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Materials Science and Engineering

Professor of Materials Science and EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Posted Presentation (useful for the quiz):Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Concepts

Demonstrations and Discussion (fun for the day):Scanning Electron Microscopy Frozen Marshmallows

Supersaturation of Water with CO2 Nucleation of CO2 Bubbles

Shape Memory Alloys ???

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Materials Engineers work to understand and control the properties and performance of “solids”

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Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Scientists and Engineers produce

“solids” with controlled properties for use in all engineered devices and structures

Materials technologies have always influenced civilization.

Stone Age, Bronze Age,

Iron Age, Silicon Age,!???

All technologies are based around some material.Can you think of something, anything,

that does not require a material?3

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Materials Engineers created InP solar panels for the ISS that have greater efficiency and longer life

The International Space Station: Energy is A Materials Challenge

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Materials Science and Eng. has only been around as a formaldiscipline for 50+ years. The discipline exists at the interface of:

Metallurgy, Ceramics, Mineralogy

Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics

Engineering: Chemical, Mechanical, Civil, Environmental, Biomedical, Electrical, Computer

Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Science and Engineering is Interdisciplinary

Materials Science and Engineering involves the discovery and application of fundamental principles.

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Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

Materials Engineers work withmedical researchers to develop new implant and tissue replacement materials

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Recently the steel industry has developed an optimized automotive steel structure which is 24% lighter, 34% stronger, and $154 less expensive than auto body structures on the road today. (>3 years old)

Materials Engineering in Automobiles

Fuel cells : Energy / EnvironmentElectric generation : Energy / EnvironmentCatalytic converters : Environment

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Structure

Properties

PerformanceProcessing

Materials Science Tetrahedron

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Structure

Properties



Structure: arrangement of internal components on something

(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)

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Structure

Properties



Properties: the kind and magnitude of a response to an external stimulus.


(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)

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Structure

Properties





(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)Processing:

the methods used to prepare materials for application

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Structure

Properties





(ranges from atomic to and macroscopic shape)Processing:

the methods used to prepare materials for application

Performance: how a material achieves the requirements of a specific applications

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Internal Structure:•Electronic•Atomic•Molecular arrangement•Microstructure•Grain Size•Precipitate Size

Properties:•Electrical•Thermal•Mechanical•Optical•Magnetic•Deteriorative

Performance:•Service Life•Failure Mode•Environmental Compatibility•Recycling•Quality•Cost

Processing:• Synthesis• Purification• Annealing• Forming• Polishing• Time


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Structure (Composition)

Properties

Performance

Processing How do you make a material?How do you make it in a specific shape?How do you make it do what you want?What and How do you get the structure you want?Every material has a hierarchy of structural levels.How do you characterize these?How do you get the structure you want?

Why do materials have the properties they do?How can you exploit these?How do you ensure these get transferred to technologies?

How to ensure that materials don’t limit technology? How long do materials last?How do materials fail?How do you ensure that materials do not limit technology?


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Materials Engineers Work Across Length Scales

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Structure of Solids Two types of Atomic Order

Disordered (Amorphous)

Ordered (Crystalline)

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Demonstration: Metallic Glass vs Nanocrystalline

Discussion / Notes

Structure Properties PerformanceProcessing

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Atomic Arrangements: The crystal structures of Iron

Face Centered Cubic Body Centered Cubic

From “Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th Ed.” W. J. Callister, John Wiley & Sons (Powerpoints Files)

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Demonstration: Piano Wire Phase Change

Discussion / Notes



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Demonstration: Shape Memory Alloys

Discussion / Notes


http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma.html



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Scale of our material world, from galaxies to atoms

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter

Properties are Length Scale Dependent

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http://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/size&scale/unit3/unit3.htmhttp://www.powersof10.com/

http://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/size&scale/unit3/unit3.htm

http://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/size&scale/unit3/unit3.htm

http://www.powersof10.com

http://www.powersof10.com

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What Color are Gold and Silver?


