mcdonald 2009
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Migrt Igity, Nti-Buiig,
th Pitis Rgurizti i C
Jean McDonald
AbstractRegularization, a means or people living with precar-
ious immigration status to legalize or regularize their
status, is a central demand o immigrant rights groups
across Canada From a perspective o No Borders, does
the demand or regularization, while challenging the day-
to-day practices o Citizenship and Immigration Canada,
also unintentionally reinorce state power? Historical
research on regularization programs in Canada suggests
that regularization programs do not eliminate migrant
illegality but recongure it In this way, regularization may
be implicated in processes that both makes and unmakes
illegality within the context o immigration and citizenship
in Canada
RsumLa rgularisation, un moyen pour les personnes vivant
avec un statut dimmigration prcaire de lgaliser ou de
rgulariser leur statut, est une revendication centrale de
la dense des droits des immigrants partout au Canada
Dun point de vue No Border, la demande de rgularisation,
tout en contestant les pratiques usuelles de Citoyennet et
Immigration Canada, ne renorce-t-elle pas aussi invo-
lontairement le pouvoir tatique? La recherche historique
sur les programmes de rgularisation au Canada indiqueque ceux-ci ne suppriment pas lillgalit des migrants; ils
ne ont quen modier la conguration De cette aon, la
rgularisation peut tre implique dans des processus qui
la ois ont et dont l illgalit dans le contexte de limmi-
gration et de la citoyennet au Canada
IntroductionRgurizti, ms r pp ivig with prrius
immigrti sttus t giz r rguriz thir sttus, is
tr m immigrt rights grups rss CBut wht r th impitis this m? Cmig rm
prsptiv N Brrs, s th m r rgur-
izti, whi hgig th prtis Citizship
Immigrti C, s uittiy rir stt
pwr? Histri rsrh rgurizti prgrms i
C rm 1960 t 2004 mstrts tht th rguriz-
ti prss is ti-buiig xris Rgurizti
is th trm mst f us by gvrmt is t
srib prgrms tht r pprtuitis r pp iv-
ig with prrius immigrti sttus i C t ppy
r prmt sttus1 Rgurizti prgrms, hwvr,
t imit migrt igity; ist this igity
is rgur thrugh th rgurizti prss I this
wy, rgurizti my b impit i prsss tht bth
mk umk igity withi th txt immigr-
ti itizship i C
T thrti pt mthgi pprh
gvrmtity2 is usu r xprig prsss
igizti withi th txt immigrti piy i
C Igizti rrs t ths prsss tht make
pp ig: prsss tht illegalize rti bis i pr-
tiur sps withi th gbizig ti-stt systm
I C, w s th wys i whih pp r mig thrugh th ssist, gr, rist prsss
sti xusi mb i th Immigrt
Rug Prtti At (IRPA) T mjrity pp ivig
with prrius immigrti sttus i C r pp
wh t mt th rstrit rquirmts th pits
systm, systm tht mphsizs prtiur wrk skis
mi sttus whi s privigig uti rm
whit-mit utris, suh s Austri, th US, th
UK, thrs Ub t ss th pits systm, my
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hv submitt rug ims r hv i ths ims
hv i t rmi i C rthr th pr-
suti i thir utry rigi Othrs h wrk, visitr,
r stut viss r hv vrsty thir viss Frm gv-
rmtity pprh, prsss igiztith pr-
sss tht mk prs ig b urst s
rt t sy thrugh stt bururis istitu-ti mhisms but s thrugh thgis gvr-
mt Wh shu b gvrig, wh s t b gvr,
wht si prtis gvrig, bm thikb
rtiiz thrugh si istitutis prtis
, , th st simpy thrugh i stt piy
O th thiqus pwr i this rgim gvr-
mtity is th iti vrius tgris vits
i ppsiti t rm sity
I C, this prti tgrizti bms
r i xmiti rgurizti prgrms rm
1960 t 2004 It is thrugh th ritri tht trmi i-
gibiity r prmt immigrti sttus tht itis
srvig usrvig ppits bm thik-
b T gity prs, th, bms thikb
ptb thrugh vrius thgis gvrmt tht
mk rti th tgrizti srvig
migrts s pps t ths m usirb Tis
i tur gitimts immigrti piy tht prts ur
th ti-immigrt isurs th t prtt th
Ci ti by piti rm pssib rig -
tmiti, strutig th Ci ti s vi
pur/puri
Whi pitiis f sir rgurizti prgrmst b humitri t mpssit gvrmt3
wy t with th prbm ig immigrtshis-
tri rsrh mpits this viw Frm 1960 t 2004,
rgurizti prgrms hv b hrtriz s -
tim-y prurs Gry iiig with stritr
brr trs irs rmt, rgurizti
prgrms f rt irs i th pruti
migrt igity, s g hs r migrti bm
miimiz rmt msurs r irs
Primry rsrh rm prjt tit N-Sttus
Immigrts: Exprig Ms Rgurizti, whih
tk p i 20042005,4 wi rm th bsis thisppr I this prjt, th rsrh tm, whih I ws
prt, urtk histri rhiv rsrh, s w
s ut ky irmt itrviws, us grups,
ru-tb isussis rgurizti prgrms i
C rm 1960 t 2004 I this ppr, I wi rst ut-
i th mjr rgurizti prgrms i C rm
1960 t 2004 t bttr urst hw rgurizti pr-
grms rgur igity urig this tim pri I th
s sti, I xmi mm ritri r xusi
i th rgurizti prss by psig th qusti: wht
r sm th ti-immigrt rist isurss tht
hv b rpru thrugh rgurizti? Trugh
isussi th pitis rgurizti i C i th
thir sti, I brt th i igity s prss
xp up prsss igizti i th txt
immigrti piy i C
Regularization: Te Making and Unmakingof IllegalityWithi th Ci txt, th trm rgurizti
ts t b us mr rquty th th trm msty
by gvrmt is immigrt rights vts
ik wh sribig prgrms tht prvi th ppr-
tuity r -sttus (im)migrts t ppy r g immi-
