TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINESCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGBACHELOR IF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COPPER AndZINC

SUBMITTED BY:DE GUZMAN, JOHN RHEYDELA ROSA, JASHPERPORTOS, JOHN BRENTLOYOLA, LEX JIMLARVILARRENTE, JEREMYBSME-3B

COPPER- is achemical elementwith the symbolCu(fromLatin:cuprum).- Atomic number 29.- It is aductilemetal with very highthermalandelectrical conductivity.-It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metalalloys.- The metal andits alloyshave been used for thousands of years. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined onCyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal asyprium(metal of Cyprus), later shortened tocuprum. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper (II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such asazuriteandturquoiseand have been widely used historically as pigments.1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIESPhysical properties

Phasesolid

Density(nearr.t.)8.96 gcm3

Liquiddensityatm.p.8.02 gcm3

Meltingpoint1357.77K1984.32F1084.62C,,

Boilingpoint4643F2562C,2835K,

Heatoffusion13.26kJmol1

Heat of vaporization300.4 kJmol1

Molar heat capacity24.440 Jmol1K1

History and Uses:Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using copper for at least 11,000 years. Relatively easy to mine and refine, people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least 7,000 years ago. The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Today, copper is primarily obtained from the ores cuprite (CuO2), tenorite (CuO), malachite (CuO3Cu(OH)2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS) and bornite (Cu6FeS4). Large deposits of copper ore are located in the United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada.Used in large amounts by the electrical industry in the form of wire, copper is second only tosilverin electrical conductance. Since it resists corrosion from the air, moisture and seawater, copper has been widely used in coins. Although once made nearly entirely from copper, American pennies are now made fromzincthat has been coated with copper. Copper is also used to make water pipes and jewelry, as well as and other items.Pure copper is usually too soft for most uses. People first learned about 5,000 years ago that copper can be strengthened if it is mixed with other metals. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25%tin. Early people used bronze to make tools, weaponry, containers and ornamental items. Brass, a mix of copper that contains between 5% and 45% zinc, was first used about 2,500 years ago. The Romans were the first to make extensive use of brass, using it to make such things as coins, kettles and ornamental objects. Today, brass is also used in some musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion.Hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the best known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, as an algicide in water purification and as a blue pigment for inks. Cuperic chloride (CuCl2), another copper compound, is used to fix dyes to fabrics. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a poisonous white powder that is chiefly used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is commonly used in electroplating.2. FACTS ABOUT COPPER:*New Device Could Charge Your Smartphone As You Walk- Power cords and batteries are the bane of every gadget: You either carry around the necessary cords and cables, or you hope the battery lasts. But now, researchers want to change that, by building a charger powered by the motion of your body as you walk.The device built by Georgia Tech researchers, led by Zhong Lin Wang consists of four discs layered on top of one another. The first disc is made of copper, and rotates. The next is a polymer and remains stationary, and the third isa gold layerthat is divided into sectors, with alternating sections cut out, to make something that looks like a bicycle wheel. The last layer is made of acrylic.When the copper disc rotates, positive charges in the copper move past the negative charges in the polymer. That causes an imbalance of charges in the gold layer, with each "spoke" of gold having either more positive or more negative charges. This imbalance means that when a wire is connected between sectors, current flows.Wang said the device can generate power as long as something causes the copper disc to rotate. For example, he demonstrated thatflowing watercould work, in the lab.He has also experimented with wearable versions. "This is even more general," he told Live Science. "You could attach it to your leg, or in the folds of a jacket."The device works on the sameprinciple as static electricity. For example, when you walk on a rug in wool socks, electrons build up in the socks (and in you), and when you touch a metal doorknob, they jump from your finger, making a spark. There's a lot of voltage in the spark enough to make the jump through the air but not much current, which is why the shock doesn't kill you."The phenomenon has been known for 1,000 years," Wang said. "But it's rarely been utilized for power."Wang said that his device is more efficient than a traditional generator, at least for its size. A generator works by moving either a wire through amagnetic fieldor a magnetic field over a stationary wire. Either one requires a certain number of turns of wire to make a certain voltage, plus a strong magnet. Those components take up space, which is why generators tend to be rather bulky even a small one that could power a phone would be the size of a brick, and it would need a power source to boot.But the device the researchers created can be made thin and flat; the one Wang demonstrated is about 4 inches (10 centimeters) across, and swinging it in the hand generated enough electricity to power a small array of lights, or about 5 volts, which is enough to charge an iPhone.Wang said the device is 50 times more efficient than a traditional generator of the same size.*Why Does Copper Turn Green?For the same reason that iron rusts.Just as iron that is left unprotected in open air will corrode and form a flaky orange-red outer layer,copperthat is exposed to the elements undergoes a series of chemical reactions that give the shiny metal a pale green outer layer called a patina.The patina actually protects the copper below the surface from further corrosion, making it a good water-proofing material for roofs (which is why the roofs of so many old buildings are bright green).

