mastronarde key and appendices

v tO v J S C j i - i A ^ r

Introduction to Attic GreekAnswer Key

Donald J. Mastronarde

-M TAN ^,

:

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, CaliforniaUniversity of California Press, Ltd.London, England 1994 byThe Regents of the University of California ISBN 978-0-520-20177-4

Printed in the United States of America08 07 069 8 7 6The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).

Preface

This booklet provides the answers to the exercises appearing in Introduction to Attic Greek by Donald J. Mastronarde, University of California Press 1993. The answers given here take into account the very few changes and corrections in the exercises made in the corrected third printing of the paperback edition (1995). The different answers applicable to the first and second printing are recorded in notes.

Please note that in many of the exercises the answers given are not exhaustive of the possible correct answers. For instance, when an exercise asks the student to give one definition of the word, any one of the definitions supplied in the book is correct, but only one possible answer is indicated here. Similarly, sentences to be translated from Greek to English may be correctly answered with slightly different phrasing than that given in this Key. For Greek sentences composed by the student, there are of course many variations possible in word order and in treatment of details such as choice of conjunction and or choice of synonym or placement of an attributive modified (article-modifier-noun vs. article-noun-repeated article-modifier).

For most of the Greek-to-English sentences that were based on actual texts, the citation for the origin or inspiration of the sentence is given.

I am grateful for the careful assistance of Benjamin Hughes in checking the answers. But I alone am responsible for any errors or unclear answers that remain.

UNIT TWO

I. [NOTE: the references to 6 are optional parts of the answers.]1. acute on P, U is long, 8 (short accenfed P has acute); 6 (acute may appear

on A, P, or U)2. circumflex on P, U is short, 8 (long accented P before short U has

circumflex); 6 (circumflex may appear on P or U)3. acute on P, U is long, 8 (long accented P before long U has acute); 6

(acute may appear on A, P, or U)4. circumflex on U, U is long, 7 (long U may have circumflex); 6

(circumflex may appear on P or U)5. circumflex on U, U is long, 7 (long U may have circumflex); 6

(circumflex may appear on P or U)6. acute on U, U is long, 7; 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)7. circumflex on P, U is short, 8 (long accented P before short U has

circumflex); 6 (circumflex may appear on P or U); (second accent due to enclitic) additional acute on U, 12c

8. acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U); (second accent due to enclitic) additional acute on U, 12c

9. acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)

10. acute on U, U is short, 7 (short accented U has acute in isolation); 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)

11. (first word) grave on U, U is short, 7 (short accented U has grave before another word); 6 (grave may appear only on U); (second word) acute on U, U is short, 7 (short accented U has acute in isolation); 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)

12. acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)

13. (first word) grave on U, U is long, 7 (long accented U may have grave before another word); 6 (grave may appear only on U); (second word) acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)

14. acute on U, U is short, 7 (short accented U has acute in isolation); 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)

15. circumflex on U, U is long, 7 (long U may have circumflex); 6 (circumflex may appear on P or U)

1

2 Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

II.1. .2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 1. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

UNIT THREE

I.1. acc. sing, of , , m., sun2. nom./voc. pi. of , , m., war3. dat. pi. of , , n., book4. gen. sing, of , , n., child5. dat. sing, of , , m. (f.), god(dess)6. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., sickness7. dat. sing, of , , {., pebble8. acc. pi. of , , m., death9. acc. sing, of , , m., law10. dat. pi. of , , m., messenger11. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., measure12. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., gift13. gen. pi. of , , m., life14. gen. pi. of ?, , f., road15. gen. sing, of , ', m. (f.), horse16. dat. sing, of , , m. (f.), human being17. acc. pi. of , , f., sickness18. voc. sing, of , , m., wind19. acc. sing, of Aoyos, , m., word20. dat. pi. of , , n., work21. nom./acc./voc. sing, of , , n., gift22. gen. sing, of , , n., book23. dat. pi. of , , f., road24. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., pebble25. dat. sing, of , , m., war26. nom./voc. pi. of , , m. (f.), god(dess)27. acc. sing, of , , m., life28. nom./voc. pi. of , , m., messenger29. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., child30. gen. pi. of , , m. death31. gen. sing, of , , n., measure32. acc. pi. of , , m., word

UNITS TWO-FOUR 3

II.1. , f.2. , m.3. , n.4. , f.5. , n.6. 7, n.7. , n.8. , m.9. , m. (f.)10. , m.

