ME 4875/MTE 575 - C/18

Introduction to

Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

Lecture 1 - Introduction

1

Course Information

2

Syllabus uploaded to Canvas

Schedule:

Lectures MT-RF 10:00-10:50 pm in Olin Hall 223

Contact Information:

Prof – Pratap Rao pmrao@wpi.edu, 508-831-4828, HL 106

TA – Cerien Vaidya cvaidya@wpi.edu

Office Hours:

Prof. TBD, in HL 106 and online

TA TBD, in WB 333

Course Information

3

Lectures, readings, and assignments will be on Canvas

No textbook

Lectures will be recorded

Lecture recordings and lecture slides will be available on Canvas

Objective of the course:

• Lectures and homework: Broad introduction to nanomaterials

and nanotechnology, inspire you to look into these topics

further

• Project: More in-depth study of a chosen topic area

Course Information

Coursework and Grading:

In-class

• 4 Homework Sets* 50%

*Students in MTE 575 will have additional homework problems assigned

• Group Project (Report + Presentation) 45%

• Class Attendance 5%

Online

• 4 Homework Sets* 50%

*Students in MTE 575 will have additional homework problems assigned

• Individual Project (Report only) 50%

4

Course Information

5

Deadline conflicts: Inform me during the first week of the term of any

commitments (religious observances, WPI sports, etc.) or circumstances that

might affect your ability to meet any of the deadlines in the course.

Student Accommodations: If you need course adaptations or

accommodations because of a disability, or if you have medical information to

share with me, please make an appointment with me as soon as possible. If you

have not already done so, students with disabilities who believe that they may

need accommodations in this class are encouraged to contact the Office of

Disability Services(ODS) [124 Daniels Hall, disabilityservices@wpi.edu,

(508)831-4908] as soon as possible to ensure that such accommodations are

implemented in a timely fashion.

Waitlisted Students

6

• The combined enrollment of in-class sections of ME 4875 and MTE 575 has

reached the physical capacity of the classroom

• Students on the waitlist for either in-class ME 4875 or in-class MTE 575 can take

the online MTE 575 and satisfy all the same requirements

• If for some reason you feel you MUST take the in-class ME 4875 or MTE 575 and

you are on the waitlist, I may be able to accommodate a couple of students.

Please fill out an index card with the following information, and give it to me after

class:

Name

Undergraduate/graduate, and expected graduation year

Major

Reasons why you need to take this class THIS term

• I will email you to let you know if you can or can’t register

• If I email you to say you can register, please print and bring me an add/drop

form (available from the registrar’s website) , and I will sign it for you to

register for the class

You can access the course materials at nanoenergy.wpi.edu until

you get access to the Canvas site

7

HW 1 posted under ‘Assignments’

due in class Thursday January 18

Immediate Assignments

• What is nanotechnology?

• Why nano?

• History of nanotechnology

8

Outline

• The National Science Foundation defines nanotechnology as

• research and development at the atomic/molecular/macromolecular level

• length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometers

• fundamental understanding of phenomena at the nanoscale

• structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions

because of their small size.

• Nanotechnology overlaps with the other sciences (physics, chemistry, biology,

materials) and engineering.

1 meter = 109 nanometer

Earth = 1 mBaseball = 1 nm

9

Definition of Nanotechnology

If the earth were shrunk down to 1 m diameter…. a baseball would be 1 nm in diameter

millimeter (mm)

(1/1000 meter)

naked eye

optical microscope

micrometer (μm)

(1/1000 millimeter)

nanometer (nm)

(1/1000 micrometer)

Length Scale of Nanotechnology

electron microscope

atoms, molecules, DNA

new physical phenomena

1 nm

individual

carbon

atoms!

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http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=g038JQLFlRzpsM&tbnid=pO2EKB8uKI8WZM&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://bestclipartblog.com/27-eye-clip-art.html&ei=ikq4U62HONK-sQT4k4FY&psig=AFQjCNFm40Yk45QU7NR09eOUqc5WezfFHw&ust=1404673035165218http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=animal+cells+under+microscope+with+scale+bar&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=h9iTdryUqPgBwM&tbnid=RP8IlXy16X_YoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@9.17:120&ei=QUy4U8-iOeHNsQTAgoDoCQ&bvm=bv.70138588,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNFI-q4lh6MEfSN5cgwYshRXA8O8xA&ust=1404673452967156http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=FEI tecnai&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=lFzAS5W_69QrfM&tbnid=mbZFSJe8-8qxiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://tulane.edu/sse/cif/microscopy.cfm&ei=e024U_aRBIuvsAT9oYCwCQ&bvm=bv.70138588,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNGk2TaQ7oJJU6C-7bXf5bNOm3hKuA&ust=1404673747083497http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=graphene model&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=vrPdrpcQ1wQiCM&tbnid=RQYlfD-2p175kM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene&ei=QFG4U5DGDPLNsQTVrIH4Dg&bvm=bv.70138588,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNEjvuoO_gsiVUo4GdNnq5tZj0yXQw&ust=1404674710683481