*Why Spiders Dont Do the TwistA new study reveals that dragline silk, the stuff spiders use to rappel, has a molecular structure that makes it resilient to twisting.Researchers attached a small object that weighed about the same as anAraneau diadematusspider to three types of thread and gave it a spin. They twisted the weight though several 90-degree rotations and recorded how long it took for the thread material to return to itsoriginal position.First up, Kevlar thread. Although this stuff is used in bullet-proof vests, it doesn't make for very good spider silk because it does little to dampen the effects of twisting.Next, researchers tested soft metallic copper thread. Copper dampened the twisting the best as the rod barely oscillated. But the copper became brittle after just a few twist cycles.The winner: spider silk.Silk drawn from anA. diadematusspider did not dampen twisting as well as copper, but it proved highly resilient. Examination at the microscopic scale revealed that dragline silk's molecular configuration gives it shape "memory," which means it totally recovers its initial form and reduces twisting.This is good news for spiders, since twisting can lead to swinging, not good when you're trying to sneak up on prey or avoid predators."A spider should not swing since a (descending) spider is potentially attractive for predators," study coauthor Olivier Emile of the Universite de Rennes in France toldLiveScience.*What's a Penny Made Of?A penny is not what you think. Indeed, from 1783 to 1837, a cent was pure copper. But newer pennies are made mostly of zinc.Here's the history, according to the U.S. Mint: From 1837 to 1857, the cent was made of bronze (95 percent copper, and five percent tin and zinc).From 1857, the cent was 88 percent copper and 12 percent nickel, giving the coin a whitish appearance.The cent was again bronze (95 percent copper, and five percent tin and zinc) from 1864 to 1962, except: In 1943, the coin's composition was changed to zinc-coated steel. This change was only for the year 1943 and was due to the critical use of copper for the war effort. However, a limited number of copper pennies were minted that year.In 1962, the cent's tin content, which was quite small, was removed. That made the metal composition of the cent 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc.The alloy remained 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc until 1982, when the composition was changed to 97.5 percent zinc and 2.5 percent copper (copper-plated zinc). Cents of both compositions appeared in that year.The penny's original design was suggested byBen Franklin. The word "penny" comes from the British "pence." More than 300 billion pennies have been minted, according to pennies.org. See, you shoulda saved them!Here's a neat fact. The faces on all coins currently in circulation face left, except forAbe Lincolnon the penny. Lincoln's likeness is an adaptation of a plaque done by sculptor Victor David Brenner. The direction that Lincoln faces on the cent was not mandated but was simply the choice of the designer.

*Earth's Limited Supply of Metals Raises ConcernIf all nations were to use the same services enjoyed in developed nations, even the full extraction of metals from the Earth's crust and extensive recycling may not be enough to meet metal demands in the future, according to a new study.To investigate the environmental and social consequences of metal depletion, researchers looked at metal stocks thought to exist in the Earth, metal in use by people today, and how much is lost in landfills.Using copper stocks in North America as a starting point, the researchers tracked the evolution of copper mining, use and loss during the 20th century. They then combined this information with other data to estimate what the global demand for copper and other metals would be if all nations were fully developed and using modern technologies.According to the study, all of the copper in ore, plus all of the copper currently in use, would be required to bring the world to the level of the developed nations for power transmission, construction and other services and products that depend on the metal.The study, led by Thomas Graedel of Yale University, was detailed in the Jan. 17 issue of the journal for theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.For the entire globe, the researchers estimate that 26 percent of extractable copper in the Earth's crust is now lost in non-recycled wastes. For zinc, that number is 19 percent.These metals are not at risk of immediate depletion, however, because supplies are still large enough to meet demands and mines have become more efficient at extracting these ores.But scarce metals, such as platinum, face depletion risks this century because of the lack of suitable substitutes in such devices as catalytic converters and hydrogen fuel cells.The researchers also found that for many metals, the average rate of usage per person continues to rise. As a result, the report says, even the more plentiful metals may face similar depletion risks in the future.

