materi inverter vsd
DESCRIPTION
SETTING INVERTERTRANSCRIPT
4/26/2010
1
Inverter (Konverter DC – AC)
Pekik Argo Dahono
Penggunaan Inverter
• Pengendalian motor ac
• UPS
• Catu daya ac
• Ballast elektronik
• Microwave heating
• Static VAR generators
• FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)
• Filter daya aktif
• Penyearah
2LPKEE-ITB
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2
Variable Speed DrivesS
ou
rce
A
C
rectifier Diode inverter PWM
Link DC
Motor AC
3LPKEE-ITB
Uninterruptibe AC Power Supplies
chargerBattery
Bettery
Inverter
Filter
Switch Bypass Static
Switch eMaintenanc Mechanical
Loads Critical
source
normal AC
generator
Standby
4LPKEE-ITB
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Properties of Ideal Inverters
• DC input is free of ripple
• AC output is sinusoidal or has a
controllable waveshape
5LPKEE-ITB
Klasifikasi Inverter
1) Menurut jumlah fasa
- satu-fasa
- banyak fasa
2) Menurut sumber dc:
- sumber tegangan
- sumber arus
3) Menurut metoda komutasi:
- komutasi paksa
- komutasi natural
4) Menurut metoda pengaturan gelombang ac:
- gelombang persegi
- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
- pulse width modulation (PWM)
5) Menurut jumlah level gelombang keluaran:
- dua level
- banyak level
6LPKEE-ITB
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4
Basic Concepts
oV E
L
oI
dE
dI
Inv
ert
er
oV
Lo XjI
E
E
E
Lo XjI
Lo XjI
oV
oV
E Lo XjI
oVlagging
0=PF
1=PF
leading
0=PF
1−=PF
oI
oI
oI
oI
7LPKEE-ITB
Basic Concept
LPKEE-ITB 8
Voltage-Source Inverter Current-Source Inverter
Voltage across the switch is
unidirectional but the current
is bidirectional
Reverse conducting switches
are required
Current through the switch is
unidirectional but the voltage
is bidirectional.
Reverse blocking switches
are required.
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5
Inverter Satu-Fasa
dE
•
•
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
•1N
1N
2Ndi
dE
1S1D
2S 2D
dE
Load u0
ovoi
dE
1S1D
2S 2D
Load
3S 3D
4S 4D
u v
ov
oi
9LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap
dE
•
•
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
•1N
1N
2Ndi
dEN
N
1
2
dEN
N
1
2
0
ov
oi
di
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Inverter Center-TapdE
N
N
1
2
dEN
N
1
2
0
ov
oi
di
dE
•
•
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
•1N
1N
2Ndi
dE
•
•
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
•1N
1N
2Ndi
dE
•
•
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
•1N
1N
2Ndi
dE
•
•
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
•1N
1N
2Ndi
11LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap
BebanBeban
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Analisis Tegangan OutputInverter Center-Tap
( )
( ) ( )
kVV
EN
NtdtE
N
NV
tkVv
k
dd
nk
k
/
22sin
22
sin2
:Tegangan
1
1
22/
01
21
12
=
==
=
∫
∑∞
−=
πωω
π
ω
π
13LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap
• Sederhana
• Komponen minimum
• Harus pakai trafo
• Cocok untuk daya rendah (< 1 kW)
• Cocok untuk tegangan dc yang rendah
• Pengaturan tegangan dilakukan dengan
menggunakan trafo ferroresonance.
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Half-Bridge Inverter
1S1D
2S 2D
2
dE
Load u0
ovoi
2
dE
1di
2di
2
dE
0
ov
oi
2
dE
1Si
1Di
1di
15LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Tegangan Output Inverter Half-Bridge
( )
( ) ( )
kVV
k
Etdt
EV
tkVv
k
dd
nk
ko
/
: orde Harmonisa
2sin
2
:dasarKomponen
sin2
:Tegangan
1
2/
01
12
=
==
=
∫
∑∞
−=
πωω
π
ω
π
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Inverter Thyristor
Beban Beban
17LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Thyristor
Beban Beban
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Inverter Full-Bridge
2
dE
2
dE
0
2
dE
2
dE
0
0
dE
dE
uov
vov
uvv
uvi
β
1S 2S
4S 3S 4S
di
1S1D
2S 2D
Load
3S 3D
4S 4D
u v
ov
oi
dE
2
dE
2
dE
0
di
19LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Full-Bridge
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )2/7cos7
22
2/5cos5
22
2/3cos3
22
2/cos22
2/cos22
sin22
sin2
7
5
3
1
2/
2/
12
βπ
βπ
βπ
βπ
βπ
ωωπ
ω
π
β
d
d
d
d
ddk
nk
ko
EV
EV
EV
EV
kEk
tdtkEV
tkVv
=
=
=
=
==
=
∫
∑∞
−=
20LPKEE-ITB
Sudut β bisa dipilih untuk mengatur
besarnya komponen dasar atau
menghilangkan harmonisa tertentu.