grti sttus Rivk Aug, g-tim mmuity
tivist wrkr with th Jwish Immigrt Ai Srvis
(JIAS) i Mtr, Qub, ts tht gvrmt isr highy vrs t usig wht sh s th A wr
msty5 Ist, gvrmt is r r mr iky
t us th trm rviw r rgurizti t srib pr-
grms tht prvi u g immigrti sttus t ths
withut ivig withut it i C Othr immigrt
rights tivists, suh s Jggi Sigh, pit t th pitiy
bis ttis th trm msty s rm r-
givss r th supps wrgig ig immigr-
ti sttus6 T trm rgurizti, hwvr, hs its w
ttis simir t tht rmizti s urst
withi Fuui rmwrkwhrby rgur sttus
ms ths with g immigrti sttus, whi thswithut g sttus must b irrgur withi this gvr-
mt gi
T Chis Ajustmt Sttmt Prgrm (19601972)
is iky th rst rm rgurizti prgrm i C
Tis prgrm w r Chis migrts wh m t
C withut sttus umts, r with th umts
rtiv Ci itiz (mmy rrr
t s Ppr Ss7), t ppy r prmt rsiy8
Appits t mstrt tht thy wr g
mr hrtr wr t ivv i th iustry
ig immigrti9 Chis mmuitis i C
wr tiv i prssurig th r gvrmt t hgrist immigrti ws tht h r s xu
Chis immigrts, suh s th Chis H x th
Chis Exusi At10 It is stimt tht ru 12,000
pp wr rguriz thrugh this prgrm11
Fwig th Chis Ajustmt Sttmt Prgrm,
th Ajustmt Sttus Prgrm (i Frh, Operation
Mons Pays; i Egish, s kw s Prjt 9712)th
rgst rgurizti i C t tws impmt
i 197313 I th ry 1970s, irsig umbr
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migrts bm -sttus Tis ws u, i prt, t th
1972 hgs i r immigrti piy wh Sti
34 th 1967 Immigrti At ws rp Tis brr
ptti ppits rm ppyig r prmt rsi-
y rm withi C14 My mmuity grups
piti rgiztis vt r rgurizti
prgrm, grr muh pubi supprt Dspit thrrw tim rmAugust t Otbr 1973ts
thuss ppi15 Irmti but th prgrm ws
wiy issmit, rgy thrugh mmuity rgiz-
tis16 Athugh it is ukw hw my wr xu r
rjt, stimt 39,000 pp wr sussu17
I 1981, ight yrs fr th Ajustmt Sttus
Prgrm, Hitis ivig i Qub ught r sur
rgurizti prgrm By 1980, mr mr
Hitis i C u thmsvs with rgi sttus:
thy h stut r wrk viss, r prhps h vrsty
thir vis h bm ig18 As th piti situ-
ti i Hiti wrs, Hitis i Qub bg t rg-
iz i rr t bby r prvii gvrmts
r prgrm tht wu rss thir s tivy,
rthr th s-by-s bsis s rug imts
T O Christi Hitis py ky r i this
strugg s w s i mpigs r rgurizti i 1972
1987 Tis grup rst m tgthr wh immigr-
ti ws hg i 197273 Hiti tis u
gr ppy r prmt rsiy rm withi
C19 Tis hg f my Hitis withut g
sttus, svr -sttus Hitis bg t b tr-
gt by immigrti uthritis whi ttig hurhT grup rgiz mtigs, bbi gvrmt b-
is is, sussuy irs pubi wr-
ss thrugh ws vrg20 T 1981 prgrm rgur-
iz vr 4,000 pp Tis prgrm rjt ppits
with rimi rrs srius mi prbms21 Fr
xmp, t st ppit ws rus bus h h
tubrusis22 Tis spi rgurizti r Hitis
i Qub rguriz my pp; hwvr, r ths
ukw umbrs ppits wh wr rus, thy
wr w kw t immigrti rmt is
subjt t irs msurs tti
prtti23T Miistrs Rviw Cmmitt (19831985) ws
prgrm i whih -sttus immigrts wh h iv
i C r mr th v yrs wr m t
b sussuy stbish itgrt u bm
rguriz24 At this tim, ig immigrti ws -
sir imprtt piti issu by th r gvr-
mt Svr rprts wr mmissi by th Ci
Miistry Empymt Immigrti, iuig tw
by WG Rbis, Ig Immigrts Issus Ppr25
Ig Migrts i C,26 bth whih rjt
gr msty rmm iti sttmt
irs i immigrti rmt brr
trs Trugh th Miistrs Rviw Cmmitt,
stimt 1,000 pp wr rguriz ukw
umbr ppits rus S- ig migrts
wr sir imprtt piti issu i th ry- tmi-1980s, but ut piti viw uti ru 1994,
wh th issu i rug imts rm mrtrium
utris27 bm prmit
Frm 1994 t 1998, th Drr Rmvs Orr Css
(DROC) rguriz svr thus i rug im-
ts wh h rmi i C r thr yrs r mr
withut rmv rr28 Rus imts wr gr-
y stuk i imb bus thy wr rm mrtrium
utris Si Chi ws ths utris urig
this pri, Chis mmuity rgiztis i C
bg t vt r prmt rsiy r i ru-
g imts29 Grups rm rt, Mtr,
Vuvr, iuig my -sttus immigrts, rw
pubi ttti t this issu30 Apprximty 3,000 ppi-
ts rm Chi, Ir, thr utris wr rgur-
iz thrugh this prgrm, but my mr wr rjt
bus thy i t mt rsiy rquirmts, r h
rimi rrs r srius mi itis31 Fur
yrs fr th DROC prgrm , simir rgizig
bg i Mtr, whr i rug imts rm
Agri bg t mbiiz m sttus
I 2002, i rug imts rm Agri mbi-
iz t m prmt sttus sur rguriz-ti prgrm I th 1990s, my pp m t Qub
rm Agri u t th vit it tht hs tiu
thr r my s I 1997, th Ci gvrmt
stpp prttis t Agri s mrtrium u-
try, yt t th sm tim my Agris rug ims
wr rus32 I 2002, th Ci gvrmt i
t strt prtig pp t Agri gi, fr urtiv
tr ws struk btw th tw utris33 Just vr
1,000 i rug imts rm Agri u thm-
svs t risk prtti34 My -sttus Agris
i Qub mbiiz t put prssur th gvrmt t
rguriz thir sttus35 Ty rt th Ati Cmmittr N-sttus Agris (CASSA), wrk with is
rm N O Is IgMtr, iiviu supprtrs,
vrius bur, ith, wms grups36 Fr t
t, th Ci Qub gvrmts itru
rgurizti prur r i Agri rug im-
ts wh h b ivig i Qub Whi pprximty
900 pp wr rguriz thrugh this prgrm, vr
150 pp wr rus tiu t prt-
ti, mst bus thy i t mt th Qub rsiy
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rquirmt, h rimi rr r u t r t
py th rg ppiti r th prgrm37
Frm th itr isussis Citizship
Immigrti C, primiry rf umt ws ir-
ut i Sptmbr 2001 rgrig Spi Msurs38
T bjtivs ths spi msurs wr t: Rguriz
th sttus iivius wh hv stbish i C r t b t s thrugh rm prurs;
Cr th ks r th impmtti w gis-
