Download - Mean science score, Last year of secondary school First International Science Study, 1969
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8010
15
20
25
30
USA
% of age group enrolled
Me
an
sc
ien
ce
s
co
re
13.7
Mean science score, Last year of secondary schoolFirst International Science Study, 1969
10,000 30,000 50,000 70,000 90,000450
475
500
525
550
United States
Switzerland
Austria
Italy
NorwayDen /Iceland
BelgiumFranceSweden
JapanCanadaAustralia
Netherlands
Finland
Germany
Portugal
Spain
Ireland
Korea
Greece
Czech Rep.
HungaryPoland -Slovak Rep.
Cumulative Expenditure per Student between 6 and 15 years (in equivalent US dollars)
Aver
age
PISA
Sco
re o
n Fo
ur T
ests
, 200
3School Spending and Student Achievement, 25 OECD Nations
source: OECD \PISA database http://pisaweb.acer.edu.au/oecd_2003/oecd_pisa_data.html
40 50 60 70 80 90 100450
475
500
525
550
United States
Switzerland
Austria
Italy
Norway Denmark Iceland
Belgium
France Sweden
Japan Canada Australia
Netherlands
Finland
Germany
Spain
Ireland
Korea
Greece
Czech Rep.
Hungary Poland Slovak Rep.
% of Population Age 35-44 with High School Education
Ave
rage
PIS
A S
core
on
Four
Tes
ts, 2
003
487
Non
eas
sign
ed
Did
n't d
o it
Less
than
1 h
our
1 to
2 h
rs
Mor
e th
an 2
hou
rs
Non
e
1 h
our
or le
ss
2 h
ours
3 h
ours
4 h
ours
5 h
ours
6 h
ours
or m
ore
Time spent onhomework yesterday
TV/video watchedon school day
230
250
270
290
310
NAEP Reading Scores and time spent doing homework and watching TV17 year-olds, 2008
Science
400
450
500
550
PISA Educational Achievement Indicators, 2003 (15-year old students, 30 OECD Nations)
Mathematics literacy Science literacy400
450
500
550
United States
Pisa Math And Science Scores, 15-year olds, 2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
% of Graduate Degrees Awarded in Math and Sciences, 2005, OECD Nations
1973 1978 1982 1986 1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2004215
235
255
275
295
315
9 Yr Olds
13 Yr Olds
17 Yr Olds
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress and NAEP Data Explorer.
Average Math Scale Score by Age: Selected Years, 1973-2004
30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000260
265
270
275
280
285
290
AL
AK
AZ
AR CA
CO CT
DE
FL GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IAKS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NYNC
ND
OH
OK
ORPA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA WA
WV
WIWY
Teacher Salary
Ave
rage
Mat
h Sc
ale
Scor
eAverage Math Scale Score of 8th Grade Students and Average Teacher Salary in 2007, by State
Average NAEP Reading Scale Scores, By Race and Age
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005160
200
240
280
320
Black (9)
White (9)
White (17)
Black (13)
Black (17)White (13)
*non-Hispanic students (age)
NAEP 8th Grade Science Scores, by Race, Ethnicity and Parents' Highest Level of Education, 2005
Allstudents
Not HighSchool grad.
HighSchoolgrad.
SomeCollege
Collegegrad.