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Stained-Glass as Ancient Nanotechnology

Gold and silver salts were used in medieval times to color glass used in church windows. For example, silver particles were used to stain glass yellow, while gold particles were used to stain glass red. The aggregation of metal into nanoparticles with surface-plasmon resonances which variously affected their spectral transmissivity is only today's 20-20 hindsight analysis of archaic technology.

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New biocompatible quantum dots are set to revolutionize biological imaging. In (a) a frog embryo has been imaged using conventional organic-dye techniques, and the signal is seen to fade in time. (b) Specially prepared quantum dots that were injected into another frog embryo at the same time fluoresce brightly for much longer.

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Classification of Materials

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Classification of MaterialsMetals:

Solids or compounds composed of metallic elements

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Polymers: Materials having large molecules whose basic repeating unitis based upon carbon, hydrogen, other non-metallics

Metals: Solids or compounds composed of metallic elements

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Ceramics: Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements(and covalently bonded elements at the boundary)

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Ceramics: Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements(and covalently bonded elements at the boundary)

Composites: Materials that contain a number of different materials designed toget the best combined property / performance/

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1A

2A

3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B

3A 4A 5A 6A 7APeriodic Table of the Elements

Los Alamos National Laboratory Chemistry Division

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1

3 4

12

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

55 56 57

58 59 60

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

87 88 89

90 91 92 93 94 95 96

104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

61 62 63 64 65 66 67

97 98 99

68 69 70 71

100 101 102 103

114 116 118

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13 14 15 16 17 18

32 33 34 35 36

49 50 51 52 53 54

81 82 83 84 85 86

5 6 7 8 9 10

2

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Ra

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au

Ac~ Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

B C

Al Si P S

Ga Ge As Se

In Sn Sb Te I

Tl Pb Bi Po At

39.10

85.47

132.9

(223)

9.012

24.31

40.08

87.62

137.3

(226)

44.96

88.91

138.9

(227)

47.88

91.22

178.5

(257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) (271) (272) (277) (296) (298) (?)

50.94

92.91

180.9

52.00

95.94

183.9

54.94

(98)

186.2

55.85

101.1

190.2 190.2

102.9

58.93 58.69

106.4

195.1 197.0

107.9

63.55 65.39

112.4

200.5

10.81

26.98

12.01

28.09

14.01

69.72 72.58

114.8 118.7

204.4 207.2

30.97

74.92

121.8

208.9 (209) (210) (222)

16.00 19.00 20.18

4.003

32.07 35.45 39.95

78.96 79.90 83.80

127.6 126.9 131.3

140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) (150.4) 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0

232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257)

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

hydrogen

barium

francium radium

strontium

sodium

vanadium

berylliumlithium

magnesium

potassium calcium

rubidium

cesium

helium

boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon

scandium titanium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton

yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon

lanthanum hafnium

cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium

tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon

actinium

thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium

rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium

1.008

6.941

22.99

Lanthanide Series*

Actinide Series~

1s1

[Ar]4s23d104p3[Ar]4s23d3[Ar]4s13d10

[Ne]3s23p6[Ne]3s23p4

[Ar]4s1[Ar]4s23d10

1s2

[He]2s1 [He]2s2

[Ar]4s23d7

[Ne]3s23p5

[He]2s22p1[He]2s22p2 [He]2s22p3

[Ar]4s23d5

[He]2s22p4 [He]2s22p5 [He]2s22p6

[Ar]4s23d104p5

[Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s23p1 [Ne]3s23p3[Ne]3s23p2

[Rn]7s25f146d2

[Ne]3s2

[Ar]4s2 [Ar]4s23d1 [Ar]4s23d2 [Ar]4s13d5[Ar]4s23d6

[Ar]4s23d8 [Ar]4s23d104p1 [Ar]4s23d104p2 [Ar]4s23d104p4 [Ar]4s23d104p6

[Kr]5s1 [Kr]5s2 [Kr]5s24d1 [Kr]5s24d2 [Kr]5s14d4 [Kr]5s14d5 [Kr]5s24d5 [Kr]5s14d7 [Kr]5s14d8 [Kr]4d10 [Kr]5s14d10 [Kr]5s24d10 [Kr]5s24d105p1 [Kr]5s24d105p2 [Kr]5s24d105p3 [Kr]5s24d105p4 [Kr]5s24d105p5 [Kr]5s24d105p6

[Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2 [Xe]6s25d1

[Xe]6s24f15d1 [Xe]6s24f3 [Xe]6s24f4 [Xe]6s24f5 [Xe]6s24f6 [Xe]6s24f7 [Xe]6s24f75d1 [Xe]6s24f9 [Xe]6s24f10 [Xe]6s24f11 [Xe]6s24f12 [Xe]6s24f13 [Xe]6s24f14 [Xe]6s24f145d1

[Xe]6s24f145d2 [Xe]6s24f145d3 [Xe]6s24f145d4 [Xe]6s24f145d5 [Xe]6s24f145d6 [Xe]6s24f145d7 [Xe]6s14f145d9[Xe]6s14f145d10

[Xe]6s24f145d10 [Xe]6s24f145d106p1 [Xe]6s24f145d106p2 [Xe]6s24f145d106p3 [Xe]6s24f145d106p4 [Xe]6s24f145d106p5[Xe]6s24f145d106p6

[Rn]7s1 [Rn]7s2 [Rn]7s26d1

[Rn]7s26d2 [Rn]7s25f26d1 [Rn]7s25f36d1 [Rn]7s25f46d1 [Rn]7s25f6 [Rn]7s25f7 [Rn]7s25f76d1 [Rn]7s25f9 [Rn]7s25f10 [Rn]7s25f11 [Rn]7s25f12 [Rn]7s25f13 [Rn]7s25f14 [Rn]7s25f146d1

[Rn]7s25f146d3 [Rn]7s25f146d4 [Rn]7s25f146d5 [Rn]7s25f146d6 [Rn]7s25f146d7 [Rn}7s15f146d9


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Property ClassificationElectrical

Magnetic Optical Thermal Mechanical Deteriorative

Primary Material ClassificationMetal

Ceramic Polymer Composite Alternate (application oriented)

Electronic Biomedical Nanomaterials Aerospace Glasses etc…

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Metals• Electrical Conductors• Thermal Conductors• Opaque• Ductile• Strong • Crystalline except under conditions

of rapid cooling

General Features of Materials

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Ceramics• Oxides, Carbides, sulfides and nitrides• Insulating to heat and electricity (most)• Resistant to High Temperatures• Resistant to Corrosive Atmospheres• Hard• Brittle• Crystalline but can form glasses easily under

condition of rapid cooling

General Features of Materials

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Polymers• Low Density• Low temperature applications• Ductile to brittle transitions as

temperature decreases• Visco-elastic at higher temperatures• Large molecular structures• Glasses but can form crystals


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Composites• Metal-Ceramic Polymer-ceramic• Ceramic-ceramic Metal-polymer

• Crystalline-amorphous Foams (gas -solid)• Emulsion (liquid-liquid)

• Wood Concrete

• Tailored properties Strong but light• Directional properties Fiber-glass


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Autonomous Windows Due to their special Coating these windows stay clean without much outside interference.

Sheeting Water The hydrophilic coating causes water to sheet of the window and take all the dirt with it.

Self Cleaning Windows

Researchers have developed these windows and they are now available for sale. One of a few companies selling windows with this technology is Pilkington. The glass is covered with a thin film of a special compound that does the actual cleaning.

The windows are powered by UV light, which helps the compound break down any dirt that accumulates on the glass. The compound is also hydrophilic which causes the water to sheet off the window instead of forming beads of water.