ti39 Athugh th Spi Msurs wr vr imp-
mt br w gisti ws itru with th 2002
Immigrt Rug Prtti At (IRPA), my
th rmmtis this irut umt rst
with rgurizti prgrms tht h urr i C
br 2001 Fr xmp, ist trs tht mt t gui
2001 ibrtis iu Cr ritri tht is trgt
xusiv Spi strt ish t40
T ritri xpiity mti i th umt iu
rsiy rquirmt thr yrs, biity t itgrt,
mpymt (ie, t hvig us pubi si ssist),
mtig th rquirmts mi, rimi,
surity hks ssry t b i C Ty
wu s xu ths wh hv rmi i C pst
th t thir prtti rr Expiit mti is m
th trgt rmv usussu ppits41
Trugh histri stuy rgurizti prgrms
i C rm 1960 t 2004, w xpr th wys i
whih pputis -sttus immigrts bm gv-
r gvrb Trugh this gvr, prtiu-
r ti th g itiz is rt gitimizWhi w itizs, r prmt rsits i th s
my rgurizti prgrms i C, r strut
thrugh th rgurizti prss, th tgry th
usrvig immigrt is simutusy rt, uph
mg As suh, rgurizti prgrms b
urst s big impit withi th prsss
igizti Igizti wrks t bth siy xu,
thrugh suh prtis s tti, prtti, th
sig g vus r try, siy iu ur
imps itis xpitbiity ispsbiity As
Nit Shrm rgus, immigrti piis i C
t t uph systm gb prthi42 Aprthii this gb ss s t m simpy th physi xu-
si grup pp rm trritri sp; rthr, it
ms thir inclusion, vi this xusi, s ig r
uwu Tis tgrizti surs th imps stt
xpitbiity thrugh rsur g prsh r
spi grup pp/wrkrs T g itiz, s
strut thrugh th rgurizti prss, is rgy
pru thrugh th ritri tht hv ii with
vry rgurizti prgrm i C rm 1960 t 2004
Criteria for Regularization: Producing/Protectingthe National Body Politic
It [th Ci immigrti systm] is tir pprtus this systm is bs th ssiti iivius43
Hw r th ritri rgurizti prgrms impiti prutiv isurss rism, tiism,
th purityi trms mit urstigs
th g itiz th ti by piti? I this s-
ti, I xmi th wys i whih th prmit ritri
r rguriztirimi imissibiitis, mi
imissibiitis, tthmt t th pi wrkr, -
mi wth, rsiy rquirmts, tis sit
itgrti, prs miy, s utry ri-
gipru spi ti th g itiz , i
s ig, wrk t gvr pputis -sttus immi-
grts i C i prtiur wys I my wys, rgur-
izti prgrms, s rm gvr, t s mth tgrizti, sprtig ths wrthy prmt
rsiy vtu rm itizship rm ths
m uwrthy r grus t th ti by piti,
rtig justiti r thir tti prtti
Crimi imissibiity, mg th mst mm ri-
tri us t xu pp rm rgurizti prgrms,
is impit i isiius rist isurs tht pr-
us sm migrts s sur r gr wh
must b sr i rr t prvt thir tmit-
ig th ti by piti Nt surprisigy, rimiity
ts t b th mst trvrsi mt i th m
r rgurizti by immigrt rights grups Sm v-
ts rgurizti sti pt this ritri s imprt-
t ptb Hwvr, by ptig rimiity s
gitimt bsis xusi, thr is i th systmi
istituti rism, whih hs b w-umt
s xistig withi th Ci piig th rimi
justi systm44 I prtiur, it is th rimiizti
riiz pr mmuitis, whih i tur uphs
th pris-iustri mpx Fr xmp, svr pr-
tiipts i us grups with -sttus immigrts i
rt pit ut tht this iti s t rss
systmi rism, ssism, sxism withi piig th rimi justi systm i C i thir utris
rigi A mi-g wm ur wh h iv
i rt r svr yrs mpy s msti wrkr
with prrius sttus mstrts this r:
Yu shut b puish gi fr yuv srv yur tim
Pus, t vryby ry mmits rim Trs big prbm
with s imprismt uir jugs A ty is vry
strssu wr w iv i; pp mk mistks45
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I this sttmt, this wm is mkig tw imprtt
pits T rst is tht ig prtti fr prs
srvs thir tim i pris impss ub puishmt
T s pit is tht rimi justi systms r t
iib
My -sttus immigrts mmuity tivists
hv s rgu tht rimi imissibiity is uir th bsis ub puishmt As -sttus tivist i
Mtr pit ut, Wr hums, wr iivius
A i iiviu i sm ki gstur tht is rim-
i th thy b puish thrugh th justi systm
Why spiy trgt wh st hum bigs bs
ths ritri, r wh thy r?46 Tus, pp with
prrius rms immigrti sttus, iuig prm-
t rsiy, u srv thir tim i ji, but th
prtti frwrs Frm itizs, th thr h,
wu y hv t srv tim r thrr y pu-
ish
Histriy, rgurizti prgrms hv s xu
pp with srius mi itis Lik rimi-
ity, this ritri is impit i tiist pruti
r, rirs th isurs tht struts immi-
grts s pttiy grus issthus -
ig t b sr, tst, mitr ti by th
stt Tis ritri is s gitimt thrugh isurs
mphsizig st ysis, whri pp with iss
r sir t b usrvig prmt rsiy
bus thy t s ris th Ci systm My
pp with prrius sttus srib xusi m-
i grus s xtrmy prbmti, isrimitry, ihum A msti wrkr ur with prrius
sttus pit ut, Pp wh r i shu b trt
quy with thrs47 Svr pp I spk with t
tht my prrius immigrts gt sik s rsut th
us grus wrk itis tht thy r r
t pt i C Fr xmp, wm mpy
s msti wrkr pit ut, Smtims yu gt th
iss hr thy wt t s yu bk t yur u-
try Tts t right48 Athr xpis, T jb tht yu
gt s -sttus immigrt is jb tht is gig t gt
yu sik49 Pp with physi isbiitis, r wh hv
hri isss suh s kiy iss, HIV/AIDS, uk-mi, r tubrusis, r f u miy imis-
sib r prmt rsiy, whthr thrugh rgur-
izti, spsrship, r Humitri Cmpssit
ppitis
Pps tthmt t th pi wrkr thir -
mi wrth hv s b us t xu rti pp
rm rgurizti prgrms, ithr bus th wrk
tht thy r bus thir ibiity t iy sup-
prt thmsvs thir miis Exusi bs up
s mi stbiity is simir t mi imissi-
biity i tht bth p up st ysis isurs
r thir gitimy Furthrmr, st ysis isurs
struts s ihtmy btw Ci-br
itizs, wh i this rmwrk miti vi im
t mi r si wr utsi th ritri