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Arus Input
LPKEE-ITB 21
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )[ ]
genap. ordekomponen dan dckomponen atas terdiridc sisi Arus
1cos1cos2/cos22
:input Arus
sin2/cos4
:function Switching
sin2
:sinusoidalkeluaran arus Asumsi
12
1212
122121
φωφωβ
π
ωβπ
φω
−+−+−=
=
−=
=−=−=
∑
∑
∞
−=
∞
−=
tktkk
kIi
tkkk
s
tIi
isissisisi
hkld
hk
lu
uuuud
Inverter Tiga-Fasa
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
uowowuwovovwvououv
vouowownwouovovnwovououn
wovouonownvnun
nownwonovnvonounuo
vvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv
−=−=−=
−−=−−=−−=
++=→=++
+=+=+=
23
12
3
12
3
1
3
10
1S1D
2S
2D
udE
2
dE
2
dE
0
di
3S 3D
4S
4D
v
5S 5D
6S
6D
w
n
Load
22LPKEE-ITB
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Inverter Tiga-Fasa
2
dE
2
dE
0
0
0
0
0
2
dE
2
dE
2
dE
2
dE
3
2 dE
3
dE
3
dE
3
2 dE
dE
dE
uov
vov
wov
unv
uvv
23LPKEE-ITB
( )
( )
dll
nknk
kphun
phkph
dph
nk
kphuo
EV
tkVv
kVV
EV
tkVv
π
ω
π
ω
6
:fasaantar Tegangan
sin2
netral-ke-fasaTegangan
/
2
sin2
nol-ke-fasaTegangan
1,
312
,
1,,
1,
12
,
=
=
=
=
=
∑
∑
∞
≠−=
∞
−=
Arus Input
LPKEE-ITB 24
( ) ( )[ ]
( )[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( )[ ] ( )[ ]
( )( )[ ] ( )( )[ ]
( )( )[ ] ( )( )[ ]
enam.kelipatan harmonisa plus dckomponen atas terdiridc sisi Arus
1cos1cos22
1cos1cos22
1cos1cos22
sin2sin2sin2
sin2
2
1
sin2
2
1sin2
2
1
12
32
32
12
32
32
12
32
32
12
32
12
32
12
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑∑
∞
−=
∞
−=
∞
−=
∞
−=
∞
−=
∞
−=
−++−++−+
−−+−+−−+
−+−+−=
−+−−=−=
++=
−+=+=
++=
hkl
hkl
hkld
lwlvlu
hkw
hkv
hku
wwvvuud
k
tktkI
k
tktkI
k
tktkIi
tIitIitIi
k
tks
k
tks
k
tks
isisisi
φωφω
π
φωφω
π
φωφω
π
φωφωφω
ω
π
ω
π
ω
π
ππ
ππ
ππ
π
π
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13
Simulation
25LPKEE-ITB
Simulated Result
26LPKEE-ITB
Line-line voltage
Line-neutral voltage
Line current
Input current
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14
Teknik PWM
1. Sampling Based PWM:
• Natural sampling (Carrier Based)
• Regular sampling
2. Programmed PWM:
• Eliminated Harmonics
• Minimum Harmonics
27LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM
1S
2
dE
Load0
ovoi
2
dE
1di
2di
1D
2S
2D
u
+
−
o2
dE
0
2
dE
uov
If fc/fr integer, the technique is called synchronous otherwise asynchronous
28LPKEE-ITB
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Natural Sampling
LPKEE-ITB 29
Regular Sampling
2
dE
0
2
dE
uov
30LPKEE-ITB
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Simulation
31LPKEE-ITB
carrier
reference
Simulation Results
32LPKEE-ITB
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17
Analisis Tegangan Keluaran Inverter PWM Satu-Fasa
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
[ ] ( )∑
∫∫
∑
∞
=
∞
=
+=
=
=
−=
+=
=
=−=−
=
1
0
1
cossinsin2
sin2
sin
sin2
coscos
cos
./
2212
2
n
sdd
o
r
dn
ssssd
n
n
snoo
sON
rddd
s
OFFONo
tnknk
EEkv
kv
nn
EC
tdtntdtnE
C
tnCvv
TT
vEEE
T
TTv
ωθππ
θ
θ
αππ
ωωωωπ
ω
α
α
π
απ
απ
maka Jika
:FourierDeret
mana yang
:tegangan rata-rata Nilai
0
0
2
dE
2
dE−
rvcar
ONT
sT
33LPKEE-ITB
Control characteristic
LPKEE-ITB 34
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18
Simulation result under nonsinusoidal reference
35LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Tegangan keluaran
• Maximum peak output voltage is Ed/2. This
value is less than the fundamental
component of square-wave output voltage.