100
120
140
160
180
129121
126
138141
123.50606984
111.79360767115.72887486
131.34748192127.95439089
White Hispanic Black
Parents' Education
Students Meeting State and National 8th-Grade Math Standards, by State: 2005
Mississippi Arizona Illinois
Connecticut Kansas
Ohio Oklahoma Delaware
Idaho Wisconsin
Colorado Alaska Texas
West Virginia Georgia
Tennessee North Carolina
0 20 40 60 80
%state proficiency State name
Wyoming South Carolina
New York California
Hawaii Florida
Pennsylvania Arkansas
Oregon DC
New Mexico Louisiana
North Dakota New Jersey
Indiana Maryland
Iowa
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
% NAEP Proficient level %state proficiency
Extreme Poverty Population: $1.25\day, 1981-2005(millions)
East Asia and Pacific
South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
Total -
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
-755 +47
+176
-526
Regional and World Poverty Rates: $1.25\day 1981-05
East Asia and Pacific
China-rural
China-urban
South Asia India-rural
India-urban
Sub-Sa-haran Africa
Total0
15
30
45
60
75
90
55
74
23
52 54
44
58
42
17
26
2
4044
36
51
25
1981-84-87 1990 1993-96-99-02-05
FinlandNorwaySweden
Denmark*Belgium*
France*Taiwan
GermanyLuxembourgNetherlands*Switzerland *
Austria*Canada
U.K.*Australia*
ItalyIrelandIsrael*
U.S.
0 5 10 15 20
below 40% of median
below 50% of median
* most recent year
% of Children Living in Families with Incomes below 40% and 50% of Median Family Income
What is Poverty?
• In 1963-1964, Molly Orshansky based poverty thresholds on the “thrifty food plan”,
• Thrifty food budget (family of 4) = $1,033• Families spent 1/3 of their budget on food.• 1963 Poverty level = $3,100• Subsequent years, adjusted for CPI inflation index
2009 Poverty thresholds
Persons in family Poverty guideline1 $10,8302 14,5703 18,3104 22,0505 25,7906 29,5307 33,2708 37,010
For families with more than 8 persons, add $3,740 for each additional perso
Problems with definition of Poverty
• Wealth and debt not counted• Unusual family expenditures not counted.• Regional living costs• Families now spend only 1/6th income on food• MEASURING INCOME……….
Measuring Income• “money income” before taxes, including wages,
salaries, interest, dividends, self-employment income, welfare payments (TANF), unemployment insurance, and social security payments.
• Poverty Report from March Current Population Survey, 50,000 households
Problems with the Definition of Family Income
• Income not counted: Food Stamps, Medicaid & Medicare, Public Housing, Earned Income Tax Credit
• Persons not counted: the institutionalized, Army barracks, unrelated individuals under 15
Problems defining “Family”
• Must be related • Family defined in March,
BUT Income, defined in previous year• Unrelated children individual counted as
neither poor nor non-poor.
Overcounting the poor?• Inflation adjustment overestimates inflation.• Food stamps not counted as income.• Other in-kind benefits (which have increased
overtime) not counted. (Housing, Medical).• Earned Income Tax Credit not counted.• Under reporting of income.
Undercounting the Poor?
• Food now takes 1/6 of typical budget.• High regional living costs• Unusual family living costs (e.g., medical)• Increased FICA (social security) taxes• Sample under-represents poor
US Poverty Rates, by Age, 1959-2008
1959 1965 1971 1977 1983 1989 1995 2001 20070
10
20
30
40
Elderly
Children
Persons in female-headed families, Number (millions) and Poverty rate, 1959-08
19581961
19641967
19701973
19761979
19821985
19881991
19941997
20002003
20060
10
20
30
40
50
0
3
6
9
12
15Poverty rate: persons in fe-male headed
families
Pove
rty
rate
# Pe
rson
s (m
illio
ns)
# Poor Persons in Female-headed families (millions)
Measures of Income Change, 1973-2005*
1973 2005%
change
Per capita income $12,204 $25,036 105
Mean household income 46,268 63,344 37
Median household income 40,008 46,326 16
Median earnings, men** 42,573 41,386 -3
Median personal income:
men, ages 35-44** 45,785 40,964 -11
women ages, 35-44** 15,642 25,435 63
*in constant 2005 dollars
** full-time year-round workers
Males 15 yrs and Older, Mean and Median Income: 1972-2007
1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
$50,000
33,196median
33,021
47,137
mean38,273
Median Income, Males Age 25-34, 1947-2007 (constant 2007 $)
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
Median Income, Age 25-34, by sex 1947-2007 (constant 2007 $)
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
female
male
% share of Household income
1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 200720
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Poorest 60%
Richest 20%