stbish r (im)migrts, migrt utsirs, whpurprty hv t pi thir us my t ss
ths srvis
I rity, hwvr, pp with prrius immigrti
sttus py txs, f prrm th urpi
uwt wrk tht urpis th Ci my A
ttig xmp is th wrk prrm by msti wrkrs,
whthr thrugh th Liv-I Crgivr Prgrm (LCP) r i
th irm my Du t th gr tur hi-
rrig bur i C, this wrk ws my Ci
wm t pursu pi wrk utsi th hm ts th
Ci gvrmt vi th st tiy subsi-
iz hi r strtgy T isurs st ysis s
isists pruig pp s ris up th Ci
systm rthr th rgizig prss ssti wrth s
hum big th mutip wys i whih pp my
rih th wr i whih thy xist As Spish-spkig
wm rm Lti Amri rgus,
A us wrk i sm rm T wm wrks i th hus, th
hir wrk twrs th utur, bus stuyig is rm
wrkig W giv my, my thigs bk t th utry Fr
this rs, it st sm ir [t xu pp wh r t
rmy mpy] vry wrks50
With this sttmt, sh is isistig tht mmbrs
mmuity h itrisi vu withi tht mmuity,
rgrss st ysis rgumts tht spiy trgt
(im)migrts t th trry T gr ss us
grups with -sttus immigrts i rt ws tht
pp wh t wys pi wrk (r xmp, pp
with isbiitis, sig mthrs, ry pp) shu t
b xu rm rgurizti prgrms Exusi
th bsis k mpymt s t tk it ut
tht my pp hv t iv with rstritis tht imit
thir biity t ss pi burCmmuity tivists -sttus immigrts ik
ritiiz rgurizti prgrms tht wu y w
ppits t bti tmprry wrk prmits, suh s
th prps by th Grtr rt Hm Buirs
Assiti (GHBA) th Cstruti Rruitmt
Extr Wrkrs Srvis (CREWS),51 bus thy -
t prvi th surity stbiity tht prmt rsi-
y rs As rt-i wrkr t usig
sttmt tr t, Iv h pp whv ths
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wrk prmits thy thik thyr g Ni tw
yrs tim yur gig t hv t rw52 Cmmtig
tmprry wrk prmit prgrms, Spish-spkig
wm rigiy rm Lti Amri with prrius
sttus stt:
Tis rtiy sms ik ub-g swr t m Bus
thy t yu smthig, but it hs ub mig A th
ub mig is tht thyr gig t ttrt tmpt yu [t
mk yurs kw, t ppy], thyr t gig t pss r
pt vry S, yu giv r s thm yur irmti,
th wh thy gt t yur s thy might r might t giv
it t yu S t m this sms ik ub-g swr; it s
t wrk r m, r r my miy, r r my ris My
hiwht I wu ikis itiv thig, tht is t sm-
thig whr r 3 r 4 yrs I m m, th I y hv tw
mths br I rtur t big riv rzy gi A I th
sm risks gi S r m it s t b itiv, r ty
r th utur53
I this sttmt, this wm is rwig ttti t th
r rgurizti prgrm tht s mr th sim-
py giz itiy wrkrs withi imit tim rm
As sh pits ut, thr is itt t gi t t s r
-sttus immigrts wh mk thmsvs kw
itib t immigrti rmt uthritis with-
ut t st th h giig prmt rsiy As
w, pp hig wrk prmits r gry pt
vi trt with mpyr, vig wrkrs wh
my hv wrk prmits but t hv prmt rsi-y p t bus by mpyrs54 Wrk prmits simpy
t rss th g-trm s -sttus wrkrs
thir miis
Rsiy rquirmts r thr ms xusi
rm rgurizti prgrms A xmp this ritri
wu b rquirig ppits t hv rsi i C
r prtiur pri tim r t hv rriv i r-
ti ti br rti t, suh s i th s th
2002 rgurizti r Agris rsiig i Qub Lik
rimi hks mi itis, this rquirmt
is impit i xusiry tiist isurs tht
ms yty pr bgig rm ths viws utsirs r rig t th ti by piti Svr
pp with prrius sttus tht prtiipt i ur
rsrh rgu tht gth rsiy shu ut r
smthig Fr ist, Prtugus-spkig wm
rigiy rm Brzi rgu, T mut tim tht
prs wrk iv ty, tht yu wrk, pi
txs, wr ivv i th mmuity, tht yu wr i th
utry uts55 Hwvr, thrs rgu tht vry
shu b iu i rgurizti prgrm, [r t th
vry st ut r whi witig t mt th rsiy
rquirmts, i thr is miimum mut tim
must hv b ivig i th utry br thy r igib
r prmt rsiy], Durig tht tim th prs
shu b giv sm ki surity i rr t iv hr
Fr xmp, i yu g t th bk [withut g sttus]
yu r t yu t p ut bus yur SINstrts with 956 O wm rsp, syig, Prhps
urig tht tim th prs shu b giv prmit t
prv t C tht yu b usu Afr ths thr
yrs th yu shu b giv yur pprs It is imprtt
t hv sm ki stbiity urig tht tim57 Athr
Spish-spkig wm with prrius sttus pit
ut pp wh r prt fr ivig i C r
my yrs f xpri rmv s trumti:
Why s C t s th situti th hir th
pp wh iv hr? Afr thr r ur yrs th hi hr
rs th gug, rs th ustms th t rtur him
bk t his utry rigi s vry strg mg It is
psyhgi mg58
As iit i this sttmt, g-trm -sttus rsi-
ts C ivig with th iti prtbiity
f xpri rmv i u ss: physiy, rm
th ti trritry, psyhgiy, s this wm
pits ut, rm th ti by piti , thrr,
s thy r rmv xu rm ss ti
bgig I sum, rsiy rquirmts, whrby ppi-
ts must prv rsiy i C r rti umbr yrs, srv t kp pp with prrius immigrti
sttus i stt ig imb i whih xpitti by
mpyrs, rs, thrs tiu s g s
vurbiity t th twi isipiry prtis tti
prtti rmi
Hvig miy mmbrs ivig i C hs s b
us s mm ritri i rgurizti prgrms
Pp with prrius sttus s w s mmuity gy
wrkrs hv rgu tht th iti miy i th
Ci immigrti systm is rrw xusi-
ry Cutrig th rrw iti miy us by
Citizship Immigrti C, wm -ur rm th Cribb miy s yby i th
mmuity wh hs hp yu st by yur si59
Athr wm with prrius sttus t, Mst
pp m hr withut y miy60 Furthrmr, th
Ci immigrti systm ts t privig th ptri-
rh htr-ur miy, whi qur, sig prt,
-ur miis r iky t b xu, whthr -
iy r irmy As mmuity hth tr wrkr
t:
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Issus ru sxuity sxu ritti r mst vr
mti i ths kis piis T v stig
r tht pp i rr t hi thir sxu ritti
try t gt i s stright prs, is just W t v kw