Red blood cells(~7-8 mm)

Things Natural Things Manmade

Fly ash~ 10-20 mm

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip

Corral diameter 14 nm

Human hair~ 60-120 mm wide

Ant~ 5 mm

Dust mite

200 mm

ATP synthase

~10 nm diameterNanotube electrode

Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter

Mic

row

orl

d

0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 mm

10 nm

0.1 mm

100 nm

1 micrometer (mm)

0.01 mm

10 mm

0.1 mm

100 mm

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm

10 mm10-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

Vis

ible

Na

no

wo

rld

1,000 nanometers = In

frar

edU

ltra

vio

let

Mic

row

ave

So

ft x

-ray

1,000,000 nanometers =

Intel TransistorFeature size 22 nm

Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE

Version 05-26-06, pmd

The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More

MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices10 -100 mm wide

Red blood cellsPollen grain

Carbon Bucky ball

~1 nm diameter

Self-assembled,

Nature-inspired structure

Many 10s of nm

Atoms of silicon

spacing 0.078 nm

DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter

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Introduction to

Nanomaterials

and

Nanotechnology

Physical

phenomena

at the

nanoscale

Synthesis of

materials at

the nanoscale

Characterization

of materials at the

nanoscale

…with examples

and applications

Project topics

and resources

Project

presentations

…more in-depth

study of one

application of

nanotechnology

per group

Week 2-3Week 7

Weeks 3-5

Weeks 5-7

Week 1-2

Atoms,

molecules

and crystals

(briefly)

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Course Outline

“Nanotechnology”

Physical properties

The physical properties of nanoscale materials depend on their size

(materials can have tunable properties at the nanoscale).

Enhanced and/or novel phenomena unique to small structures.

Gravitational forces become negligible while electromagnetic forces,

quantum mechanical effects, and surface phenomena dominate.

Relevant ‘device’ limit. In both synthetic and natural systems, the

nanometer scale represents a limit to which most functional structures

might be scaled.

Unexpected science & technology. The multi-/interdisciplinary nature

of nanoscience – working at interface between and bringing together

different fields – could lead to revolutionary advances.

13

Why Nano?

nano.gov

In many cases, useful region is

only at the surface

wasted

region

macro-scale nano-scale

useful region

Why Nano? Scaling of Surface Area with Size

𝑆 = 6𝑎2

𝑉 = 𝑎3

ൗ𝑆 𝑉 =ൗ6 𝑎

Consider a cube:

Surface Area

Volume

Surface Area/Volume

By using nano-scale size, we

can make all the material useful

15

High Surface Area Nanostructures in Nature - Gecko’s Foot

Gecko’s FootThe extremely high surface area of a

Gecko’s foot means that even the weak

Van der Waals force can allow the

Gecko to walk on the ceiling!

+ + + +

- - - -

Van der Waals forcefew nanometersno force> few nanometers

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=fdksurVYRSmgEM&tbnid=xAr5f94oFoz00M&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://take-nothing-but-photos.tumblr.com/post/5693064081/geckos-the-ultimate-free-climbers-well-we-know&ei=-VG4U9j_NYyzsATY14CIAQ&psig=AFQjCNGkwzLxrYTXoOCallxUp1_S3oKgZw&ust=1404674938002861

High Surface Area Nanostructures in Nature - Animal Lung

Smaller alveolar diameter leads to more

efficient oxygen transfer for the same

mass of lung!

16

http://ykonline.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/Courses/Biology/lessons/ThirdQuarterLessons/Chapter08/8-3/images/alveolus.gif

smooth nanowires

rough nanowires

Why Nano?

Surface/Interface effects

Li+

Hochbaum et al. Nature, 2007

10 μm

Wu et al., Nature Materials, 2005

Enhanced StrengthSchwierz, Nature Nanotechnology, 2010

Donega, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011

Quantum effects Efficient charge and mass transport

1000 nm

4.5nm1.7

nm

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Natural Multiscale Hierarchical Materials

Sea Sponge Skeleton

1 cm 5 mm 100 μm

5 μm 500 nm10 μmcell

tissue

organ

nano-micro micro-milli milli-centi

Aizenberg et al. Science, 2005Lotus Leaf

Stratakis et al. SPIE

Newsroom, 2005

Gecko’s Foot

Karp et al. MIT

Hemoglobin: 5.5 nm; DNA: 2nm

Scale of biology

http://gardeningstudio.com/eukaryotic-cells/eukaryotic-cells-79/http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=PVmSyxWACemy-M&tbnid=3qQJOTIPKZjNCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.capitalbiosciences.com/&ei=-mtiU8qmDOKQyAHozYHQAw&bvm=bv.65636070,d.b2U&psig=AFQjCNG6YF61gowWyUJd7K6XWjXszgX5Mg&ust=1399045451283200

Theis et al., Nature Nanotech. (2006), www.nano.gov

Global economy for Nano: $251 billion (2009), $2.4 trillion (2015) (Lux Research, 2010)

Commercial products involving nanotechnology

SunscreeniPod NanoCatalysts

19

Why Nano?

