.

3. Sodium hydroxide 0.32 mol/l.

Procedure:


follows:


Sample - 0.2 ml -

Standard - - 0.2ml

Working

reagent

2.0 ml 2.0 ml 2.0 ml

Then all tubes were mixed well and after 30 seconds absorbance A1 of

the standard and sample was taken. Exactly 2 minutes later, absorbance A2 of

the standard and sample was also measured.

Calculations :

Creatinine (mg/dl) =

A2 – A1 of the sample x concentration of the standard

A2 – A1 of the standard

2.7 Statistical analysis:

The groups compared (t.test) was used for statistical analysis of data

(Varley, 1980a). With the aid of statistical package for social science

programme (SPSS)

24

CHAPTER THREE

RESULTS and DISCUSSION

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis is an acute, septicemic usually fatal in

cattle. It can involve the nervous, genital, respiratory, musculoskeletal and

circulatory system. (Humphery and Stephens, 1983). All the examined animals

(infected and control) were free from external and internal parasites.

3.1 Serum chemistry findings:

3.1.1 Serum triglycerides:

As shown in Table (1) and Fig. (1) the level of serum triglycerides in the

infected cattle with thrombotic meningoencephalitis is significantly higher

(p<0.05) than the control.

Hypertriglyceridaemia detected in the infected cattle in this study was in

line with the findings of Liao and Floren (1993) that bacterial endotoxins

affected lipoprotein metabolism, and induced hyperlipidaemia by increased

level of triglycerides, VLDL, and LDL due to inhibition of lipoprotein lipase

and hepatic lipase. Also Feingold et al. (1992) stated that triglycerides

increased in VLDL and LDL in the plasma following the infection. VLDL and

LDL accumulation during infection was primarily responsible for the increase

in plasma triglycerides.

3.1.2 Serum albumin:

Table (1) and Fig. (2) showed that the level of serum albumin in the

infected cattle with thrombotic meningoencephalitis is significantly higher

(p<0.05) than the control.

25

Table (1):Levels of serum total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine,

and triglycerides in cattle with thrombotic meningoenc-

ephalitis compared to the control.

Parameters

Control cattle

Infected cattle

Serum total

protein (g/dl)

7.09a ± SD

9.71b ± SD

Serum

albumin (g/dl)

3.68a ± SD

4.45b ± SD

Serum

Urea (mg/dl)

41.07a ± SD

46.13b ± SD

Serum

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.5a ± SD

1.79b ± SD

Serum

Triglycerides

(mg/dl)

34.92a ± SD

41.53b ± SD

Means (±SD) within the same row having different small superscript letters are

significantly different at (p<0.05) based on t.test.

26

Increased albumin level of the infected cattle seen in this study may occur as a

result of an increased protein synthesis in the liver (Rothschild et al., 1988).

On the other hand, decreased free fatty acids oxidation mentioned by

Bagby and Spitzer (1980) in the heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the

alteration in the function of the adipose tissue, and the increased FFA

synthesis, may result in an elevated level of plasma free fatty acids (kovach,

1971). Since FFA combine with albumin in the plasma (Bell and Coleman,

1980), an increase of FFA following bacterial infection, may reflect the

elevation of albumin level in the circulation.

3.1.3 Serum total protein:

As shown in Table (1) and Fig. (3) the level of serum total protein in the

infected cattle with thrombotic meningoencephalitis is significantly (p< 0.05)

higher than the control.

Increased level of Serum total protein in naturally infected cattle with

thrombotic meningoencephalitis may occur as a result of elevated level of

albumin in serum. Beside that, Breuillè et al. (1998) stated that liver developed

the acute phase response during infection by increasing the synthesis of both

resident and exported protein. Protein synthesis also increased in the whole

immune system including primary and secondary lymphoid organs (Hellerstein

and Munro, 1994).

27

Fig. (1) : Serum triglycerides level in cattle with thrombotic

meningoencephalitis compared to the control.

(Mean±SD):

05

101520253035404550

control infected

trig

lyce

rides

leve

l (m

g/dl

) a

b

Bar having different superscript small letters are significantly

different at (p<0.05) based on t.test .

28

Fig. (2): Serum albumin level in cattle with thrombotic


(Mean±SD):

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

control Infected

albu

min

leve

l (g/

dl) a

b


different at (p<0.05) based on t.test

29

Fig. (3): Serum total protein level in cattle with thrombotic


(Mean±SD):

8.48.58.68.78.88.9

99.19.2

control infected

prot

ein

leve

l (g/

dl)

a

b


different at (p<0.05) based on t.test.

30

3.1.4 Serum urea and creatinine :

As seen in Table (1) and Fig .(4) and (5) the level of serum urea and

creatinine in the infected cattle with thrombotic meningoencephalitis is

significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control.

The increased level of both serum urea and creatinine values of the

infected cattle, may reflect the effect of thrombotic meningoencephalitis in the

infected cattle kidney. The effect may be due to antigen antibody reaction

(immuno complexes) which lead to vasculitis, thrombosis, septic area of

infraction, microabscessation and focal necrosis in the kidney (Kennedy et al.,

1960; Stephens et al., 1981; Kitching et al., 1989). This later results in tubular

necrosis and glomerulonephritis resulting in the accumulation of serum urea

and creatinine (Haybron et al., 1987; Vinen and Oliveira, 2003).

31

Fig. (4) : Serum urea level in cattle with thrombotic


(Mean±SD):

3839404142434445464748

control infected

urea

leve

l (m

g/dl

)

a

b


different at (p<0.05) based on t.test

32

Fig. (5): Serum creatinine level in cattle with thrombotic


(Mean±SD):

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

2

control infected

crea

tinin

e le

vel (

mg/

dl) a

b


different at (p<0.05 ) based on t.test.

33

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that thrombotic meningoencephalitis has great

influence on serum chemistry which could be used as a diagnostic tool for the

disease.

34

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