0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8010

15

20

25

30

USA

% of age group enrolled

Me

an

sc

ien

ce

s

co

re

13.7

Mean science score, Last year of secondary schoolFirst International Science Study, 1969

10,000 30,000 50,000 70,000 90,000450

475

500

525

550

United States

Switzerland

Austria

Italy

NorwayDen /Iceland

BelgiumFranceSweden

JapanCanadaAustralia

Netherlands

Finland

Germany

Portugal

Spain

Ireland

Korea

Greece

Czech Rep.

HungaryPoland -Slovak Rep.

Cumulative Expenditure per Student between 6 and 15 years (in equivalent US dollars)

Aver

age

PISA

Sco

re o

n Fo

ur T

ests

, 200

3School Spending and Student Achievement, 25 OECD Nations

source: OECD \PISA database http://pisaweb.acer.edu.au/oecd_2003/oecd_pisa_data.html

40 50 60 70 80 90 100450

475

500

525

550

United States

Switzerland

Austria

Italy

Norway Denmark Iceland

Belgium

France Sweden

Japan Canada Australia

Netherlands

Finland

Germany

Spain

Ireland

Korea

Greece

Czech Rep.

Hungary Poland Slovak Rep.

% of Population Age 35-44 with High School Education

Ave

rage

PIS

A S

core

on

Four

Tes

ts, 2

003

487

Non

eas

sign

ed

Did

n't d

o it

Less

than

1 h

our

1 to

2 h

rs

Mor

e th

an 2

hou

rs

Non

e

1 h

our

or le

ss

2 h

ours

3 h

ours

4 h

ours

5 h

ours

6 h

ours

or m

ore

Time spent onhomework yesterday

TV/video watchedon school day

230

250

270

290

310

NAEP Reading Scores and time spent doing homework and watching TV17 year-olds, 2008

Science

400

450

500

550

PISA Educational Achievement Indicators, 2003 (15-year old students, 30 OECD Nations)

Mathematics literacy Science literacy400

450

500

550

United States

Pisa Math And Science Scores, 15-year olds, 2006

0

5

10

15

20

25

% of Graduate Degrees Awarded in Math and Sciences, 2005, OECD Nations

1973 1978 1982 1986 1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2004215

235

255

275

295

315

9 Yr Olds

13 Yr Olds

17 Yr Olds

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress and NAEP Data Explorer.

Average Math Scale Score by Age: Selected Years, 1973-2004

30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000260

265

270

275

280

285

290

AL

AK

AZ

AR CA

CO CT

DE

FL GA

HI

ID

IL

IN

IAKS

KY

LA

ME

MD

MA

MI

MN

MS

MO

MT

NE

NV

NH

NJ

NM

NYNC

ND

OH

OK

ORPA

RI

SC

SD

TN

TX

UT

VT

VA WA

WV

WIWY

Teacher Salary

Ave

rage

Mat

h Sc

ale

Scor

eAverage Math Scale Score of 8th Grade Students and Average Teacher Salary in 2007, by State

Average NAEP Reading Scale Scores, By Race and Age

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005160

200

240

280

320

Black (9)

White (9)

White (17)

Black (13)

Black (17)White (13)

*non-Hispanic students (age)

NAEP 8th Grade Science Scores, by Race, Ethnicity and Parents' Highest Level of Education, 2005

Allstudents

Not HighSchool grad.

HighSchoolgrad.

SomeCollege

Collegegrad.

100

120

140

160

180

129121

126

138141

123.50606984

111.79360767115.72887486

131.34748192127.95439089

White Hispanic Black

Parents' Education

Students Meeting State and National 8th-Grade Math Standards, by State: 2005

Mississippi Arizona Illinois

Connecticut Kansas

Ohio Oklahoma Delaware

Idaho Wisconsin

Colorado Alaska Texas

West Virginia Georgia

Tennessee North Carolina

0 20 40 60 80

%state proficiency State name

Wyoming South Carolina

New York California

Hawaii Florida

Pennsylvania Arkansas

Oregon DC

New Mexico Louisiana

North Dakota New Jersey

Indiana Maryland

Iowa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

% NAEP Proficient level %state proficiency

Extreme Poverty Population: $1.25\day, 1981-2005(millions)