Nanocomposite TiO2-glass coating

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The Space Shuttle: Protection is A Materials Challenge

Materials Engineers created Ceramic Panels for the Shuttle that higher heat resistance and mechanical strength

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Clothing / Insulation: Protection is A Materials Challenge

Bob Gore invented GORE TEX in frustration

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Structure Determination: Scanning Electron Microscopy

http://www.mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/proimage.html

High MagnificationLarge Depth of FieldRelatively SimpleMore information than TopographySample (environment) must conductVacuum Technique



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Structure Determination: Scanning Electron Microscopy



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Demonstration:Scanning Electron Microscopy

Marshmallows: A Materials Challenge?

Discussion / Notes

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DemonstrationFrozen Marshmallows

http://brands.kraftfoods.com/Jetpuffed


Discussion / Notes



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Processing Affects StructureNucleation and Growth

• Nucleation: the initial formation of a new phase from an environment that does not contain that phase

• Growththe increase in size of existing nuclei into a different medium


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aC-KOYQsIvU&NR=1

Video DemonstrationNucleation and Growth



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Polycrystal

Most Materials

Single Crystal

Gem StonesGaAs LaserSi wafers

NiAl Turbine Blades

Microstructure of MaterialsMicrostructure is defined in two ways:

the structure you observe when viewing a material under a microscopethe structure of a material on the micron-scale (0.5 to 100)

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• Eutectoid composition, Co = 0.77wt%C • Begin at T > 727C • Rapidly cool to 625C and hold isothermally.

Adapted from Fig. 10.5,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.5 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)

EX: COOLING HISTORY Fe-C SYSTEM

Adapted from Fig. 10.5,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.5 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Diagrams, American DiagramsSociety for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)

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Processing Affects StructureFe-Fe3C (Steel)


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- Smaller !T:colonies arelarger

- Larger !T:colonies aresmaller

• Ttransf just below TE --Larger T: diffusion is faster --Pearlite is coarser.

Two cases:

• Ttransf well below TE --Smaller T: diffusion is slower --Pearlite is finer.

Adapted from Fig. 10.6 (a) and (b),Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.6 from R.M. Ralls et al., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, p. 361, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.)

PEARLITE MORPHOLOGY

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Processing Affects StructureFe-Fe3C (Steel)


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Dendrite Formation in Tin

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Nucleation Demonstration:CO2 Injection into Water and Release

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKoB0MHVBvM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjbJELjLgZg&feature=related


Watch During Set-Up

DefineSupersaturationSupercooling





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Nucleation Demonstration:CO2 Injection into Water and ReleaseDiscussion / Notes

“Diet Coke and Mentos: What is really behind this physical reaction?” T. S. Coffey, Am. J. Phys. 76, 2008.

• Nucleation:

• Growth

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Turbine Blades

In aircraft engines, a nickel-based alloy called Alloy 718 is used extensively for compressor and turbine parts.

Materials Engineering for Aircraft

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Engineering Materials of the Future

Structure

Properties



• To understand the fundamentals of Materials' Structure, Properties, Processing, and Performance.

• To understand the relationship between these items, and how they are exploited for sample engineering applications.

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Careers in Materials Engineering

AutomotiveAeronauticalBiologicalElectronic

EnvironmentalAthletic EquipmentChemicalMining/refining

Mean starting salary, class of 2009 = $ 64.2 K2008: (MSE= 59K, CEE = 54k, ME= 58k, BME= 63k, ChE=66.5k, ECE = 68.5k)

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Mean Starting SalariesEvery year, roughly half of our students enter doctoral programsData for CMU, Class of 2008, Bachelors DegreeSource: CMU career center

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

CEE ME MSE ECE ChE

CMUMEAN

NationalAVERAGE

Ann

ual S

alar

y, $

2009 MSE Values:Maximum Mean Median Minimum$85,000 $64,182 $63,397 $50,000

2008

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