hw muh thts gig 61
Htrsxuity is f prsum s th rm i myimmigrti piis, suh s th miy spsrship pr-
grm rgurizti prgrms r xpti
Simiry, th ppiti prss is gr s it ts t
b tr th m th miy As wrkr t
ighburh tr pit ut, Immigrti is vry
ptrirh, thy wys ssum tht th m is gig
t b th priip ppit S th its i th hs th
m t b rspsib r [his wi], its ik vur
r hr62 T ritri miy, th f ptrirh,
htrsxist ssumptis pguig immigrti piis i
gr, b urst s thr wy i whih wm,
trs, qur migrts my b xu withi rgu-
rizti prgrm
Rgurizti prgrms hv t tims s iu
itgrti s tr ritri r igibiity Sm
pp with prrius sttus thught tht this ws, i
sm wys, ir iti At th sm tim, my s
pit ut tht u t tim strits it b iut t
gt ivv i tivitis tht r gry ssit with
itgrti, suh s th rig th tw i
gugs C (Egish r Frh), gig t hurh
vutrig with mmuity rgiztis O pr-
tiipt summriz this by syig tht fr wrkig myhurs vrtim kig fr yur miy, thr is
vry itt tim f r itgrtig63 O wm rjt
th ritri itgrti tgthr, syig, Wh rs
hw w yu gt g! Pp r pp64 T ritri
itgrti b urst s rgy isrtiry
rbitrry Cmmuity wrkrs immigrti g
wrkrs pit ut i itrviws tht immigrti rs
wi f i wht itgrti ms s-by-
s bsis
Svr rgurizti prgrms i C hv us
prtiur grup pp mig rm spi
utry Wh isussig th ritri utry rigi,my pp with prrius sttus pit ut th systmi
rism withi th urrt immigrti systm, whrby
rti grups pp (eg, whit immigrts rm th
UK) t t b trt irty th thr grups
pp (eg, Bk immigrts rm th Cribb) As
wm si: W [Bk immigrts rm th Cribb]
r trt irty A thy [whit British immigrts]
t s i thyr br hr65 Othrs mti tht my
pp spig vi prsuti r t rgiz
s rugs bus th Ci gvrmt hs i
h tim tht thir utris r t grus Fr
ist, wm pit ut,
Bus yu m rm th Cribb, thy just k t yu
sy hw yu b rug? Im surig Im struggig,
Im big bttr bus mistrt rp
vrythig yu thik but my utry st shw up
th ist66
Tis sttmt highights th prrity tmprry sttus
i C, spiy s mvs rm th rtiv st-
biity th psiti rug imt t tht i
rug imt wh wi iky rmv prurs
i th r utur Tis xmp pits t th iur th
rug trmiti systm t rgiz my pp
wh m t C skig rug s piti rugs,
spiy wh thy r skig rug rm ti-stt
with whih C hs urtiv mi rtiships
Mst prtiipts t tht rgurizti prgrm shu
pt ppitis rm -sttus immigrts
qu bsis, rgrss thir utry rigi
Distiguishig th rimi rm th g, th is-
s rm th hthy, th zy rm th hr-wrkig,
th wy rriv rm th y, ths wh t bg
rm ths wh bg, th rgurizti prss is
ti-buiig prti Nt y r th purprty
wk srt rm th strg ppits, th ti
by piti must b prtt rm ths m usuit-
b subjts withi th ti trritry T th-gis tti prtti r us t urthr -
ti rmv rjt ppits Yt, thy r s us
s isipiry ttis withi systm i whih prrius
r igiz immigrts r gy systmtiy
i ss t th rights titmts tht uy g
rsits C r r thrby rig r-
sur thir g prsh ttmptig t imit thir
si piti prtiipti withi th si sps
igity
Illegality and the Politics of Regularization
Hw pp bm igiz i C? Igity b bttr urst wh xmi s th prut st
prsss rthr th s giv stt r sttus As m-
strt bv, rgurizti prgrms r svr
prsss tht pru rgur igity i th -
txt immigrti i C Whi th w migrtry
bur ts t b urst pru thrugh stt
piis prtis s th s rspsibiity th ii-
viu, itis pvrty, umpymt, ispmt,
thr squs pitist gbizti shu
Politics o Regularization in Canada
71
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b rgiz s tr trs gb migrtis67 As
rug gy wrkr pit ut:
Its s situti th triti btw grwig gb
iquitis tightig brrs Trs th situti
uumt pp ry hr, but thrs th gig pr-
ss s w, migrtry prssurs hw yu gt i i thr
rt y g vus r pp I yu t t th rug
iti, myb thyr t i-thrt i piti wy
but thyr i-thrt bus thir si rights r t pr-
tt i thir utry rigi68
A wm with prrius sttus srib xmp:
I kw s wm with tw hir Sh ppi r [ru-
g sttus] thy wr i but th hir r stuyig
hr, thy spk th gug Tt miy is ig D yu thik
tht is g? C C ry sy tht it is th utris
with mr humitri ss? Tt prs wrk, pi txs,
tht sh wt ws pprtuity bus i hr utry
sh ws vitim msti vi Sh m hr t giv hr
hir bttr i69
Sss rgus tht rg-s gb migrtis r stru-
tur thrugh vrius trsti gpiti pr-
sss (iuig i de acto i rti-
ships) tht y b prtiy rgut thrugh ti
immigrti trs70 With this urstig, w
s hw gb migrtry ws bm th pr-
sss igizti i C Sss pits ut thtbus gb migrtry ws ur rgrss ti
immigrti trs, rs tr risis, r th
ig migrts it ti trritry, r rgy
uwrrt71 Tis iits tht migrts wi rriv
i C rgrss g vus r tr As
Sss ts, wh vu g tr is s
r miimiz, umbrs wi irs vi thr h-
s72 Chgs i immigrti piy, suh s th rp
Sti 34 th 1967 Immigrti At i 1972 tht
brr ptti ppits rm ppyig r prmt
rsiy withi C, hv t irs i pp
sig pprtuitis r u g immigrti sttus Sirgurizti prgrms hv t t ii with
th tightig g vus tr irs
msurs immigrti rmt, th impiti is
tht th pputi migrts trig thrugh ig
r smi-g hs (eg, vis-hrs wh wi sty
fr viss xpir; i rug imts wh rmi i
C) wi iky irs
T squs gb pitism, suh s isp-
mt, pvrty umpymt, r mg th rivig
rs bhi gb migrti Gb pitism is, i
my wys, pt up systm gb prthi,
this gb prthi is rpru thrugh gb
migrtis Shrm s it qusti whthr itizship
rgims r simpy xusiry; ist sh xmis th
tis ti-stt systm gb prthi t
include vi xusiry rmwrk Sh writs, [L]ikpst rms prthi, gb prthi is t bs
kpig irti pp apartbut ist, rgizig
