material usage

8/8/2019 Material Usage

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MATERIAL USAGE

Concrete

There are many types of concrete, variations of installation, composition, finish and performance

characteristics that used in the project. Specialist applications require different types of concrete.

Examples of concrete that used in the project include regular concrete, high strength concrete, high-

performance concrete, and many more.

Types of Concrete used:

Cement Concrete

Cement concrete had been used in the project. This is the

most widely used Portland type of concrete and

is made by mixing Portland cement with sand,

fine mortar and water. The proportion of cement,

sand and mortar may vary from 1:1:2

(considered the best quality mixture) to 1:3:6. A low quality

mixture used for concrete filling.cement concrete

Reinforced or Structural Concrete

Most widely used concrete type in this construction is the

reinforced concrete. Whereby they us rebar to strengthen

the concrete. This type, lightweight cement concrete is

reinforced with metal rods to impart tremendous load

bearing capacity. Concrete of such quality is suitable for those

structures that have to bear large weights like floorslabs and

columns. If reinforced concrete is made in its compact form

using stone aggregate, it has comparatively higher density

(about 2.4) which further enhances its great strength. Reinforced structural

Pre-stressed Concrete

For the construction, instead of using the beams as the

method to convey the loads to the columns. This construction

used pre-stressed cables, which act as the beam. It is a type

of structural concrete which is compressed using high

pressure in those parts which are subjected to extreme

tensile forces so that the concrete is not in a state of tension

when actually under the working load. Process of completing pre-stressed concrete



Cast in Place /Cast in Situ Concrete

Commonly use type of concrete in the construction site is the

in situ concrete. The cast in place concrete is just deposited in

its desired position to harden. This is one common method

used in construction of concrete roads where the concrete is

directly deposited on the ground.

In situ

concrete

Precast Concrete

For the pavement, retaining wall, the construction site used

precast concrete. These types of concrete blocks are placed in

separate molds, under controlled conditions, to harden and

whenever needed, transported to the site for final erection.

This procedure gives high quality concrete castings and that

too at a relatively low cost.

Precast co ncrete that are carry to the site

Pumped Concrete

This concrete is transported through pipes from the mixer to

where it is deposited. It is used in the construction site as the

construction consists of up to 7 levels. The concrete is

prepared by discharging it from the mixer into a hopper

which feeds it to a pump which pushes it through a pipe up tp

the upper levels. Standard pipes are 100 or 150 mm in

diameter and can be used to pump this concrete over

horizontal distances of 650 m or vertical heights of 50 m, or

permutations of these lengths.

C oncrete that processed and transported through

pipes from the mixer

Ready Mixed Concrete

One of the material usages in the construction site is also the

ready mixed concrete. Ready mixed concrete is manufactured

at mixing plants and delivered to the construction site in

specially designed vehicles. The vehicle has a large rotating

drum in which the concrete continuously mixes until it is

delivered to the site. The mix specification is first decided by

the supplier and the contractor, prior to delivery.

Ready-

mix

concrete



Reinforced Bar

Reinforced concrete was designed on the principle that steel and concrete act

together in resisting force. Also known as reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, or a deformed

bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry

structures. It is usually formed from carbon steel, and is given ridges for better mechanical anchoring

into the concrete.

Steel is the best material for reinforcing concrete because the properties of expansion

for both steel and concrete are considered to be approximately the same; that is, under normal

conditions, they will expand and contract at an almost equal rate.

Types of Reinforced Bar :

Twisted bar

Is made by twisting a plain, square bar cold.

Spiral ridges

Along the surface of the deformed bar, increase its

bond strength with concrete. Other forms used are

the round and square corrugated bars. These bars are

formed with projections around the surface that

extend into the surrounding concrete and prevent

slippage. For the construction, they used spiral ridges.

Whereby most of Malaysian construction used spiral

ridges type of reinforced bar.

Longitudinal fins

Another type is formed with longitudinal fins

projecting from the surface to prevent twisting



Post Tensioning Cable

Post tensioning cable is also one of the materials used in this construction. Past tensioning cable can

be found in the post tensioning concrete method. Which, post-tensioning is a new technique that

has been used in construction work. It is a method of strengthening concrete using high-strength

steel strands or cables, typically referred to as tendons. Slabs using the post-tension method can be

built thinner, which can cut down on construction costs and curing time.

The post-tensioning method is the best practice for building stronger, more reliable foundation

slabs. Therefore, post tensioning cable is n needed to accomplish the post tensioning method. For

this construction, post tensioning cable is made from steel cables.

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