Matter

The QuestionsWhy do is the sun hot?Why does wood burn whereas rocks do not?What is flame?How does soap work?Why does soda frizz when you open the

bottle?

MatterDefine as the “stuff” of which the universe is

composed, has two characteristics: It has a mass and it occupies space.

Three states of matter:SolidLiquidGas

The Three States of MatterStateState DefinitionDefinition ExamplesExamples

SolidSolid Rigid, has a fixed shape and Rigid, has a fixed shape and volumevolume

Ice cube, diamond, Ice cube, diamond, iron bariron bar

LiquidLiquid Has a define volume but takes Has a define volume but takes the shapes of its containerthe shapes of its container

Gasoline, water, Gasoline, water, alcohol, bloodalcohol, blood

GasGas Has no fixed volume or shape; Has no fixed volume or shape; take the shape and volume of take the shape and volume of its containerits container

Air, helium, oxygenAir, helium, oxygen

Physical and Chemical Properties and ChangesPhysical properties

Characteristics that do not involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup.

E.g Temperature, color, amount, melting point, solubility….

Chemical propertiesCharacteristic that do involve a change in

chemical makeupE.g rusting of iron, combustion etc…

ExamplesClassify each of the following as a physical or

a chemical propertyThe boiling point of a certain alcohol is 78oCDiamond is very hardSugar ferments to form alcoholA metal wire conducts an electric current

Physical ChangesInvolves a change in one or more physical properties, but no change in the

fundamental components that make up the substance

Solid liquid gas

Chemical ChangeInvolves a change in the fundamental

components of the substances; a given changes into a new different substance or substances

Also called as chemical reactionsE.g Combustion of propanePropane + oxygen gas Carbon dioxide +water

vapor

ExampleClassify each of the following as a physical or

a chemical changeIron metal is meltedYou make scrambled eggsWood burns in airA rock broken into smaller pieces

3.3 Elements and CompoundClassify as a pure substance

Have a constant composition

Element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substance by chemical method

Compound is a substance that composed of 2 or more elements or any substance that can be broken down into elements

element + element compoundcompound element + elements + ….

3.4 Mixtures and Pure Substances Mixtures: formed when 2 or more

substances are blended together in some random proportion

Individual substances do not undergo a chemical change

Homogeneous mixture (solution) has uniform properties throughout.

E.g – water-base solutionsAir: mixture of N2(g), O2(g)

Heterogeneous mixture has regions with different composition

E.g – Sand with sugar, water with gasoline, dust with air

ExamplesIdentify each of the following as a pure

substance, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixtureGasolineBrassPure apple juiceChocolate chip cookies

3.5 Separation MixturesPhysical methods

DistillationFiltration

GravitySuction

Common separationHomogeneous mixtureHeterogeneous mixture

DistillationSeparate solid from

liquidVolatile substance is

readily separated through heating

Composition of each individual substance does not changed

E.g – Separation of salt water

If two solutions are volatile then distillation cannot be achieved

FiltrationUsed to remove

impurities from solutionImpurities (larger

solid particles) stay on the filter paper

Water goes through the paper

E.g – sand and seawater

Summary Matter

Homogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous

mixture

Physical methods

Pure Substances

Elements Compounds

Chemical methods