• The output current waveform is almost
sinusoidal when the switching frequency is
high.
• Because the switching frequency is high,
the switching losses are also high.
36LPKEE-ITB
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19
Analisis Riak
0
2
dE−
2
dE
ruv
carrier
ot 1t 2t 3t 4t
sT
1ToToT
ui~
uv
( )
( )
( )
( )
≤≤−−
≤≤−−
+−
≤≤−−
=
−≈
+=−=
++=
−==
+=+=
++=
∫
434
311
1
for
for 2
for
1~
Thus,
~~~
21
2
2
Then
~ and ~ assume usLet
:equation tageOutput vol
tttttL
v
tttttL
vE
TL
v
tttttL
v
dtvvL
i
dt
idLiRvvv
edt
idLiR
E
T
TEvv
iiivvv
edt
diLRiv
uo
uod
ouo
oouo
uouou
uuuououo
uu
u
d
s
ONdruo
uuuuououo
uu
uuo
37LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Riak
38LPKEE-ITB
θsin
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
12
1
kv
vT
T
vT
T
r
u
r
s
r
u
s
o
=
+=
−=
∫
∫
=
=+
π
θπ
2
0
2
,
22
~
2
1~
:ripple of value RMS
~1~
:ripple of valuesquareMean
dII
dtiT
I
uavu
Tt
tu
s
u
so
o
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20
Programmed PWM
0
2
dE
2
dE−
π
ganjil. Untuk n
nn
Eb
nn
Ea
M
k
kkd
n
M
k
kkd
n
−−=
−+=
∑
∑
=
=
2
1
2
1
sin)1(2
cos)1(12
απ
απ
39LPKEE-ITB
Programmed PWM
LPKEE-ITB 40
4/26/2010
21
Teknik PWM Untuk Inverter Satu-Fasa Full-Bridge
2
dE
2
dE
uov
vov
uvv
1S1D
2S 2D
Load
3S 3D
4S 4D
u v
ov
oi
dE
2
dE
2
dE
0
di
+
−
+
−
1S
2S
3S
4S
41LPKEE-ITB
PWM Characteristic
LPKEE-ITB 42
4/26/2010
22
Three-Phase PWM Inverter
1S1D
2S
2D
udE
2
dE
2
dE
0
di
3S 3D
4S
4D
v
5S 5D
6S
6D
w
n
Load
43LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
ruv r
vv rwv
uov
vov
uvvr
wd
wo
rv
dvo
ru
duo
uowowu
wovovw
vououv
dwo
dwo
rw
dvo
dvo
r
v
duo
duo
ru
vE
v
vE
v
vE
v
vvv
vvv
vvv
Ev
Evcarv
Ev
Evcarv
Ev
Evcarv
2
2
2
22
22
22
=
=
=
−=
−=
−=
−==>
−==>
−==>
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
44LPKEE-ITB
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PWM Characteristics
LPKEE-ITB 45
Ripple Analysis
LPKEE-ITB 46
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24
Simulation
47LPKEE-ITB
Simulation Results
48LPKEE-ITB
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25
Inverter Input Current
LPKEE-ITB 49
Dead Time
LPKEE-ITB 50
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26
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
n
Load
0
uov
vov
wov
wi
vi
ui
51LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
( )
( ) o
r
w
o
r
v
o
r
u
skv
skv
skv
++=
+−=
+=
32
32
sin
sin
sin
:signals Reference
π
π
θ
θ
θ
52LPKEE-ITB
PWM vector Space -
PWM ousDiscontinu
3sin4
3sin6
-
:popularmost The
−
=−
=
θ
θ
ks
ks
o
o
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27
Simulation Result
53LPKEE-ITB
Switching Function Concept
( )( )( )
function switching phase-to-phase is
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
otherwise then
signalON an receives device switchingupper the IF
uv
dwuduwuGwGwu
dvwdwvwGvGvw
duvdvuvGuGuv
dwwGdvvGduuG
wwrw
vvrv
uuru
s
EsEssvvv
EsEssvvv
EsEssvvv
EsvEsvEsv
sscarv
sscarv
sscarv
ss
=−=−=
=−=−=
=−=−=
===
==>
==>
==>
==
01
01
01
.01
54LPKEE-ITB
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28
Voltage-Type and Current-Type Inverters
R L e
C
1S
u
2S
3S
v
4S 6S
w
5S
dI
0
u
1S
2S
u
v
w
RL
e
3S
v
4S
5S
6S
wdE
Current-Type Inverter
Voltage-Type Inverter 55
Autosequential Commutation
Current-Source Inverters
Motor
Induction
dI
dv
56LPKEE-ITB
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Current-Source Inverter with Individual
Commutation
dI
dv
Bridge
Auxiliary
Bridge
Main
Motor
Induction