*Can Copper Reduce E. Coli Outbreaks?While the source of the deadly E. coli outbreak in Germany remains uncertain, the use of surfaces made of copper to handle food could reduce the risk of such outbreaks in the future, researchers say.Furnishing workstations in meat processing factories with copper surfaces rather than stainless steel ones could reduce bacteria on these surfaces, researchers say.A copper surface can rapidly kill bacteria and viruses upon contact. While copper surfaces can't completely stem outbreaks such as the current one, they could be an extra weapon againstfood-borne illness."There is no substitute forgood hygiene," and hand washing and surface cleaning will still be necessary, said Bill Keevil, a microbiologist at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom."What we're saying is, adding a copper alloy surface is an extra defense barrieran extra arrow in the quiver to control these pathogens," said Keevil , whose work is funded by the copper industry.In a 2006 study, Keevil and his colleagues placed 10 million cells ofE. coli O157, an infamous food-borne bacteria strain, on a copper surface. All the bacteria died in about an hour. More recently, the researchers found a copper surface can kill other strains of E. coli bacteria in about 10 minutes.While the researchers did not test the strain of E. coli responsible for the Germanyoutbreak, Keevil predicted that copper would kill that strain as well.Copper kills germsCopper is a proven antimicrobial material. In 2008, the Environmental Protection Agency said copper alloy products containing more than 60 percent copper could claim to be antimicrobial.Copper is already being used in hospitals on door handles, bed rails and light switches to combat thespread of infections. Recent studies have shown installing copper surfaces in hospital wards leads to a 90 percent reduction in the number of microorganisms on surfaces, Keevil said.Is it toxic?The metal kills bacteria in part by releasing ions that destroy DNA and punch holes in the bacteria cell membrane, Keevil said.But while it's toxic to microorganisms, it poses little health threat to people, Keevil said. Copper is an essential nutrient for people, and if we take in too much, the body has mechanisms of getting rid of it, he said.You should still avoid taking in too much of any metal, said Christopher Rensing, an associate professor in the department of soil, water, and environmental science at the University of Arizona. But while people who work with copper might want to be careful about over-exposure, as a surface material, it's unlikely to be toxic to humans, Rensing said.Studies have also shown raw meat takes up very little copper, Keevil said.Other researchers are looking to combat contamination by dipping food directly into solutions containing copper. Salam Ibrahim, a research professor of food sciences at North Carolina A & T State University, and his colleagues conducted a study last year that found very low concentrations of copper can be combined with lactic acid to kill E. coli O157 on the surface of lettuces and tomatoes. Low concentrations are favorable because at higher concentrations, it might affect the taste of the food, Ibrahim said. Without the lactic acid, low concentrations of copper had little effect on the bacteria, he said. Ibrahim and colleagues hope to make their solution into a product available for commercial use in the food industry.3. MINING AND REFINING OF COPPERCopper ore is mined both underground and on the surface. Large excavations formed by surface mining are called open-pit mines. Most of the copper ores mined today are oxide or sulfide ores.From the mines, copper ore is taken to mills, where it is crushed and finely ground in preparation for refining. The method of refining varies with the type of ore.In the case of copper-oxide ores, the copper is usually leached (dissolved) from the ore with a solution of sulfuric acid.The copper can be recovered from the leaching solution through electrolysis. In this process, a direct electric current is set up between positive and negative electrodes placed in the solution. The negative electrodes, called cathodes, are usually made of thin sheets of pure copper and the positive electrodes, called anodes, are usually made of lead. The electric current causes the copper in the solution to be deposited on the cathodes as a coating of pure copper.Another method is to pass the solution over scrap iron; a chemical reaction causes the copper to be deposited on the iron. The copper is separated from the iron by methods used to refine copper-sulfide ores (many of which also contain iron).Copper-sulfide ores are first treated by a process called flotation. In this process, bubbles are produced in a mixture of ground copper ore, water, and chemical reagents. The particles of copper-bearing minerals in the ore stick to the bubbles and float to the top of the mixture, where they can be skimmed off.The copper-bearing minerals are roasted to drive off a part of the sulfur. The resulting product is smelted, yielding a molten combination of copper sulfate and iron sulfide called matte. Some light impurities in the matte combine to form slag, which is removed. The matte is then poured into a converter, where air is forced through it to burn out the remaining sulfur and to oxidize the iron. At this stage, most of the remaining impurities, including the oxidized iron, float to the top of the matte to form more slag, which is poured off.The metallic copper that is left at the bottom of the converter is known as blister copper. It is very pure, but further refining is necessary to remove impurities consisting of small amounts of gold, silver, and other precious metals.This refining is done electrochemically, using a process similar to the one used with oxide ores. In this case, however, the anode is molded from blister copper