tw (r mr) sprt g rgims prtis r i-
rtit grups pp within th sm sp73 T
xist gb prthi is f i, Shrm rgus,
bus it tius t b ssit with r-bs g
irtitis thr r mst gy bs r
istitis u i immigrti w ty T ti-
stt systm gb prthi, hwvr, gitimizs bth
gb iquitis th us riv r, suh s
tti prtti, gist -itizs s
turizs ss, gr, riiz xusis t
ti mmbrship74 O th ts this systm
gb prthi is th stbishmt hirrhi sys-
tm i whih ss t rights titmts bm bs
up tgriztis mr- ss-srvig migrts
Sss pits ut tht th rtiship btw th gb
my th ti-stt is t ppsiti r
mutu xusivity; ist, th ti-stt systm is
ssti mt i th vpmt pitist gb-
izti75 As th prsss igizti, gb
migrtis s uti t u th s th ti
mystisyig th m r hp, xpitb, ispsb bur As mmbr th Ati Cmmitt
N-Sttus Agris xpi,
C is utry buit immigrti O thig is r: th
Ci gvrmt ursts this ursts tht its
my s th p ig wrkrs, its tmprry wrkrs;
it brigs i t my Immigrts i gr r brigig i
t my76
I vrsti, tw wm with prrius sttus pit
ut:
A Tr is t prpg i Suth Amri thtC wts t brig immigrts Why, ist
brigig mr pp, st it rguriz vryby
tht is ry hr? Tr r pp wh r ry
wrkig givig t th utry
B At th sm tim bus thy t giv us u-
mts thy mk us i T yu hv t us sm
ss si [Si Isur Numbr]77
A systm gb prthi, ssry t th ms
gb pitism srvig th s th Ci
Vum 26 Reuge Numbr
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ti my, is bth prutiv pt
up prsss igizti
Immigrt rights vts hv sught t hg th
piis prtis th immigrti systm withi
C s mstrt bv i rgr t rguriz-
ti prgrms Currty, immigrt rights tivists t
t pit t iquis withi th rug trmitisystm th k vib ptis r -sttus immi-
grts t bti prmt rsiy At prst, th y
prur tht ws -sttus immigrts i C t
ppy r g immigrti sttus is t mk ppiti
Humitri Cmpssit (H & C) grus
r sttus With stimt 5 pr t suss
rt r ppits, rig t th mmuity wrkrs
migrt justi tivists I spk with, this prgrm is
t ptb t my immigrt rights grups bus
it s t r qut suti r pp ivig
wrkig i highy xpitb vurb itis
T H & C ppiti uss prmity itgr-
ti, hvig miy mmbrs i C, pi mpy-
mt Autmti imissibiity u thrugh mi,
rimi, surity hks is my pttiy su-
ssu its th pprtuity t bti g sttus
Fr xmp, Avvy G, wyr with th Chis Ci
Lg Cii i rt, ON, t tht mm mi
prbm tht mks pp imissib r sttus is
kiy iss:
Kiy [iss] is just xmp [ it] h psitiv
H & C, but ws t bus mi [ritri], right? Sby th his kiy is gttig v wrs H s trspt S,
thy [Citizship Immigrti C] kw tht i h gs
bk t Chi h wi i bus hs t gig t gt trs-
pt Tts prt th rs why thy w him t sty H
& C grus But th thy t him bus mi
prbm, right? Why is tht ir, why is tht ritri, kwig
tht this prs thrwis mts th ritri tht is st up?78
Athr vu r prmt rsiy rm withi
C is thrugh rug im Hwvr, mjr w
rgiz withi th Immigrt Rug Br
(IRB), th gvrmt burury tht mks isis bth ims r prmt rsiy humitr-
i mpssit grus ims r rug
sttus, is th k i-prs pps prss r
rug ims Tis is spit th t tht ur th 2002
Immigrti At th impmtti Rug Apps
Divisi is rquir by w I thr wrs, pps pr-
ss i st ut i piy but hs yt t b istitutiiz
i prti
As wrkr t mmuity hth tr pit ut,
my th urrt piis Citizship Immigrti
C pru migrt igity bus pp
thrugh th rks th urrt systm:
Its ur urrt immigrti w tht mks t pp
thrugh th rks bm uumt i th rst p,
s i yur srt biig by th sm ritri, thr r ts
pp tht r gig t thrugh th rks [ th rguriz-
ti prss]79
A sigit squ piis impit i th pr-
uti prsss igizti is tht pp wh
thrugh th rks r th siy iu[] ur
imps itis r prtrt vurbi-
ity80 Immigrti piy, u t th t srt s-
siy pputis migrts, is prss igizti
T urrt gvrmt rgizti th immigrti
systm, th, is i its prutiv migrt igity
D Gv writs, T si sp igity is
rsur g prsh sp r ivisibiity,
xusi, subjugti, rprssi81 Tus, igity
is sptiiz iti i whih th physi brrs
th ti-stt r rpru withi th vryy ivs
riiz immigrts i utss tis82 Fr xmp,
oronto Starrti rprts tht r immigrti -
rs with rr t prt t t rmv hir wh
wr ttig tw rt shs i Apri 2006 I
ths ss, th t th rs ti ws t r th
hirs prts ut hiig83
Athr rti rvstht wh immigrt wm withut u g immigr-
ti sttus i C ttmpt t prss hrgs busiv
prtrs, thy f tti prtti84 Ts
xmps u t prss igizti mist i
piis, s, rgutis, prtis i whih stt
brrs r rv withi th trritri brrs th
ti-stt As Shrm hs pit ut, th brr is t
just physi ggrphi trritri mrkr85 Ist, th
brr xists whrvr -sttus immigrts my m
it tt r rtti with istituti sttigs
whthr rig hir i sh, stpp r tr
viti by pi, r sk r SIN r wh ppyigr jb Tis is igi brr tht riss, mr-
gig s wispr vr-prst, wh pp try t
ss si srvis suh s hth trs, si husig
-prtivs, shs, bks, wr s, pi
sttis, thrs Igi brrs uti withi
by th sp itizship t mk th wh
prs, i t, ig As suh, brrs (bth physi
igi) t t y s g piti
Politics o Regularization in Canada
73
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rights, but r s impit i tis wh bgs
wh s t86
ConclusionsT histry rgurizti i C rm 1960 t 2004
mstrts th wys i whih migrt igity is r-
gur thrugh immigrti piis suh s rguriztiprgrms Migrt igity is pru wh pp r
tgriz thrugh th igibiity ritri histriy ss-
it with rgurizti Tus, th s- prbm
i g migrts is t sv i y g-trm ss but
rthr mg thrugh th irti tgrizti
migrt pputis s ths m sirb ths