57LPKEE-ITB
Current-Source Inverter with
Fourth-Leg Commutation
dI
dv
58LPKEE-ITB
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30
Duality Between Voltage-Type and Current-Type Inverters
0
dvuuo Esv =
dvvvo Esv =
dvwwo Esv =
ui
vi
wi
u
v
w
RL
e
u
v
w
C
G
j
diuvuv Isi =
divwvw ISi =
diwuwu Isi =
ui
vi
wi
59LPKEE-ITB
Duality Between Voltage-Type and
Current-Type Inverters
ruvi r
vwirwui
0
1
iuvs
0
1
1−
ivs
ivws 0
1
ruv r
vv rwv
0
1vus
0
1
1−
vuvs
vvs
0
1
60LPKEE-ITB
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31
Current-Type Inverters
.continuitycurrent sorce ensure to devices
switching lower and upper of pair one ON-turn then zero are and all IF
signal. ON an receives S6 nor S5 neither IF and
signal, ON an receives S6 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S5 THEN IF
signal. ON an receives S4 nor S3 neither IF and
signal, ON an receives S4 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S3 THEN IF
signal. ON an receives S2 nor S1 neither IF and
signal, ON an receives S2 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S1 THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
iw
iv
iu
iw
iw
iw
iv
iv
iv
iu
iu
iu
iwu
ivw
iw
ivw
iuv
iv
iuv
iwu
iu
iwu
iwu
rwu
ivw
ivw
rvw
iuv
iuv
ruv
sss
s
ss
s
ss
s
ss
sssssssss
sscari
sscari
sscari
,,
0
11
0
11
0
11
01
01
01
=
−==
=
−==
=
−==
−=−=−=
==≥
==≥
==≥
61LPKEE-ITB
Current-Type Inverters
• At present, voltage-type inverters are more popular than current-type inverters.
• Current-type inverters are commonly used as PWM rectifiers.
• Advances on superconductor will increase the use of current-type inverters.
• At present, several manufacturers introduce reverse-blocking devices on one module.
• Current-type inverters are introduced for medium voltage ac drives because the input and output currents are almost sinusoidal, inherently four-quadrants, and short-circuit proof.
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32
Space-Vector PWM
( )3/2
2
3
2
πj
coboaoo
ea
avvavv
=
++=r
:definitionvector Voltage
100011
101001
010 110
111000
63LPKEE-ITB
Space Vector PWM
( )
[ ]
21
1
2
2
21
22
11
21
sincos32
3
sin3
3
3
3sin
3
1
3
2cos
ttTt
E
VTt
E
VTt
ET
tV
ET
tE
T
tV
vT
tv
T
tv
T
tv
vbvaVev
so
ds
ds
ds
ds
ds
zeros
o
ss
ro
jro
−−=
−=
=
=
+=
++=
+==
θθ
θ
θ
θ
θ
rrr
rrr
dEv3
21 =r
3/2
3
2 πjd eEv =
r
rovr
θ
64LPKEE-ITB
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Space Vector PWM
a phase
b phase
c phase
2
ot
1t 2t 2
ot
0
0
0
65LPKEE-ITB
Two-Level Inverters
• High-voltage applications
need high-voltage switching
devices.
• Series connection of
switching devices are
difficult to control.
• Output waveforms can only
be improved at the expense
of switching losses.
• High-voltage applications
may need bulky and
expensive transformers.
2
dE
2
dE
u0
1S
2S
66LPKEE-ITB
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34
Diode clamped multilevel inverters
2
dE
2
dE
u0
1S
2S
1D
2D3S
4S
0
1D
u
1S
2S
3S
4S
4
dE
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
5S
6S
7S
8S
4
dE
4
dE
4
dE
Three-level inverterFive-level inverter
67LPKEE-ITB
Flying capacitor inverters
2
dE u
1S
2S
3S
4S
dE
Three level invertersFive level
2
dE u
1S
2S
3S
4S
dE4
3 dE
4
dE
5S
6S
7S
8S
68LPKEE-ITB
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35
Cascade connection of single-phase inverters
u
1S
2S
v
3S
4S
dE
1S
2S
v
3S
4S
dE
u
1S
2S
3S
4S
dE
Three level inverter
Five level inverter 69LPKEE-ITB
END
LPKEE-ITB 70