and decomposes during electrolysis. The direct electric current that flows between the electrodes placed in an electrolytic tank transfers the copper of the blister copper anode onto the cathode. The precious-metal impurities collect at the bottom of the tank.A significant portion of the copper produced today is refined from copper scrap. Copper produced from scrap is called secondary copper.4. HYDROMETALLURGICAL EXTRACTIONSulfide oresSecondary sulfides those formed bysupergenesecondary enrichment are resistant (refractory) to sulfuric leaching. These ores are a mixture of copper carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, and oxide minerals and secondary sulfide minerals, dominantlychalcocitebut other minerals such asdigenitecan be important in some deposits.Supergene ores rich in sulfides may be concentrated using froth flotation. A typical concentrate of chalcocite can grade between 37% and 40% copper in sulfide, making them relatively cheap to smelt compared to chalcopyrite concentrates.Some supergene sulfide deposits can be leached using abacterial oxidationheap leach process to oxidize the sulfides to sulfuric acid, which also allows for simultaneous leaching with sulfuric acid to produce acopper sulfatesolution. As with oxide ores,solvent extraction and electrowinningtechnologies are used to recover the copper from thepregnant leach solution.Supergene sulfide ores rich in native copper minerals are refractory to treatment with sulfuric acid leaching on all practicable time scales, and the dense metal particles do not react with froth flotation media. Typically, if native copper is a minor part of a supergene profile it will not be recovered and will report to thetailings. When rich enough, native copper ore bodies may be treated to recover the contained copper via agravity separationcircuit where the density of the metal is used to liberate it from the lighter silicate minerals. Often, the nature of the gangue is important, as clay-rich native copper ores prove difficult to liberate.Oxide oresOxidised copper ore bodies may be treated via several processes, with hydrometallurgical processes used to treat oxide ores dominated by copper carbonate minerals such asazuriteandmalachite, and other soluble minerals such as silicates likechrysocolla, or sulfates such asatacamiteand so on.Such oxide ores are usually leached bysulfuric acid, usually in aheap leachingordump leachingprocess to liberate the copper minerals into a solution of sulfuric acid laden withcopper sulfatein solution. The copper sulfate solution (the pregnant leach solution) is then stripped of copper via asolvent extractionandelectrowinning(SX-EW) plant, with the barred (denuded) sulfuric acid recycled back on to the heaps. Alternatively, the copper can be precipitated out of the pregnant solution by contacting it with scrap iron; a process calledcementation. Cement copper is normally less pure than SX-EW copper. Commonly sulfuric acid is used as a leachant for copper oxide, although it is possible to use water, particularly for ores rich in ultra-soluble sulfate minerals.[citation needed]In general,froth flotationis not used to concentrate copper oxide ores, as oxide minerals are not responsive to the froth flotation chemicals or process (i.e.; they do not bind to the kerosene-based chemicals). Copper oxide ores have occasionally been treated via froth flotation viasulfidationof the oxide minerals with certain chemicals which react with the oxide mineral particles to produce a thin rime of sulfide (usually chalcocite), which can then be activated by the froth flotation plant.5. COPPER EXTRACTIONCopper extraction techniquesrefer to the methods for obtainingcopperfromits ores.The conversion of copper consists of a series of chemical, physical, and electrochemical processes. Methods have evolved and vary with country depending on the ore source, local environmental regulations, and other factors.As in all mining operations, theoremust usually bebeneficiated(concentrated). To do this, theore is crushed. Then it must beroastedto convertsulfidestooxides, which are smeltedto producematte. Finally, it undergoes various refining processes, the final one beingelectrolysis. For economic and environmental reasons, many of the byproducts of extraction are reclaimed.Sulfur dioxidegas, for example, is captured and turned into sulfuric which is then used in the extraction process.ConcentrationMost copper ores contain only a small percentage of copper metal bound up within valuableoreminerals, with the remainder of the ore being unwanted rock organgueminerals, typicallysilicate mineralsor oxide minerals for which there is often no value. The average grade of copper ores in the 21st century is below 0.6% copper, with a proportion of economic ore minerals (including copper) being less than 2% of the total volume of the ore rock. A key objective in the metallurgical treatment of any ore is the separation of ore minerals from gangue minerals within the rock.The first stage of any process within a metallurgical treatment circuit is accurate grinding orcomminution, where the rock is crushed to produce small particles (>Lead Zinc Ore Beneficiation Concentration and ProcessingWhen smelting and processing department needs to smelt, process and select ores according to ore type, circle them on geology ichnography, and connect the adjacent section plane accordingly, then the distribution scope should be circled, and calculated reserves, respectively.Lead zinc ore generally smelts lead, zinc metal products through beneficiation enrichment to fine ores. Ore technology processing smelting experiment is an important component in geological exploration, and also the important basis for assessing whether ore deposit is suitable for commodity ores. Therefore, ore beneficiability experiment should be carried through in the process of geological exploration.