11. , n.12. , m.

(f.)13. , m. (f.)14. , f.15. , m.16. , m. . , . 18. ,m.19. , m.

III.1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

UNIT FOUR

I.1. , f.2. , f.3. ?, f.4. , f.5. , f.6. , f.7. , m.8. , f.9. , f.10. , f.

11. , m.12. , f.13. , m. (f.)14. , f.15. , f.16. , f.17. , f.18. , n.19. , f.20. , f.

II.1. dat. sing, of , , f., soul2. acc. sing, of , , f., army3. nom./voc. sing, of , , f., victory4. dat. pi. of , , f., marketplace5. gen. pi. of , , f., honor6. acc. pi. of ape , , f. virtue7. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., event8. gen. sing, or acc. pi. of , , f., door9. acc. sing, of , , f., beginning

20. ', n.21. , n.22. , m.23. , m.24. , m.25. , n.26. , m.27. , n.

9. 10.

21. , f.22. , f.23. , f.24. , f.25. Oeai, f. (6eoi, f.)26. , f.27. , m.28. , f.29. , m.30. , f.


10. acc. pi. of , , f., goddess11. dat. pi. of , , n., gift12. dat. sing, of , ?, f., education13. acc. pi. of , , m., word14. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., book15. dat. sing, of , , f., honor16. dat. pi. of , , f., event17. voc. sing, of , , m., messenger18. gen. pi. of , , f., marketplace19. acc. sing, of , , m. (f.), god(dess)20. gen. sing, of , , f., tent21. dat. sing, of , , f., voice22. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., justice23. acc. pi. of , , f., flight24. dat. pi. of , , f., victory25. acc. sing, of , , f., soul26. gen. sing, of , , f., virtue27. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., pleasure28. gen. pi. of , , f., beginning29. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., honor30. dat. pi. of , , f., day

III.1. 2. 3. 4.

5 . 6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

UNIT FIVE

I.1. , m.2. , f.3. , f.4. , f.5. , m.6. , m.7. , m.8. , f.9. , m.10. , m.

11. , f.12. , m.13. , f.14. , f.15 ., m.16., m.17. , f.18. , .19. , m.20. , f.

21. , f.22. , m.23. , f.24. , f.25. , f.26. , m.27. , m.28. , m.29. , m.30. , f.

UNITS FOUR-SIX 5

II.1. nom. sing, of , , m., hoplite2. acc. sing of , , f., health3. dat. sing, of , , f., sea4. acc. pi. of , , m., soldier5. dat. pi. of , , f., country6. gen. pi. of , , f., tongue7. nom. pi. (or voc. pi.) of , , f., attempt8. gen. sing, of , , f., beginning9. dat. sing, of , , f., voice10. acc. pi. of , , f., reputation11. dat. sing, of , , f., bridge12. nom. pi. (or voc. pi.) of , , m., citizen13. gen. sing, of , , m., master14. gen. pi. of , , m., sailor15. nom. pi. (or voc. pi.) of , , f., flight16. nom. pi. (or voc. pi.) of , , m., soldier17. voc. sing, of , , m., citizen18. dat. sing, of , , f., health19. gen. sing, or acc. pi. of , , f., fate20. acc. pi. of , , m., master21. gen. sing, of , , f., reputation22. dat. pi. of , , f., tongue23. acc. sing of , , m., hoplite24. acc. sing of pa, , f., attempt25. nom. pi. (or voc. pi.) of , , m., sailor26. gen. pi. of , , f., pleasure27. acc. pi. of , , f., sea28. gen. sing, of , , f., sickness29. dat. pi. of of , , f., table*30. gen. sing, of , , m., judge31. dat. sing, of , , f., truth32. gen. pi. of , , f., fate

*Before the corrected 3rd printing: dat. pi. of , , f., country same as 5.

UNIT SIX

I.1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.


13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

II.

{)

( )

( )

(19) 20. /

21. 22. ?

( )

III.1. away from the sea2. with the hoplites3. against the soldiers4. in pursuit of the children5. in the marketplace6. from the jurymen7. as a result of the friendship8. from the general, from the

generals presence or side9. on account of envy

IV.1. 2. 3. (') 4. (, )

5. 6. (, ') 7. / ()

10. in addition to the gifts11. toward the sun12. out of the land13. with the jurymen14. in the river15. into the road16. upon the tables17. alongside the road18. in addition to the gifts

8. 9. (') 10. ' () / '

*11. *12. 13. 14. ,

*In common and inherited phrases such as this, the article is often omitted, because the idiomatic phrase originated when the article had not yet established itself as such (cf. air' apyn]s = from the beginning).

UNITS SIX-SEVEN 7

UNIT SEVEN

I.1. (rot?) 2. 3. 4. 5. )

6. 7. )8. 9. 10.

II.1. (a) with regard to the just account; (b) is acc. sing. masc. of ,

-a, -ov, (c) attributive modifying .2. (a) The children are small, (b) is nom. pi. neuter of , -, -,

(c) predicative modifying .3. (a) through the large doors; (b) is gen. pi. fem. of , -, -,

(c) attributive modifying .4. (a) The just man is worthy of the office, (b) is nom. sing. masc. of

, -a, -ov; (c) used as a substantive; (b) is nom. sing. masc. of , -a, -; (c) predicative modifying .

5. (a) with the noble (handsome, beautiful) gods (goddesses); (b) is gen. pi. masc. or fem. (depending on what the gender of is taken to be) of , -, -, (c) attributive modifying .

6. (a) The road along the river is difficult, (b) is nom. sing. fem. of ?, -, -, (c) predicative modifying ?.

7. (a) Wicked men are deserving of sufferings, (b) is nom. pi. masc. of , -a, -ov; (c) predicative modifying ; (b) is gen. pi. neuter of , -, -; (c) used as a substantive; (b) is nom. pi. masc. o f , -, -; (c) used as a substantive.

8. (a) into the tent of the general; (b) (c) no adjective form to identify.9. (a) The young mans envy is not small, (b) is nom. sing. masc. of

, -, -; (c) predicative modifying .10. (a) toward (against) the enemy army; (b) is acc. sing. fem. of

, -a, -ov; (c) attributive modifying .11. (a) together with the good (brave) men; (b) is dat. pi. masc. of

, -, -; (c) attributive modifying .12. (a) on account of the shamefulness (ugliness); (b) is acc. sing,

neuter of , -, ~; (c) used as a substantive.13. (a) Wise is the judgment of the generals on horseback, (b) is nom.

sing. fem. of , -, -; (c) predicative modifying .14. (a) The fate from the gods (goddesses) is clear, (b) is nom. sing. fem.

of , -, -ov; (c) predicative modifying .15. (a) The people by the sea are hostile, (b) is nom. pi. masc. of

, -a, -ov; (c) predicative modifying .


16. (a) The books of the umpires are sacred, (b) Upa is nom. pi. neuter of iepos\ -a, -ov; (c) predicative modifying fiifikia.

III.1. 7n 2. 3. 4. 5. rots ?

/

6. .7. ? .8 . .9. 9

.10.

.

UNIT EIGHT

I.I. 7TtLQovGiiv)2 . 7r/A7rei3. Aiyere4. apxovcri(v)5. 77itpe7rco6 . e'xeis7 . p.VO/J.V8 . \ v c i9. ayei / epei10. AeiVeis

II.1. you (s.) are driving

/ marching2 . we bear3.1 write4. he/she/it receives5. they remain6 . you (s.) have7.1 urge/persuade8 . we are fleeing9. he/she/it sends10. we lead11. 1 do not have12. they are in exile13. you (s.) release

11. e?e'A.oo12. kQiXovativ)13. k\avvop.cv14. ypacpei15. ayovai(v)16. 7rirpe77eTe17. aTtodvfjcrKWi18. ov Ttudu1 9 .7re'ju7rco 20. \iyop.t.v

14. he/she/it bears15. we entrust16. you (pi.) do not

send17. they are leaving18.1 receive19. you (s.) rule20. he/she/it says21. we release22 . 1 do not remain23. you (pi.) are

willing24. they have

21. 22 . 23. 24. 25. ()26. 27 . 28. 29. 30.

25 you (pi.) are driving / marching

2 6 .1 abandon27. we begin28. they are willing29. you (pi.) hold

office30. you (s.) say31. he/she/it is

abandoning32. you (pi.) entrust33. you (s.) remain34. he/she/it is driving

/ marching

UNITS SEVEN-EIGHT 9

35. they are dying 3 6 .1 lead 37. we have

38. he/she/it is not 40. you (s.) bearleading

39. you do not receive

III.1. (a) The gods do not persuade the Fates, (b) is acc. pi. of ,

, f.; it is acc. because it is the direct object of .2. (a) Wise men tell the truth, (b) is acc. sing, of , ,

f.; it is acc. because it is the direct dbject of .3. (a) The goddess is driving the foot-soldiers out of the shrine, (b) is

acc. pi. masc. of , -, - used as a substantive; it is acc. because it is the direct object of .

4. (a) Because of the good deed the judge releases the bad man. (b) is 3rd sing, present act. indicative of .

5. (a) Mankind has its sufferings from the gods, (b) is gen. pi. of , , m.; it is genitive because it is the object of the preposition used in a sense requiring the genitive case.*

6. (a) The young men are bringing the gifts for/to the worthy people, (b) is dat. pi. masc. of , -a, -ov used as a substantive; it is dative because it is the indirect object of .

7. (a) The citizens are writing the laws with wise judgment, (b) is gen. sing. fem. of , -, -.

8. (a) The enemy are abandoning the soldiers horses beside the bridge, (b) is acc. pi. of , -ov, m.; it is acc. because it is the direct object of .

9. (a) The messengers are telling the misfortunes of the army to the citizens (who are) in the marketplace, (b) is dat. sing, of , -, f.; it is dative because it is the object of the preposition ; is dat. pi. of , -, m.; it is dative because it is the indirect object of .

*In a particular context, could be goddesses from ; but in a genericstatement without context the generic masculine would be idiomaticallyassumed.

IV.1. ().2. () ().3. .4. ().5. .


UNIT NINE

I.1. 5. 9. 2. 6. () 10. 3. 7. 4. 8. 4

II.1. You (pi.) are urging the army to remain.2. The sailor orders the soldiers to abandon their horses (mares).3. He/she is willing to entrust the difficult tasks to the handsome young men.4 .1 do not wish to die in the sea.5. You (s.) are ordering the hoplites not to harm the rich citizens.*6. The god is unwilling to strike the goddess.7. It seems best to the wise to speak the truth.**8. It is necessary (one ought, we ought) to drive the impious ones away from

the tent of the children.^9. The allies are commanding the foreigners to take the marketplace.10. The immortals urge human beings not so say impious things.11. Because of the fact that the enemy are remaining in the country the citizens

are fleeing.12. It is easy for good men to write laws.13. It is necessary for the sailors to await a fair wind. (The sailors must await a

fair wind.)14. It is possible for the generals to harm the enemy.

*This could also mean: You are ordering the rich citizens not to harm the hoplites. There is no way to decide which meaning is preferable except by the context, and in the absence of context, as here, by general verisimilitude.**Not impossible: It seems best to speak the truth to the wise.tN ot impossible: It is necessary for the impious ones to march/ride awayfrom the childrens tent.Not impossible: It is easy to write laws for good people.

III.1. .2. .3. .4. .5. () ' ( e\eiv).6. .7. (

UNITS NINE-TEN 11

8. .9. ) {) .

UNIT TEN

I.1. They are immortal.2. You (pi. [masc. or general]) are

not brave/good.3. It is unjust.4 .1 am a friend.5. It is clear.

6. Yoy (s. [masc.]) are wicked.7. We are not wise.8. She is wise.9. It is difficult.10. You (pi. [fem.]) are pious.

II.1. ().2. '. /

' . / ' ' . / ' .