East Asia and Pacific

South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Total -

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

-755 +47

+176

-526

Regional and World Poverty Rates: $1.25\day 1981-05

East Asia and Pacific

China-rural

China-urban

South Asia India-rural

India-urban

Sub-Sa-haran Africa

Total0

15

30

45

60

75

90

55

74

23

52 54

44

58

42

17

26

2

4044

36

51

25

1981-84-87 1990 1993-96-99-02-05

FinlandNorwaySweden

Denmark*Belgium*

France*Taiwan

GermanyLuxembourgNetherlands*Switzerland *

Austria*Canada

U.K.*Australia*

ItalyIrelandIsrael*

U.S.

0 5 10 15 20

below 40% of median

below 50% of median

* most recent year

% of Children Living in Families with Incomes below 40% and 50% of Median Family Income

What is Poverty?

• In 1963-1964, Molly Orshansky based poverty thresholds on the “thrifty food plan”,

• Thrifty food budget (family of 4) = $1,033• Families spent 1/3 of their budget on food.• 1963 Poverty level = $3,100• Subsequent years, adjusted for CPI inflation index

2009 Poverty thresholds

Persons in family Poverty guideline1 $10,8302 14,5703 18,3104 22,0505 25,7906 29,5307 33,2708 37,010

For families with more than 8 persons, add $3,740 for each additional perso

Problems with definition of Poverty

• Wealth and debt not counted• Unusual family expenditures not counted.• Regional living costs• Families now spend only 1/6th income on food• MEASURING INCOME……….

Measuring Income• “money income” before taxes, including wages,

salaries, interest, dividends, self-employment income, welfare payments (TANF), unemployment insurance, and social security payments.

• Poverty Report from March Current Population Survey, 50,000 households

Problems with the Definition of Family Income

• Income not counted: Food Stamps, Medicaid & Medicare, Public Housing, Earned Income Tax Credit

• Persons not counted: the institutionalized, Army barracks, unrelated individuals under 15

Problems defining “Family”

• Must be related • Family defined in March,

BUT Income, defined in previous year• Unrelated children individual counted as

neither poor nor non-poor.

Overcounting the poor?• Inflation adjustment overestimates inflation.• Food stamps not counted as income.• Other in-kind benefits (which have increased

overtime) not counted. (Housing, Medical).• Earned Income Tax Credit not counted.• Under reporting of income.

Undercounting the Poor?

• Food now takes 1/6 of typical budget.• High regional living costs• Unusual family living costs (e.g., medical)• Increased FICA (social security) taxes• Sample under-represents poor

US Poverty Rates, by Age, 1959-2008

1959 1965 1971 1977 1983 1989 1995 2001 20070

10

20

30

40

Elderly

Children

Persons in female-headed families, Number (millions) and Poverty rate, 1959-08

19581961

19641967

19701973

19761979

19821985

19881991

19941997

20002003

20060

10

20

30

40

50

0

3

6

9

12

15Poverty rate: persons in fe-male headed

families

Pove

rty

rate

# Pe

rson

s (m

illio

ns)

# Poor Persons in Female-headed families (millions)

Measures of Income Change, 1973-2005*

1973 2005%

change

Per capita income $12,204 $25,036 105

Mean household income 46,268 63,344 37

Median household income 40,008 46,326 16

Median earnings, men** 42,573 41,386 -3

Median personal income:

men, ages 35-44** 45,785 40,964 -11

women ages, 35-44** 15,642 25,435 63

*in constant 2005 dollars

** full-time year-round workers

Males 15 yrs and Older, Mean and Median Income: 1972-2007

1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,000

$45,000

$50,000

33,196median

33,021

47,137

mean38,273

Median Income, Males Age 25-34, 1947-2007 (constant 2007 $)

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

Median Income, Age 25-34, by sex 1947-2007 (constant 2007 $)

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005$0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

female

male

% share of Household income

1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 200720

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

Poorest 60%

Richest 20%