According to different types of ore, beneficiation experiment of lead zinc ore should take differentbeneficiation method. Sulfide ore commonly adopts flotation method. Sulfide ore uses flotation, gravity concentration together with flotation to beneficiation, or flotation after sulfide baking, or re-flotation uses sulfuric acid after gravity concentration. As for lead zinc ore which contains many metals, it often uses united beneficiation method of magnetic separation-flotation, gravity concentration-flotation, gravity concentration-magnetic separation-flotation, etc.Classification of lead zinc ore in industrial type, is on the basis of natural types of ore, it can be classified into sulfide ore lead, oxidized zinc, oxidized ore, etc in terms of ore oxidation degree. In terms of useful components in ores, it can be classified into lead ore, zinc ore, lead zinc ore, lead zinc copper ore, lead zinc sulfide ore, lead zinc copper sulfide ore, lead tin ore, lead antimony ore, zinc copper ore, etc. In terms of different composition or structure of ore, it can be classified into disseminated ore, compact ore, brecciaous ore, stripped ore, veinlet disseminated ore, etc.For any kinds of ore, and what kind ofbeneficiation method and process flowis adopted, its concentrate grade should meet the standard of current non-ferrous metals industry, that is lead concentrates standards replacing of zinc concentrate standards and lead zinc ore smelting method: lead sulfide concentrate is the main mineral material for smelting, there are two smelting methods. At present, its based on fire, hydrometallurgy is under experimental and researching phase. Fire lead smelting mainly adopts sintering roasting imperial smelting process, reaction smelting, precipitation smelting, and so on. Lead refining mainly uses fire refining, followed by electro refining. Sulfide lead concentrate is the main mineral material for lead smelting, which also have fire and hydrometallurgy smelting. Fire smelting uses vertical retort, flat retort or electric furnaces; hydrometallurgy of zinc has developed rapidly these years, and become the major way to smelt zinc. Rough zinc obtained by fire zinc smelting adopts distillation refining or directly applies; but electrolytic zinc that obtained by hydrometallurgy zinc smelting is high in quality, and no need of refining.As for the sulfide lead zinc mixed concentrate which is hard to be separated, imperial smelting furnace method which can produce lead and zinc is usually used. For the difficult separated oxidized lead zinc mixed ore, there is special treatment method, that is undressed ore of oxidized lead zinc mixed ore or its enrichment product, after sintering and briquetting, are melt in blast furnace, so as to get rough lead, molten slags contains lead and zinc, slags are further fumed in fuming furnace, and get oxidized zinc product, and electrolytic zinc is got by hydrometallurgy zinc smelting. Besides,rotary kiln can be used to directly fume and get oxidized zinc product. There are rich accompanying components in our lead, zinc concentrates, the accompanying components have been comprehensively recovered, which have excellent profit and good market. The comprehensive recovery products while smelting lead are copper, sulfide, zinc, gold, silver, platinum group metals, bismuth, thallium, cadmium, selenium, tellurium, etc. The comprehensive recovery products while smelting zinc are sulfide, lead, cooper, gold, silver, indium, gallium, germanium, cadmium, cobalt, thallium, mercury, and so on.

EXAMPLE IMAGE OF ZINC: