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MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases

Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6 has three targets:

6.A: Halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is targeted at the 15–24 age group, but most economies have comparable data on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence only for people in the 15–49 age group.

6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.

6.C: Halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases, including tuberculosis.

Snapshots

• In the Asia and Pacific region, the prevalence of HIV among the population aged 15-49 years has declined in economies with the highest rates of infection, but has risen in other economies.

• Access to antiretroviral drugs for those with advanced HIV infection has increased in the region, especially in economies with high prevalence rates; however, access to this therapy is still well below the needs.

• About half of the 26 reporting economies have made significant progress in halting the incidence of malaria and associated death rates. In the other economies, malaria remains a severe problem where either the incidence is over 5,000 or the associated death rate is at least 10 per 100,000 population.

• The incidence and prevalence of death rates associated with tuberculosis have declined in the region, with almost all economies having achieved or are on track to meet the target.

Progress

HIV prevalence has declined in the Asia and Pacific economies with the highest rates of infection. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that weakens the immune system, ultimately leading to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Figure 6.1 shows HIV prevalence, which represents the percentage of people aged 15–49 who are living with HIV. Data for 2014 shows that the prevalence of HIV is highest in three Southeast Asian economies—Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand—as well as in the Pacific economy of Papua New Guinea. The HIV prevalence has, however, declined in all of these four economies since 1990.

Particularly, prevalence rates have significantly been reduced in Cambodia by more than half (from 1.6% to 0.6%), and in Thailand where HIV prevalence decreased (from 2.0% to 1.1%). Indonesia, the Lao PDR, the Philippines, and Viet Nam in Southeast Asia and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, and Tajikistan in Central and West Asia have seen rise in HIV prevalence rates since 2001.

Prevention efforts have been made to target young people aged 15–24, but knowledge about HIV has remained low among the youth. In most Asia

160 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015160

Box 6.1: Progress Toward Achieving the HIV Prevalence Target

Achievers/on trackAfghanistan PakistanBangladesh Papua New GuineaCambodia PhilippinesFiji Sri LankaMalaysia ThailandMyanmar UzbekistanNepal

No progress/regressingArmenia Kyrgyz RepublicAzerbaijan Lao PDRGeorgia TajikistanIndonesia Viet NamKazakhstan

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: Table 6.1.

Access to antiretroviral (ART) drugs by those with advanced HIV infection has increased in many economies between 2010 and 2014. The proportions of those with advanced HIV infection who were provided access to ART drugs has increased in all 22 economies for which data are available. In three out of the four Asia and Pacific economies with highest HIV prevalence, the exception being Myanmar, also had the highest proportion of the population with a need for ART drugs and have been given access to such drugs: Cambodia at 71%, Papua New Guinea at 44%, and Thailand at 61% (Figure 6.2). In Myanmar, only 36% of the population in need of ART drugs had access to it in 2014. Access is about one-third in Fiji, Georgia, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam, but in the rest of the economies, it is 30% or below, with the lowest coverage of 4% of the needy adults population in Afghanistan and 5% in Pakistan.

The incidence of malaria has significantly declined, but malaria is still prevalent across all regions of the Asia and Pacific region. The Pacific islands suffer the most from the severity of incidence (the number of reported new cases) of malaria at 13,054 per 100,000 population, to which Papua New Guinea contributes to nearly 14,384 per 100,000. Eleven other economies report malaria incidence higher than

Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic.Source: Table 6.1.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

2014 2001

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Afghanistan

Philippines

Pakistan

Fiji

Azerbaijan

Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan

Nepal

Armenia

Kyrgyz Republic

Lao PDR

Georgia

Tajikistan

Malaysia

Viet Nam

Indonesia

Cambodia

Myanmar

Papua New Guinea

Thailand

Figure 6.1: HIV Prevalence, 2001 and 2014 (percent of population 15–49 years)

and Pacific economies for which data are available, less than 40% of the population aged 15–24, whether males or females, have comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV (Table 6.1).

Box 6.1 summarizes the progress made on the MDG target to halt by 2015 and start to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. Twenty-two economies for which data are available to make an assessment are shown in the box. Thirteen economies have met the target or are expected to meet the target by 2015. The other nine economies are off-track on the MDG target on HIV/AIDS, including six economies from Central and West Asia and three from Southeast Asia.

161Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other DiseasesM

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0 20 40 60 80

Afghanistan Pakistan

Indonesia Bangladesh

Tajikistan Armenia

Kyrgyz Republic Sri Lanka Malaysia

Azerbaijan Philippines

Kazakhstan Nepal

Lao PDR Fiji

Uzbekistan Myanmar Viet Nam

Georgia Papua New Guinea

Thailand Cambodia

Figure 6.2: Proportion of Population with Advanced HIV Infection with Access to Antiretroviral Drugs, 2014

2,000 per 100,000 population: Afghanistan (2,447), Bangladesh (6,057), Cambodia (2,219), India (2,768), Indonesia (5,817), the Lao PDR (3,485), Myanmar (5,467), Pakistan (3,071), Solomon Islands (7,168), Timor-Leste (9,432), and Vanuatu (3,799) (Figure 6.3). The incidence of malaria was lowest (below 100 per 100,000 population) in Azerbaijan, Bhutan, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, the PRC, Sri Lanka, and Tajikistan. Armenia and Turkmenistan are two certified malaria-free countries.

A high incidence of malaria is associated with high incidence of malaria deaths. Therefore, malaria persists to be a major public health challenge. The death rates associated with malaria are at least 10 per 100,000 population in Bangladesh (14), Indonesia (10), the Lao PDR (10), Myanmar (11), Papua New Guinea with the highest death rate of 40, and Timor-Leste (16) (Box 6.2). Mosquito


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Kyrgyz Republic

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Azerbaijan

Korea, Rep. of

Viet Nam

Nepal

Thailand

Malaysia

Cambodia

Afghanistan

India

Pakistan

Lao PDR

Vanuatu

Myanmar

Indonesia

Bangladesh

Solomon Islands

Timor-Leste

Papua New Guinea

Figure 6.3: Incidence of Malaria, 2012 (per 100,000 population)

control interventions such as insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying have been shown to be effective for mosquito control. Malaria deaths can be considerably reduced by prevention, testing, and early diagnosis, as well as effective and timely treatment of the disease.

The incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis, as well as death rates associated with tuberculosis have fallen in all the regions of Asia and the Pacific. Figure 6.4 shows the incidence rates (new tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population) for 1990 and 2013. The incidence rate has fallen


in all but 10 economies. Incidence has fallen by at least 200 cases per 100,000 population between 1990 and 2013 in Azerbaijan (234 cases), Bhutan (with the highest decrease of 608 cases), the Lao PDR (295 cases), Mongolia (222), Solomon Islands (220 cases), and Tuvalu (308 cases). The largest increases in tuberculosis incidence in the Pacific economies of Kiribati and the Marshall Islands where the incidence has risen by 381 and 287 cases per 100,000 population in 2013 from 116 and 67 cases, respectively, in 1990. The highest incidences exceeding 300 cases per 100,000 population are in Cambodia (400 cases), Kiribati (497 cases), the Marshall Islands (354 cases), Myanmar (373 cases), Papua New Guinea (347 cases), and Timor-Leste (498 cases).

The prevalence of tuberculosis (number of cases per 100,000 population) has fallen in all but 10 Asia and Pacific economies from 1990 to 2013. As in incidence, the prevalence has risen considerably in Pacific economies—Kiribati and the Marshall Islands—where the prevalence

Box 6.2: Death Rates Associated with Malaria, 2012 (per 100,000 population)

0–9Afghanistan NepalAzerbaijan PakistanBhutan PhilippinesCambodia Solomon IslandsChina, People's Rep. of Sri LankaGeorgia TajikistanIndia ThailandKorea, Rep. of UzbekistanKyrgyz Republic VanuatuMalaysia Viet Nam

10–19Bangladesh MyanmarIndonesia Timor-LesteLao PDR

20 and abovePapua New Guinea


FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 6.2.