m usirbwith th sirbiity ppit
trmi thrugh th us strit ritri T t pr-
uig th g itiz thrugh rgurizti, th, -
t b sprt rm th pruti igity i ths
prss xu rm th rgurizti prss Exu
rm th ti, ths wh r rjt r f subjt t
irs itsi msurs immigrti r-
mt, suh s tti prtti Ts hight
rmt msurs f sur th swif physi xu-
si usirb ppits Mwhi, thrts t-
ti prtti miti th r inclusion
-sttus immigrts thrugh itis xpitbiity
th ispsbiity
I C, rgurizti prgrms hv histriy
b impmt thrugh th us strit ritri, suh
s rimiity, mi hth, mpymt, rsiy, it-
grti, miy, utry rigi, mg thrs Deacto ritri suh s mi wth, riizti,
isrimiti gist y m t t b htr-
sxu s m it py thrugh ppiti s,
th sirti vuti suh ritri s it-
grti withi Ci sity th -rsi
ths s miy i C It is thus thrugh bth
xpiit impiit ritri tht ppits bm xu
rm rgurizti prgrms Rgurizti prgrms,
thrugh th ppiti vuti prsss, pru
rpru xphbi tiist isurss T
immigrt bms strut s sur r, gr,
iss; s smthig t b sr, tst, mitr,ti, prt i rr t sur th hth th
ti my t prvt th tmiti th
ti by piti
Dspit th risks ivv i vtig r rgur-
izti prgrm, th m r sttus r rmis
th ky struggs my immigrt justi rg-
iztis rss th utry, iuig N O Is Ig
(i Vuvr, rt, Mtr), th Sirity Withut
Brrs iti (Mtr), svr thrs Yt, t
vt r rgurizti prgrm is t prtiipt i
ti-buiig xris; t sk th stt t rssrt its
mk isis but wh is sirb wh is
usirb O th thr h, rgurizti prgrm
wu hv hug impt th ivs pssiby ts
thuss pp wh wu gr hv t iv with
th twi thrts tti prttiO wy tht migrt justi tivists hv rss
this r with rgurizti is t wrk twrs Dt
Ask, Dt r Ass withut Fr piis withi
muiipitis, mig tht ity srvis b m
vib r rsits rgrss thir immigrti
sttus Tis ws i th tstps svr mpigs
i th US tht hv rt stury itis t vryig
grs Citis rss th US hv pt vrib rs-
utis tht i my wys hg r immigrti
ws; i, sm hv rrr t thmsvs s stu-
ry it is r sty zs87 Ovr fy itis hv pss
gisti tht rbis th us muiip us, rsur-
s, wrkrs r th rmt r immigr-
ti ws Othrs, suh s Ls Ags, Chig, Prt,
Stt, Nw Yrk City, Mipis, t m w,
hv tk mr prtiv rs, whrby spi gis-
ti brs ity wrkrs rm iquirig it /r is-
smitig immigrti irmti rgrig prss
usig ity srvis88 Rsutis pss i Btimr,
Austi, Cmbrig, thr itis rm tht ity
srvi wi b i th bsis rm itizship
sttus89 Ts hgs i muiip piy wr t
grt by muiipitis; rthr, ths trsrmtiswr hr-w by immigrts, rugs, thir is
thrugh hr wrk, rsrh, twrkig, vy
Ts mpigs wrk twrs rtig mmuitis tht
r t pt up rm itizship s mrkr
bgig
Trugh suh prtis, th si sp migrt
igity, whi rtiy t bish, is rm thrugh
th stbishmt (prus) ity buris Muiip
piis rmig th right t pubi srvis r mm-
brs th mtrpis ps imprtt hg t stt
itis igity i th txt immigrti
sttus As t bv, th physi brrs th stt rrpru i utss sris withi th trritry
th ti-stt My ths situtis whri brrs
r rquty rpruttig sh, gig t th
hspit, ppyig r si husig, ssig mrgy
shtr srvis, ig r pi ssistwu b
irumvt t grt xtt thrugh muiip piy
tht rsis isrimiti bs immigrti sttus
surs ss t srvis withut r immigrti
rmt msurs
Vum 26 Reuge Numbr
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At th sm tim, hwvr, it is imprtt t rgiz
th vry r impt tht ss t rm itizship hs
pps vryy ivs As Mi Vrsyi pits ut,
the legal right to remain must t b sir isigi-
t (mphsis )90 Ev withi ity tht rms
ss t ity srvis rgrss rm itizship,
r uthritis r t brr rm rig rimmigrti wsrrstig, irrtig prtig
ths prss t m ptb withi th ti
by piti T m r rgurizti prgrm
th mvmt twrs stury itis r tw vit
gs withi th migrt justi mvmt i C, yt
bth hv with sigit imittis Ativists sh-
rs r with migrt rights s xmi th
wys i whih systms immigrti sti r sys-
tms hirrhi ssiti tht, i tur, uph
systm gb prthi gb pitism T vit
gs sttus r stury itis must t b
urst s t ri pitis immigrti,
but y bgiig i g-trm ght r gb justi,
rm mvmt, rjti th ti-stt
systm, tht must b tk up withi th txts
iism i whih thy mrg, with mmitmt
t iigus sirity
Notes
1 Frm 1960 t 2004, sussu ppits t rguriztiprgrms wr r prmt rsiy At prst,hwvr, mst isussis by gvrmt is ruth i rgurizti hv gry us thti tmprry wrk prmits S, r ist,Gry, City Csirs Askig Ottw t Lt Igs WhAr Wrkig Sty, Globe and Mail, Mrh 30, 2005, butisussis i City rt ui t push r rgu-rizti tht wu r sussu ppits tmpr-ry wrk prmits
2 M Fuut, Gvrmtity, i Te Foucault Efect, G Burh, C Gr, P Mir (Chig: Uivrsity Chig Prss, 1991); C Gr, GvrmtRtiity: A Itruti, i Te Foucault Efect, GBurh, C Gr, P Mir (Chig: Uivrsity
Chig Prss, 1991); A Og, Buddha Is Hiding: Reugees,Citizenship, the New America (Brky: Uivrsity Ciri Prss, 2003)
3 E Khr, J MD, P Nyrs, C Wright, TRgurizti N-Sttus Immigrts i C19602004: Pst Piis, Currt Prsptivs, AtivCmpigs (rt: Ctr Ex r Rsrh Immigrti Sttmt (CERIS), 2004)
4 Fu by th Ctr Ex r Rsrh Immigrti Sttmt (CERIS), th Gbizti Autmy Prjt, MMstr Uivrsity
5 Rivk Aug, itrviw by J MD r N-Sttus Immigrts: Exprig Ms Rguriztiprjt, Mtr, PQ, Juy 3, 2004
6 Mtr N-Sttus Ativist Rutb (grup rpr-sttivs rm immigrt rights rgizti, prmi-ty -sttus tivists), iitt by J MD
Jggi Sigh r N-Sttus Immigrts: ExprigMs Rgurizti prjt, Mtr, PQ, Otbr16, 2004
7 A G, T Brk Drm Immigrt withut Sttus(rt: OCASI, 2002)