3. . / . / . / .

4. .5. .6. . / . / ?. /

.

7. .8. . /

' . / . / / . / ' .

9. .10. ./

. / . / .

III.1. (a) The majority of the citizens are just, (b) genitive, partitive2. (a) For (in the eyes of) the wicked man the laws are not fine, (b) dative of

reference3. (a) The desire for wealth persuades human beings to suffer evils, (b)

genitive, objective4. (a) On the following day they write a peace-treaty. (b) dative of time when5. (a) The immortals are responsible for good things for mankind, (b) genitive,

objective with airio?6. (a) The victory belongs to the Athenians, (b) genitive of possession7. (a) The impious men are pelting the shrine with stones, (b) dative of means

(instrument)8. (a) There is no need to mention the enemys fear, (b) genitive, subjective


9. (a) Beauty exists. / The beautiful exists. / There is such a thing as the beautiful, (b) nominative, subject

10. (a) In the previous battle most of the hoplites do not flee, (b) nominative, subject

IV.1. ? .2. () () .3. ' .4.

.5. .6. .7. (, )

.8. .9. . .

UNIT ELEVEN

I.1. 1 pres act ind of , we are pouring libations2. 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) are fighting3 .1 s pres m/p ind of , I am beating myself [i.e., in mourning]/ I am

being beaten4. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are indicting5. 2 s pres act ind of , you (s.) are taking6. 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he is being bom, it is happening7. pres act inf of , to do8. 1 s pres m/p ind of , I am deliberating9. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are going10. 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) cling to / you (s.) are being held1 1 .3 s pres m/p ind of , it is being said, it is said12. 2 p pres m/p ind of , you (pi.) believe13. 2 p pres act ind of , you (pi.) suffer14. 3 p pres act ind of , they are15. pres m/p inf of , to participate in politics16. 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he wants17. 3 p pres act ind of , they serve as jurors18. 1 p pres m/p ind of , we are making a truce19. 3 s pres act ind of , s/he is killing20. 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) perceive

UNITS TEN-ELEVEN 13

21. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are being carried22. 2 p pres act ind of , you (p i.) are harming23. 3 s pres m/p ind of , it is being thrown, s/he is being pelted24. 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) are being led25. 2 p pres m/p ind of , you (pi.) are exhorting26. 3 p pres m/p ind of at, they are inquiring27. 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he pleads a case28. 1 p pres act ind of , we hear29. 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he (it) is being left30. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are becoming

II.1. 12. / 22. 2. () 23. 3. 13. 24. 4. 14. 25. 5. 15. 26. 6. 16. 27. 7. {) 17. oh 28. 8. 18. 29. /9. ] 19.

3 0 .10. 20. 11. 21.

III.1. In the war against the foreigners (Persians) the Athenians are fighting

against brave enemies.2. Generals must deliberate.3. They command the hoplites to position themselves (be positioned) along

side the river.4. Most of the soldiers are unwilling to flee.5. By means of difficult toils victory comes about for the Athenians. / By

means of difficult toils the Athenians get a victory.6. They make a truce on the following day.7. One must cling to ones honor.8. You are not being harmed by the enemy.9. It is not possible for (the) children to pour libations to the gods.10. The sailors are being driven by the winds toward the land of the foreigners.


UNIT TWELVE

I.1. in front of the tents 7. (up) along the road2. under the power (control) of the 8. throughout the previous day

impious master 9. in return for the toils3. in accordance with the judgifient 10. across (over) the sea

of the judge 11. under (into) the tent4. concerning the honor of the 12. around the marketplace

Athenians 13. against the umpires5. on behalf of the friends 14. before the battle6. under the power (control) of the 15. instead of wealth

enemy 16. about (over) victory

II.1. The wise fare well, the bad do not.2. We want to have not war but peace.3. The citizens pour libations to the gods who fight on behalf of the country.

For they are responsible for (its/their) faring well.4. The land across the river into which the children are going is beautiful.5. By both the Athenians and their allies the foreigners are now justly being

harmed.6. To do just things is difficult for most people, but easy for the wise.7. S/he exhorts the citizens to be pious both now and in the future.8. Good men always want to have honor instead of wealth.

III..?, , , , 2. / 3. 4. . / 5. ( ).6. , 6 .7. yap

.8. ' .9. ' .10. ( ) .

UNITS TWELVE-THIRTEEN 15

UNIT THIRTEEN

1. 12. -() 22. 2. 13. 23. 3. 14. 24. 4. 15. 25. 5. 16. ^() 26. 6. 17. 27. aipfj7. 18. , 28. 8. 29. 9. {) 19. yiyvrj 30. 10. 20. 11. 21.

II.1. you (pi.) are ill2. they ask for3. to seem4 .1 am liked5. we seize6. s/he (it) helps7. to arrive8. you (s.) are being conquered9. they seem10.1 dwell11. you (pi.) are being wronged12. s/he arrives13. to terrify14. you (s.) make15. we are afraid16. s/he inquires17. you (s.) hear

2 p pres act ind of 3 p pres m/p ind of pres act inf of 1 s pres m/p ind of 1 p pres act ind of 3 s pres act ind of pres m/p inf of 2 s pres m/p ind of 3 p pres act ind of 1 s pres act ind of 2 p pres m/p ind of 3 s pres m/p ind of pres act inf of 2 s pres act ind of 1 p pres m/p ind of 3 s pres m/p ind of 2 s pres act ind of

18. you (s.) find for yourself, you (s.) are being discovered2 s pres m/p ind of eiipicrKco

19. to do wrong20. it is necessary21. they conquer22. they are being inhabited23. we choose, we are being seized24. you (pi.) love25. you (s.) engage in politics26. you (pi.) rule

pres act inf of 3 s pres act ind of 3 p pres act ind of 3 p pres m/p ind of

1 p pres m/p ind of 2 p pres act ind of 2 s pres m/p ind of 2 p pres act ind of


27. it is being made; s/he makes for her/himself3 s pres m/p ind of 7roieco

28. you (s.) seem2 9 .1 am being aided30. we are becoming

2 s pres act ind of 1 s pres m/p ind of 1 p pres m/p ind of

III.1.

'2. 3. () 4. ()

5.

6. 7. ()

8. ] ())

9. 10.

IV.1. The foreigners whom those men are conquering dwell by the sea.2. These women terrify the children, those are afraid of them.3. On this day it seems best to the citizens to make peace with the enemy, for

most of the soldiers are sick.4. Those people do wrong to the good but help the bad.5. The wise general has need of the following, I suppose: deliberating well

before the battle and faring well in the battle.6. This man easily wins honor for himself; so just and wise does he seem to

the citizens because of the fine laws that he writes.

V.1. ' .2.

.3. -

.4. (),

.5. , .

UNIT FOURTEEN

1.. 2. ()3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

UNITS THIRTEEN-FIFTEEN 17

10. 11. 12. 7res13. 14. 15. {)16.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24. {)25. ?26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

II.1. gen. pl. of , , f.2. dat. pl. of >, , m.3. dat. sing, of , , .4. acc. pl. of , , m.5. nom./acc./voc. pl. of ,

, .6. gen. sing, of ,

, f.7. nom./voc. pl. of , ,

f.8. acc. sing, of , ,

m./f.9. dat. sing, of , ,

m.10. gen. sing, of , , f.11. nom. sing, of ,

, f.12. dat. pl. of , , f.

13. nom./voc. pl. of , , m.

14. dat. pl. of , , .

15. nom./acc./voc. sing, of , , .

16. acc. sing, of , , f.17. acc. sing. ? ,

?, f.18. dat. pl. of , ,

f.19. gen. pl. of , , .20. acc. pl. of , , m.21. gen. pl. of , , m.22. dat. pl. of ?, , m.23. gen. sing, of , , .24. dat. sing, of , ?, .

III.1. Because of the good omens we are not afraid of the war against those

people.2. It is bad to abandon ones shield, but good to save ones life.3. After this [lit. these things] the old men carry water to the young men who

are fighting on behalf of the fatherland.4. The sentinels whom the enemy capture are put to death.5. Heracles must defeat both the lion in Nemea and the giants and the monsters

throughout Greece.