20131990 or earliest year

0 200 400 600 800 1,000

Australia New Zealand Cook Islands

Tonga Samoa Japan

Maldives Palau

Singapore Nauru

Armenia Fiji

Brunei Darussalam Vanuatu

Sri Lanka PRC

Turkmenistan Hong Kong, China

Uzbekistan Azerbaijan

Solomon Islands Korea, Rep. of

Malaysia Tajikistan

Kazakhstan Georgia

Thailand Kyrgyz Republic

Viet Nam Nepal

Bhutan India

Mongolia Indonesia

FSM Afghanistan

Lao PDR Bangladesh

Tuvalu Pakistan

Philippines Papua New Guinea

Marshall Islands Myanmar

Cambodia Kiribati

Timor-Leste

Figure 6.4: Incidence of Tuberculosis, 1990 or Earliest Year and 2013


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has increased by 512 and 412 cases per 100,000 population, from 236 and 78 cases, respectively, in 1990. The prevalence rates have also risen in eight other economies, the Cook Islands, Malaysia, and in the Central and West Asia economies of Afghanistan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. As of 2013, the prevalence of tuberculosis exceeded 700 cases per 100,000 population in Cambodia (715 cases), Kiribati (748 cases), and Timor-Leste (802 cases).

Figure 6.5 shows the death rates associated with tuberculosis in 1990 and 2013. For 2013, the death rates are highest in Bangladesh (51), Cambodia (66), the Lao PDR (53), and Timor-Leste (87); these economies also have either high tuberculosis incidence or prevalence, or both. Consistent with its performance in making the best improvements in reducing the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis, Bhutan has made the best gains in reducing the death rate associated with tuberculosis.

Progress in detecting and curing tuberculosis is attributed to the intensive implementation since 1995 of the Directly Observed Treatment Short Course strategy and its 2006 successor, the Stop TB Strategy, with support from the World Health Organization. Boxes 6.3 and 6.4 summarize the progress on the MDG targets on reducing tuberculosis incidence and prevalence. Across developing Asia, of the 43 economies, 39 have either achieved the target on incidence or are expected to meet the target by 2015. The remaining four developing economies are off-track: the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Marshall Islands, and Nauru. On tuberculosis prevalence, 40 economies achieved the target or are expected to meet the target to reverse their prevalence rates by 2015, while the three remaining economies—the Marshall Islands, Nauru, and Samoa—have been classified as off-track.

FSM = Federated States of Micronesia, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.Source: Table 6.2.

20131990 or earliest year

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

New Zealand Australia

Singapore Palau Japan

Cook Islands Maldives

Tonga Hong Kong, China

PRC Brunei Darussalam

Samoa Azerbaijan

Fiji Mongolia

Korea, Rep. of Armenia Malaysia Sri Lanka Vanuatu

Nauru Tajikistan

Georgia Uzbekistan Kazakhstan

Kyrgyz Republic Bhutan

Thailand Solomon Islands

Nepal India

Viet Nam FSM

Turkmenistan Indonesia

Pakistan Philippines

Kiribati Tuvalu

Papua New Guinea Marshall Islands

Afghanistan Myanmar

Bangladesh Lao PDR

Cambodia Timor-Leste

Figure 6.5: Death Rates Associated with Tuberculosis, 1990 or Earliest Year and 2013 (per 100,000 population)


Box 6.3: Progress Toward Achieving Tuberculosis Incidence Target

Achievers/on trackAfghanistan MyanmarArmenia NepalAzerbaijan PakistanBangladesh PalauBhutan Papua New GuineaCambodia PhilippinesChina, People's Rep. of SamoaHong Kong, China SingaporeCook Islands Solomon IslandsFiji Sri LankaGeorgia TajikistanIndia ThailandIndonesia Timor-LesteKazakhstan TongaKiribati TurkmenistanKyrgyz Republic TuvaluLao PDR UzbekistanMaldives VanuatuMicronesia, Fed. States of Viet NamMongolia

No progress/regressingKorea, Rep. of Marshall IslandsMalaysia Nauru


Box 6.4: Progress Toward Achieving Tuberculosis Prevalence Target

Achievers/on trackAfghanistan Micronesia, Fed. States ofArmenia MongoliaAzerbaijan MyanmarBangladesh NepalBhutan PakistanCambodia PalauChina, People's Rep. of Papua New GuineaCook Islands PhilippinesFiji SingaporeGeorgia Solomon IslandsHong Kong, China Sri LankaIndia TajikistanIndonesia ThailandKazakhstan Timor-LesteKiribati TongaKorea, Rep. of TurkmenistanKyrgyz Republic TuvaluLao PDR UzbekistanMalaysia VanuatuMaldives Viet Nam

No progress/regressingMarshall Islands SamoaNauru


Data issues and comparability

Data for estimating trends in HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis are difficult to compare because of varied practices and methods, lack of regular reporting systems, changing processes, and varying years and assumptions used to arrive at the desired data. This results in widening data gaps and more volatile data, as well as difficulty reconciling data. As a result, data may not be comparable.