8 Prmt rsiy i C is t prmtper seI prmt rsit is vit rim r whihth mximum st is t yrs r mr (rgrss th tim tuy srv), fr urgig pty r thrim, th prs ss thir sttus s prmt rsit wi iky prtti Mr rty, prmtrsiy rs hv b itru Ts rs must brw vry v yrs; i rr t rw, ti his-
try whr yu hv iv, whr yu hv wrk, thr spts yur i must b suppi t Citizship Immigrti C
9 Appi Histry Rsrh Grup, Ajustmt SttmtPiy, i Te Peopling o Canada 19461976, AppiHistry Rsrh Grup (Cgry: Uivrsity Cgry,1997)
10 Vitr Wg, itrviw, August 2627, 200411 Appi Histry Rsrh Grup12 W G Rbis, Ig Migrts i C, Miistry
Empymt Immigrti (Ottw: Gvrmt C, 1983)
13 J-Cu Irt, itrviw, Otbr 18, 2004
14 Ibid15 F Hwkis, Critical Years in Immigration (Kigst:
Qus Uivrsity Prss, 1991)16 Irt17 A G, Histry Cs Immigrti Lw (rt:
Mtr rt Chis Suthst Asi Lg Cii,2004)
18 Irt19 Ibid20 Ibid21 Ibid22 Ibid
23 Ibid24 G, Histry Cs Immigrti Lw25 W G Rbis, Ig Immigrts Issus Ppr,
Miistry Empymt Immigrti (Ottw:Gvrmt C, 1983)
26 Rbis, Ig Migrts i C27 C impss mrtrium rmvs t utris
whih th Ci gvrmt ms isur, gryu t piti turmi suh s ivi wr r coup dtat
28 Wg29 Ibid
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30 Ibid31 Ibid; Avvy G, itrviw, Juy 5, 200432 M Lwry, P Nyrs, Ru b Rprt: N O
Is Ig: T Fight r Rug Migrt Rights iC, Reuge 21, 3 (2003)
33 S Mtgmry, rs Lik t Wtr D? Dprtti
Sms t Mk N Ss Big Wtr Ctrt WsAu but th im C Di AgrisShu Lv, Montreal Gazette, 19 Otbr, 2002;Mtr N-Sttus Ativist Rutb, RutbDisussi, Otbr 16, 2004
34 Lwry Nyrs35 Mtr N-Sttus Ativist Rutb36 Ibid37 Lwry Nyrs38 Gvrmt C, Spi Msurs (Ottw:
Citizship Immigrti C, 2001)39 Ibid40 Ibid
41 Ibid42 N Shrm, Immigrti Gb Aprthi (pub-
i tur, N O Is Ig Cmmuity Ati Frum,rt, ON, 2005)
43 Mmbr th Ati Cmmitt N-Sttus Agris,Mtr Ativist , 2004
44 V Stzwih, Racism and Social Inequality in Canada(rt: Tmps Euti Pubishig, 1998); G Wiims, Rism i Justi: T Rprt th Cmmissi Systmi Rism i th Otri Crimi JustiSystm, i (Ab)Using Power: Te Canadian Experience, S C By, D E Chu, R Mzis (Hix, NS:Frw Pubishig, 2001); G Wiims, Stig
Bk Ors i th Otri Crimi Justi Systm,i Making Sense o Sentencing, D C J Rbrts(rt: Uivrsity rt Prss, 1999)
45 N-Sttus Wm Cur Fus Grup, Fus GrupDisussi, August 14, 2004
46 Mtr Ativist Rutb47 N-Sttus Wm Cur Fus Grup, August 14
200448 Ibid, Juy 10 200449 Ibid, August 14 200450 N-Sttus Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, Fus
Grup Disussi, Juy 24, 2004, trst it Egish
rm Spish51 Grtr rt Hm Buirs Assiti Cstruti Rruitmt Extr Wrkrs Srvis,
Prps t th Gvrmt C t RgurizUumt Wrkrs i th Rsiti CstrutiStr (rt: Grtr rt Hm BuirsAssiti, 2003)
52 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb, RutbDisussi, Sptmbr 28, 2004
53 N-Sttus Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup,August 14, 2004
54 Rug gy wrkr, Cmmuity Agy WrkrsRutb, Rutb Disussi, Sptmbr 28, 2003
55 Fus Grup N-Sttus Prtugus-Spkig Wm,Fus Grup Disussi, Juy 24, 2004, trst itEgish rm Prtugus
56 Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, August 14, 2004
T Si Isur Numbr (SIN) bgis with 9 tiit tht th rhr is tmprry rig wrkrSIN rs bgiig with 9 s hv xpiry trrspig t th t t whih th rhr is gytit t wrk
57 Ibid, Juy 24, 200458 Ibid59 Wm Cur Fus Grup, Juy 10, 200460 Ibid, August 14, 200461 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb62 Ibid63 Wm Cur Fus Grup, Juy 10, 200464 Wm Cur Fus Grup, August 14, 2004
65 Ibid; Ci Cui r Rugs, Rprt SystmiRism Disrimiti i Ci Rug Immigrti Piis (rt: Ci Cui rRugs, 2001); L Jkubwski, Immigration and theLegalization o Racism (rt: Frw, 1997)
66 Wm Cur Fus Grup, Juy 10 200467 S Sss, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age o
Globalization (Nw Yrk: Cumbi Uivrsity Prss, 1996)68 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb69 Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, August 14, 200470 Sss71 Ibid72 Ibid
73 N Shrm, Gb Aprthi Nti-Stth:Istitutig Brr Rgims, i Nationalism and GlobalSolidarities, J Gm P Jms (L:Rutg, 2007)
74 Ibid75 Sss76 Mtr Ativist Rutb77 Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, August 14, 200478 A G, itrviw, Juy 5, 200479 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb80 N D Gv, Migrt Igity Dprtbiity i
Evryy Li, Annual Review o Anthropology31 (2002):
42981 Ibid, 42782 Ibid83 Kiwski, Brs Attk Rmv Kis: Stuts
Us t Lur Prts, oronto Star, My 1, 200684 N Kug, Wm F Dimm: Abus r Dprtti?
oronto Star, August 3, 200485 N Shrm, O Big Nt Ci: T Si
Orgizti Migrt Wrkrs i C, CanadianReview o Sociology and Anthropology38, 4 (2001)
86 Ibid
Vum 26 Reuge Numbr
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87 Nti Immigrti Lw Ctr, Att Chrt Lws, Rsutis Piis Istitut rss th USAgist Stt L Pi Ermt ImmigrtiLws (Ls Ags: Nti Immigrti Lw Ctr,2004)
88 Ibid
89 Ibid90 M Vrsyi, Itrrgtig Urb Citizship vis--vis
Uumt Migrti, Citizenship Studies 10, 2(2006)
Jean McDonald is a doctoral candidate in the graduate pro-
gram in Social Anthropology at York University and a long-
time member o No One Is Illegal in oronto
Politics o Regularization in Canada