UNIT FIFTEEN

I.1. dat. sing, of , , . 2. gen. sing, of ,

, m.


3. nom./acc./voc. pl. of , , .

4. gen. sing, of , , m.5. dat. sing, o f ' ^,

' , m.6. gen. pl. of , ,

m./f.7. dat. pl. of , , m.8. acc. pl. of , , f.9. voc. sing, of ,

?, f.10. nom./acc./vo. pl. of ,

, .11. gen. pl. of , , .12. dat. sing, of , , .13. dat. pl. of , , f.14. dat. sing, of , , m.15. acc. sing, of ?, , m./f.16. acc. sing, of , , m.17. voc. sing, of ,

, m.18. nom./acc./voc. pl. of ,

, .

II.1. ; / ;2. ? ? ()3. 4. '*;5. 6. 7. 8. ()

19. gen. sing, of nxkrjQo'i, irkriovs, n.

20. nom./acc./voc. sing, of tcAo?, reAou?, n.

21. gen. pl. masc./fem./neuter ofTl?, TL

22. acc. pl. of vijp, avbpos, m.23. voc. sing, of iraTr/p, iraTps,

m.24. acc. sing, of Tpirjprjs,

Tpnjpovs, f.25. gen. sing, of yfjpas, yqpujs, n.26. acc. sing, masc./fem. or

nom./acc. pl. neuter of u s , tl27. dat. sing, of KpaTos, KpaTovs,

n.28. nom./voc. pl. of haip.u>v,

baijAovos, m./f.29. dat. pl. of aywv, ayuvos, m.30. dat. pl. masc./fem./neuter of

Tl?, TL

9. 10. ;11. () 12. 13. ();14. 15. /

III.1. Who is the speaker? Demosthenes, who urges the multitude to entrust the

triremes to the rich and to pay in taxes.2. What should one do? For some of the Greeks are afraid to fight in the land

of the Persians, and others are unwilling to obey the general of the Athenians.

3. The father and the mother love their daughter and are loved by her.4. Which contest are the umpires preparing? Which young men are winning

prizes?

UNITS FIFTEEN-SIXTEEN 19

5. It is impious not to have (feel) gratitude for the good deeds which those men are doing on behalf of the democracy.

IV.1. oi , ' .2 .

' .3. () .4. ()

7 .5.

.

UNIT SIXTEEN

I.1. you (pi.) were being asked, you

2. s/he (it) was leading away3. you (s.) hold off (are distant)4. they were praising

I was praising5. to desire6. we were seeking7. they were leading, they believed8. s/he (it) was being prevented9. s/he (it) was

I was10. to be led astray11. s/he (it) provided12. we were turning13. they are leading, they believe14. you (s.) were on your guard, you

15. you (pi.) were doing wrong16.1 was perceiving17. you (s.) are becoming18. it was necessary19. they seemed

I seemed20. it was being inhabited/managed21.1 was exhorting

(pl.) were asking for yourself2 p impf m/p ind of 3 s impf act ind of 2 s pres act ind of 3 p impf act ind of /1 s impf act ind of pres act inf of 1 p impf act ind of 3 p impf m/p ind of 3 s impf m/p ind of 3 s impf act ind of /1 s impf act ind of pres m/p inf of 3 s impf act ind of 1 p impf act ind of 3 p pres m/p ind of

were being guarded2 s impf m/p ind of 2 p impf act ind of 1 s impf m/p ind of 2 s pres m/p ind of 3 s impf act ind of ()3 p impf act ind of /1 s impf act ind of 3 s impf m/p ind of 1 s impf m/p ind of


22. they are learning by inquiry 3 p pres m/p ind of 7rvvQa.vop.a123. you (s.) were pouring a libation 2 s impf act ind of airevha)24. s/he was fleeing 3 s impf act ind of (peoyoo2 5 .1 was afraid 1 s impf m/p ind of (j>oj3eca26. it was being accomplished, s/he was accomplishing for her/himself