For HIV/AIDS, the quality of data varies among countries, with the range of uncertainty depending on the actual HIV prevalence, concentration of HIV epidemic levels, and the number of steps or assumptions used to arrive at the estimate. Estimating the number of people receiving or having access to antiretroviral therapy is difficult because there are no established regular reporting systems on patients who underwent treatment for the first time, received or discontinued treatment, were not followed up, or died. Hence, data may be underreported.

Malaria estimates are often based on reporting systems that are not firmly established, tested, or accepted. Health facilities are, therefore, unable to report a complete, accurate, and scientific estimate of the actual counts of malaria cases.

Data on tuberculosis cases treated through the Directly Observed Treatment Short Course and other strategies are not comparable because the data are mostly sourced from administrative records of health agencies or services, which may not have established reporting systems. These agencies may not have established patterns of measuring accurate information, which may result in the delay of reporting data.


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Post-2015 agenda

While much has been achieved for the MDGs on health, there is much more that needs to be attained to sustain the achievements in the health sector. Health services, research, and various actions need to be intensified to bring down disparities across economies, and within economies. Even as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia persist as leading causes of mortality and new diseases have sprung, there is also an increase

in noncommunicable diseases such as stroke, heart attack, and cancer that kill many. In every economy, some segments of society, such as the poor, those in rural areas, and other marginalized groups will need access to health coverage, not only in terms of insurance, but also in terms of improved healthcare delivery. More concerted efforts must also be made to improve the timeliness and quality of data in the post-2015 world to bring the right actions to people who need health services the most.

166 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015Goal 6 Targets and Indicators

Table 6.1: Target 6.A—Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and Target 6.B—Achieve by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

Regional Member 6.1 HIV Prevalence (% of population 15–49 years)

6.3 Proportion of Population Aged 15–24 Years with Comprehensive Correct Knowledge of HIV/AIDS

(%)

6.5 Proportion of Population with Advanced HIV infection with

Access to Antiretroviral Drugs (%)

2001 2014 Female Male 2010 2014Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan 0.0 0.0 1.8 (2011) …. 1 4Armenia 0.1 0.2 15.8 (2010) 8.9 (2010) 7 19Azerbaijan 0.0 0.1 4.8 (2006) 5.3 (2006) 5 22Georgia 0.1 0.3 15.0 (2005) …. 18 39Kazakhstan 0.1 0.2 36.2 (2011) 34.1 (2011) 9 25Kyrgyz Republic 0.0 0.3 19.8 (2014) 24.0 (2012) 5 19Pakistan 0.0 0.1 4.2 (2013) 5.2 (2013) 4 5Tajikistan 0.3 0.4 8.7 (2012) 12.8 (2010) 3 16Turkmenistan .… .… 4.8 (2006) …. …. ….Uzbekistan 0.2 0.2 31.0 (2006) 7.0 (2002) 6 34

East AsiaChina, People's Rep. of …. …. …. …. …. ….Hong Kong, China …. …. …. …. …. ….Korea, Rep. of …. …. …. …. …. ….Mongolia …. …. 22.8 (2013) 20.7 (2013) …. ….Taipei,China …. …. …. …. …. ….

