matter
DESCRIPTION
matter, chemistry, secondary school, science, separation, processTRANSCRIPT
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MATTER
• Occupies space• Have mass
Almost everything in the universe is matter.
Can you give examples of what are not matters?
Author: Mr Lam
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Matter
Can it be separated by
physical means?
Is the compositi
on uniform?
Can it be decomposed by
ordinary chemical means?
Elements
no
Mixtures
yes
Homogeneous
mixtures (Solution)
yes
Compounds
yes
Heterogeneous mixtures
no
Pure Substances
no
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Homogeneous Vs heterogeneous
When you take (sample) two spoons of the mixture out from the bulk, if the compositions of the mixtures in each spoon are the same, then we call it, homogeneous, e.g. Milk
On the other hand if the compositions in each spoon is different from each other, we call it heterogeneous, e.g. Noodle soap.
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Give three examples in each category
Homogeneous mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures
Compounds Elements
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3.
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Homogeneous Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture also commonly named as a “Solution”.
Example:
Salt = Solute Water = SolventSalty water = Solution
Note: All gases mixture must be homogeneous. e.g. air
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Heterogeneous mixtures
Solid/solid e.g. rice with m&m chocolate
Liquid/liquid e.g. French salad dressing, metal with metal oxide (smelting), milk
Solid /liquid e.g. muddy water
Liquid/gas e.g. milk/air =ice-cream
Solid/gas e.g. saw dust in air
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Liquid/solid heterogeneous mixtures
If the mixture is very easy to sediment (settle), the process is called sedimentation
If the mixture takes some time to sediment, the mixture is called suspension
If the mixture does not sediment even after a very long time, the mixture is called colloid.
Note: liquid/liquid mixture with very fine droplets, we also call the mixture as emulsion.
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Miscible/immiscible
If two liquids can dissolve into each other, we say these two liquids are miscible.
For example, vinegar and water, alcohol and water
If two liquids cannot not dissolved into each other, we say these two liquids are immiscible, e.g. water and oil.
The words Miscible/Immiscible are very similar to dissoluble and indissoluble. But miscible/immiscible describes specifically for liquids.
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Difference between mixtures and compounds
Mixture has the average properties of its components. e.g. salty water is still tasted salty, iron needles in a haystack, still attracted by magnets
Compound has new properties. e.g. ashes from burning paper in air, vinegar & baking soda becomes carbon dioxide and another solution with no acidic property
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Compounds and Elements
Different compounds are different combinations of different elements
The properties of compounds can vary a lot when the composition of the elements only varied a little bit.
We will discuss more about element and atom next year.
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Separation techniques
Magnetic separation Decantation Flotation Centrifugation Filtration Separation Funneling Evaporation Crystallization Distillation Chromatography And many more….
Same mixture can be separated by different methods.
Sometimes a few of these techniques are needed to extract the desired substances.
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Decantation
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Application of decantation
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Flotation
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Application of Flotation
Flotation process, in mineral treatment and mining, process for concentrating the metal-bearing mineral in an ore.
Crude ore is ground to a fine powder and mixed with water, frothing reagents, and collecting reagents.
When air is blown through the mixture, mineral particles cling to the bubbles, which rise to form a froth on the surface.
The waste material (gangue) settles to the bottom. The froth is skimmed off, and the water and chemicals are distilled or otherwise removed, leaving a clean concentrate.
The process, also called the froth-flotation process, is used for a number of minerals, especially silver.
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Centrifugation
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Application of Centrifugation
Separation of blood Uranium enrichment (see link)
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Filtration
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Increase the yield by rinsing
The proper way to hold a beaker with a glass rod
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Separation Funneling
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Evaporation
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Crystallization
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Distillation
Distillation is good for separating liquids with different boiling points.
The lower boiling point liquid collected at the conical flask
Note: the water in and water out positions of the condenser.
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Chromatography