HEAD Nano Ti

Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) for high density information storage. Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 for discovery of GMR in 1988

Computer chips Inkjet Printer heads

http://memscentral.com/famous_mems_products.htm

Gyroscopes

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dYcY7cmy8GFVuM&tbnid=9dRexLSuxHHazM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://picsed.com/keyword/head%2Bnano%2Btitanium&ei=nPvWUpmHOdCLkAf9mIGIDw&bvm=bv.59378465,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNHzBJaw0sMbkKqRMdC-LBmJUq93PQ&ust=1389907211001423

History of Nanotechnology

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1959 - Richard Feynman’s seminal lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”

1974 - Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo University of Science was the first to use the term

"nano-technology" in a 1974 conference to describe material addition or removal

processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic

control on the order of a nanometer.

1981 - K. Eric Drexler introduces idea of a “molecular assembler”, a hypothetical

machine which would manufacture molecules and molecular devices atom-by-atom

1981 - Invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope (1986 Nobel Prize in Physics)

1985 - Richard Smalley, Robert Curl and Harold Kroto discover C60 molecule (1996

Nobel Prize in Chemistry), one of the first nanometer-sized molecules, and closely

related to carbon nanotubes

Richard Feynman offered $1000 to anyone who could:

1. Build a motor that would fit inside a 1/64’’x1/64”x1/64” box (400mm).

2. Write a page of text with letters that are small enough for the

Encyclopedia Britannica to be printed on a pin head.

William McLellan made a small motor almost immediately using an optical microscope,

toothpick, and watchmaker's lathe.

First Feynman Prize

Feynman Prizes (1959)

21

History of Nanotechnology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg

1985: Tom Newman, Fabian Pease (Stanford University) used

e-beam lithography to write part of A Tale of Two Cities at the length

scale requested by Feynman.

Second Feynman Prize

25 nm linewidth

22

History of Nanotechnology

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)

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History of Nanotechnology

Top-down Bottom-up

Lithography

Bulk

Nanostructures

Atomic or

molecular

precursors

Nanosynthesis

Nanostructures

24

Two Paradigms for Synthesis of

Nanomaterials and Devices

Domain of Engineering Domain of Chemistry

25

Top Down MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS)

comb drive

hinged mirror

steam enginetissue shredder

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=vTvWxeoOHvmeCM&tbnid=STyHOEjHatntGM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://theofficialstleblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/nanotribology-and-mems-theres-still.html&ei=YP7XUprCD4bXkQe9noGIBw&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNFI0dWLHmtjh-pVyTDCqniQYGDuPw&ust=1389973390149093

Dots Rods Tetrapods

50 nm

Bottom-Up Nanomaterials

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Ordered Arrays of NanowiresAssembly of Nanospheres

Carbon Nanotubes

These nano-components could be the building blocks of useful nanomaterials and devices

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=TXy-Q7s-nGjVaM&tbnid=xk807Q2LCN329M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp/research/cnt/composit.html&ei=M_zXUpK5AYq2kAfV8ICoAQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNHj80hUW-daA5Aura8-x3_nIlqfww&ust=1389972908193118

Imaging of Nanomaterials

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Many other types of characterization, too (chemical, crystallographic, electrical, etc.)

Optical Microscope (>100 nm)

Scanning Electron Microscope (few nm)

Transmission Electron Microscope (1/10 nm)

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (1/100 nm)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=EnSYthEgVnLMkM&tbnid=B-DyG-ZZRWVXxM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.york.ac.uk/nanocentre/facilities/fetem/&ei=BQTYUtP_HMXrkAe_h4CAAw&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNGZsJ-aVEepq4HYZmHRX91UJxaEzw&ust=1389974838384791http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=8QeKCC7_dI4gfM&tbnid=BUDWYNMbJfMkyM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://cnx.org/content/m47170/latest/&ei=KQbYUqS7JNDOkQf2x4H4BQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNHbOotHKQ4mj5sk4CcZ8m4cjduD_w&ust=1389975401554277

Next Class

28

• More on applications of nanotechnology

• More on project

29

HW 1 posted under ‘Assignments’

due in class Thursday January 18

Immediate Assignments

Waitlisted Students

30

• The combined enrollment of in-class sections of ME 4875 and MTE 575 has

reached the physical capacity of the classroom

• Students on the waitlist for either in-class ME 4875 or in-class MTE 575 can take

the online MTE 575 and satisfy all the same requirements

• If for some reason you feel you MUST take the in-class ME 4875 or MTE 575 and

you are on the waitlist, I may be able to accommodate a couple of students.

Please fill out an index card with the following information, and give it to me after

class:

Name

Undergraduate/graduate, and expected graduation year

Major

Reasons why you need to take this class THIS term

• I will email you to let you know if you can or can’t register

• If I email you to say you can register, please print and bring me an add/drop

form (available from the registrar’s website) , and I will sign it for you to

register for the class

You can access the course materials at nanoenergy.wpi.edu until

you get access to the Canvas site