South AsiaBangladesh 0.0 0.0 9.1 (2013) 14.4 (2011) 6 14Bhutan …. …. 21.0 (2010) …. …. ….India …. …. 19.9 (2006) 36.1 (2006) …. ….Maldives …. …. 35.0 (2009) …. …. ….Nepal 0.3 0.2 36.4 (2014) 33.9 (2011) 11 27Sri Lanka 0.0 0.0 …. …. 11 19

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam .… .… …. …. …. ….Cambodia 1.6 0.6 37.6 (2014) 45.9 (2014) 46 71Indonesia 0.1 0.5 11.4 (2012) 10.3 (2012) 4 8Lao PDR 0.1 0.3 24.0 (2012) 27.6 (2012) 19 30Malaysia 0.8 0.5 41.9 (2014) 39.6 (2014) 12 21Myanmar 0.8 0.7 31.8 (2010) …. 13 36Philippines 0.0 0.1 20.7 (2008) 17.6 (2003) 8 24Singapore …. …. …. …. …. ….Thailand 2.0 1.1 55.7 (2012) …. 42 61Viet Nam 0.3 0.5 49.3 (2014) 44.1 (2009) 22 37

The Pacific

Cook Islands ... ... …. …. …. ….Fiji 0.0 0.1 …. …. 11 32Kiribati …. …. 44.4 (2009) 48.6 (2009) …. ….Marshall Islands …. …. 26.6 (2007) 39.4 (2007) …. ….Micronesia, Fed. States of …. …. …. …. …. ….Nauru …. …. 13.3 (2007) 9.6 (2007) …. ….Palau …. …. …. …. …. ….Papua New Guinea 0.9 0.7 …. …. 21 44Samoa …. …. 3.0 (2009) 5.8 (2009) …. ….Solomon Islands …. …. 29.3 (2007) 35.1 (2007) …. ….Timor-Leste …. …. 12.2 (2010) 19.7 (2010) …. ….Tonga …. …. 12.1 (2012) 14.0 (2012) …. ….Tuvalu …. …. 39.4 (2007) 60.7 (2007) …. ….Vanuatu …. …. 15.4 (2007) …. …. ….

Developed Member Economies

Australia …. …. …. …. …. ….Japan …. …. …. …. …. ….New Zealand …. …. …. …. …. ….

…. = data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Sources: United Nations. Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx (accessed 29 July 2015); UNAIDS. http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/devinfo/libraries/aspx/Home.aspx (accessed 05 October 2015).


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Goal 6 Targets and Indicators

Table 6.2: Target 6.C—Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Regional Member

6.6 Incidence of Malaria

(per 100,000 population)a

6.6 Death Rates Associated with Malaria (per 100,000 population)a

6.9 Incidence of Tuberculosis

(per 100,000 population)

6.9 Prevalence of Tuberculosis

(per 100,000 population)2012 2012 1990 2013 1990 2013

Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia 2,282 1 213 216 393 282

Afghanistan 2,447 0 189 189 306 340Armenia – – 18 49 27 66Azerbaijan 68 0 319 85 746 105Georgia 40 0 278 116 674 163Kazakhstan a …. …. 71 115 92 133Kyrgyz Republic 0 0 95 141 171 190Pakistan 3,071 2 277 275 509 342Tajikistan 2 0 72 100 121 142Turkmenistan – – 94 72 154 103Uzbekistan 0 0 65 80 100 120

East Asia 4 0 180 71 216 96China, People's Rep. of 2 0 152 70 215 94Hong Kong, China a …. …. 129 76 169 99Korea, Rep. of 70 0 164 97 223 143Mongolia a …. …. 403 181 928 254Taipei,China …. …. …. …. …. ….

South Asia 3,027 5 315 175 462 230Bangladesh 6,057 14 226 224 504 402Bhutan 58 0 777 169 1,762 196India 2,768 4 217 171 465 211Maldives a …. …. 146 40 285 57Nepal 142 0 164 156 348 211Sri Lanka 32 0 66 66 111 103

Southeast Asia 3,106 5 366 204 570 297Brunei Darussalam a …. …. 64 58 80 65Cambodia 2,219 4 584 400 1,667 715Indonesia 5,817 10 206 183 443 272Lao PDR 3,485 10 492 197 1,491 488Malaysia 961 1 79 99 110 131Myanmar 5,467 11 395 373 894 473Philippines 55 0 441 292 1,003 438Singapore a …. …. 63 47 82 59Thailand 723 1 138 119 211 149Viet Nam 108 0 251 144 560 209

