me 480 introduction to aerospace: chapter 2 prof. doug cairns
TRANSCRIPT
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ME 480 Introduction To Aerospace: Chapter 2
Prof. Doug Cairns
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Forces On a Body
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Spatial Quantitiespressure, density, temperature, velocity
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Supersonic flow(oil streak used for visualization)
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Smoke Injectors to Visualize Streamlines
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Particles follow Streamlines
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Basic Parts on an Airplane
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Basic Controls of an Airplane
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For the Next Few Slides
• Basic Physics of Flight• What’s happening during a flight• Rule of Thumb airplane design
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Basic Forces
Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
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What’s in Weight?Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
TrimPayload
Fuel
AirplaneOperating
EmptyWeight (OEW)
Reserves
Operating items
Systems
Propulsion
Landing Gear
Body
Wing & Tails
Food, Supplies
Navigate, control and support life
Generate force to move airplane
Support airplane on the ground
Enclose the payload
Provide lift
Paying Passengers and Cargo
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Weight changes during the flight.
Payload
Fuel
Reserves
Operating items
Systems
Propulsion
Landing Gear
Body
Wing & Tails
Food, Supplies
Navigate, control & support life
Generate force to move airplane
Support airplane on the ground
Enclose the payload
Provide lift
Payload
Fuel
Operating empty weight
End of flight Start of Flight
Burn off fuel
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Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
How do you make Lift?
Bernoulli:
“The faster the air flows over the surface, the lower the pressure air exerts on the surface.”
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How to Change Lift
• Since Lift is about the same as weight and weight changes, then must be able to change lift.– Increase lift by• increasing the tilt of the wing• increasing the speed of the airplane (actually speed
squared)• decreasing the altitude of the airplane above the
ground.
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But there are Limits to Lift
Lift
Airfoil Tilt Angle
“Stall”The flow no longer can stay attached to the upper surface.
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Ways around the Limits to Lift
Lift
Airfoil Tilt Angle
“Slats”
“Slats & Flaps”
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Wings are made up of airfoils
AirfoilWing
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Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
• A propeller produces thrust like a wing produces lift except:• The propeller is a wing rotated 90 degrees
• The speed over the airfoil comes from rotating the prop.
How to create Thrust
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How does a jet engine produce thrust?
Propeller (“compressors”)
Propeller (“turbines”)
Fuel Burned(Generates high speed air) Thrust
A jet engine “sucks, squeezes, burns and blows.”
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What is “Drag”? Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
Skin Friction
Excrescence
Induced
“Pressure”
Lift and Span
Aerodynamic details
Smoothness
Outside surface area
Due to the influence of an airfoil on those outboard of it
Due to the rapid growth of the boundary layer
Due to roughness, gaps & antennas
Due to the friction in the boundary layer next to the skin to the air flowing over the skin.
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What & Why Trim?Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
• Trim comes from a wing like surface mounted on the back of the airplane
• To change the tilt of the airplane– increase down load - airplane nose goes up– decrease down load - airplane nose goes down
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Airplane Controls
Flaps
Spoilers
AileronRudder
Elevators
Slats
Fin
Stabilizer (Tail)
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Airplane Stability
Lift
Weight
A stable system A stable airplane
Move the ball away from the bottom and it returns to the bottom
Because ball’s center of gravity is above the bottom of the bucket
Move the nose of the airplane up and the airplane’s nose will come back down.
Because airplane’s center of lift is aft of the center of weight
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How does an airplane turn?It banks.
Lift
Weight
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Why do airplanes have rudders?To balance an inoperative engine and crosswinds.
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Design Envelope
Takeoff and Landing Distances
Fatigue
Brake Capability
Engine out takeoff
Stall Margins Pressurization
Speed margins
System redundancy
Flutter
Situation Awareness
Structural Strength margins
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The Plane that Taught America to Fly
Note: Dr. Cairns has around 100 hrs in this make and type, over 200 hours in similar type aircraft
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We will have an opportunity to crawl around one of These!
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The Greatest Fighter Aircraft Ever(according to the Military Channel)
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The Funny Looking X29(forward swept wing for better maneuverability)
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Spacecraft
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More Spacecraft
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The Road Map