The Pacific 13,054 34 480 308 592 412Cook Islands a …. …. 0 11 12 18Fiji …. …. 84 57 165 100Kiribati a …. …. 116 497 236 748Marshall Islands a …. …. 67 354 78 490Micronesia, Fed. States of a …. …. 379 188 469 262Nauru a …. …. 88 47 111 71Palau a …. …. 66 44 102 53Papua New Guinea 14,384 40 309 347 694 437Samoa a …. …. 36 18 53 29Solomon Islands 7,168 6 312 92 618 142Timor-Leste 9,432 16 498(2002) 498 809(2002) 802Tonga a …. …. 38 13 59 22Tuvalu a …. …. 536 228 911 327Vanuatu 3,799 4 127 62 151 84

Developed Member Economies …. …. 45 16 55 20Australia …. …. 7 6 8 8Japan …. …. 49 18 63 23New Zealand …. …. 11 7 15 10

DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES 1,880 3 260 145 371 195REGIONAL MEMBERS 250 140 356 189WORLD 151 126 267 159

continued

168 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015Goal 6 Targets and Indicators

Table 6.2: Target 6.C—Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases (continued)

Regional Member

6.9 Death Rates Associated with Tuberculosis

(per 100,000 population)

6.10 Proportion of TuberculosisCases under DOTS (%)

Detected Cured1990 2013 1990 2013 1990 2012

Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia 46 23

Afghanistan 37 42 4 (1997) 53 45 (1997) 88Armenia 4 6 80 95 55 81Azerbaijan 11 4 3 73 65 83Georgia 9 7 12 68 58 85Kazakhstan 13 10 90 100 74 (1997) 86Kyrgyz Republic 9 11 44 91 50 (1996) 84 (2011)Pakistan 69 27 4 58 70 91Tajikistan 6 7 23 68 88 83Turkmenistan 15 25 29 80 73 84Uzbekistan 8 8 60 89 78 84

East Asia 19 3China, People's Rep. of 19 3 32 87 93 95Hong Kong, China 6 3 87 87 85 (1998) 67Korea, Rep. of 11 5 93 87 76 81Mongolia 16 5 39 84 74 88Taipei,China …. …. …. …. …. ….

South Asia 42 22Bangladesh 80 51 21 53 71 92Bhutan 277 12 45 85 97 92India 38 19 59 58 25 88Maldives 29 2 83 83 97 79Nepal 52 17 59 78 73 91Sri Lanka 8 6 49 66 79 86

Southeast Asia 67 25Brunei Darussalam 3 3 87 (1997) 87 85 (1998) 71Cambodia 207 66 24 62 91 94Indonesia 70 25 9 71 91 86Lao PDR 194 53 4 31 70 90Malaysia 7 6 77 79 69 78Myanmar 154 49 10 68 67 89Philippines 55 27 42 80 60 88Singapore 4 2 86 85 86 75Thailand 19 12 60 80 64 81Viet Nam 52 19 33 76 89 91

The Pacific 82 34Cook Islands 0 2 87 87 100 0Fiji 6 4 39 51 86 86Kiribati 29 29 72 (1996) 80 87 89Marshall Islands 4 39 80 (1996) 80 25 86Micronesia, Fed. States of 26 21 49 72 (2012) 80 93 (2011)Nauru 7 7 87 (1999) 87 (2011) 83 (1998) 40 (2010)Palau 10 2 87 87 67 100Papua New Guinea 105 33 53 89 56 68Samoa 5 3 89 66 80 86Solomon Islands 87 14 41 70 65 88Timor-Leste 89(2002) 87 62 (2002) 67 81 (2002) 89Tonga 6 2 63 72 75 100Tuvalu 108 29 89 80 0 (1997) 70Vanuatu 7 6 75 78 85 91

Developed Member Economies 3 1Australia 0 0 87 86 55 (1996) 82Japan 3 2 85 88 80 (1998) 54New Zealand 1 0 99 82 30 (2000) 81

DEVELOPING MEMBER ECONOMIES 37 16REGIONAL MEMBERS 35 15WORLD 29 16

…. = data not available at cutoff date, 0 = magnitude is less than half of the unit employed, – = magnitude equals zero, DOTS = directly observed treatment short course, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

a Data are estimated by the international agency when corresponding country data on a specific year or set of years are not available or when multiple sources exist, or there are issues of data quality. Estimates are based on national data, such as surveys or administrative records, or other sources.

Source: United Nations. Millennium Development Goals Indicators Database. http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx (accessed 14 July 2015).

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