3 s impf m/p ind of irpaTTui27. they were28. we were being arranged29. you (pi.) were being helped

you (pi.) are being helped

3 p impf act ind of 1 p impf m/p ind of 2 p impf m/p ind of /2 p pres m/p ind of

30. it is being carried, s/he is winning 3 s pres m/p ind of 31. they were entrusting 3 p impf act ind of /

I was entrusting 1 s impf act ind of 3 2 .1 am being made, I am making for myself 1 s pres m/p ind of 33. s/he was seeking 3 s impf act ind of 34. to be prevented pres m/p inf of 35. they were being arrested 3 p impf m/p ind of '36. it was happening, s/he was becoming 3 s impf m/p ind of 37. to be asked, to ask for oneself pres m/p inf of

1 p impf m/p ind of 3 p impf act ind of /1 s impf act ind of 2 s impf m/p ind of 2 s impf m/p ind of 1 p impf act ind of

38. we wanted39. they were ill

I was ill40. you (s.) were inquiring41. you (s.) supposed42. we were taking

II.1. e(pepeTO2. etyofiovpeOa3. iAei(T$ai4. wcfreAovv5. tn a a yo v6. epia)(ov7. eXavveiv8. rjTe / ?7

UNITS SIXTEEN-SEVENTEEN 21

generals to death, and they lead the orators off to the shrine and guard them there. Then they were preventing the multitude from deliberating concerning the affairs.

2. These terrible things the daughters of Demosthenes hear from the old man and immediately they kept asking the young men to lead them out of that country, in which were wild beasts and harmful birds [or harmful animals and birds].

3. Then Pausanias encourged the Athenians to send heralds concerning peace; and they (the Athenians) heeded him.

4. (cf. Xen. Anab. 2.5.31-32) When they were at the doors of Tissaphernes, the generals go into the tent, while the soldiers were waiting at the doors. And after a short time (after no long time) the former were being seized and the latter were being cut down. Then the foreigners were riding across the plain and killing the Greeks.

UNIT SEVENTEEN

I.1. ()2. ()3. " 4. /

/ /

5. / / /

6. /

II.1. The general of the Greeks remains (remained) in that country for ten days

and takes money from the foreigners who live by the sea. And the old men and the mothers were afraid for the children, but some good hoplites were preventing the sailors from doing any harm to them.

2. After this, the army marches (marched) seven stades and arrives (arrived) at a river Chalos by name and at a certain old bridge which a large number of strong men were guarding.

3. The teacher was making the accusation, the thief was the defendant, and the rich men were serving as jurors.

7. () /

8. () / ()

9. 10. () /

() 11. () /

/ /

12. () / ()


4. The previous resolution comes (came) about in the aforementioned way, the later resolution in the following way: the multitude (the common people) obeyed Demosthenes.

5. The old men were looking for the ancient writings, but they [the writings] were being concealed by some children.

III.1. ; .2. .3. ?

.4. , ' ael ().5. .6. ;

UNIT EIGHTEEN

[For more information on future middle forms attested in classical Attic with passive meaning, see H. W. Smyth, Greek Grammar, rev. by G. M. Messing (Cambridge 1956) 808-809, R. Kiihner-B. Gerth, Grammatik der griech- ischen Sprache. Zweiter Teil: Satzlehre (Hanover 1898) 1.114-117.]

I.1. to be called / about to be called2. we shall learn3. they will believe4. they will fall5. he will do wrong6. you (pi.) will ask7. about to throw8. you (pi.) will pray9 .1 shall be in need of, I shall ask

for10. you (s.) will excel11.1 shall leave12. s/he will suppose13. you (pi.) will die14. she will beat herself [in

mourning], he will beat himself15. it will be possible16. s/he will exhort

17 .1 shall desire18. you (s.) will hide yourself / you

(s.) will conceal (for your own benefit)

19. about to have20. we shall be distant / we shall

hold off21. you (s.) will kill22. you (s.) will arrive23. you (s.) will be2 4 .1 shall flee25. about to send26. about to suffer (7ra

UNITS SEVENTEEN -NINETEEN 23

II.1. ()

72. 3. 4. 5. '6. >7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16.

17. 18. 719. 20 .

III.1. (cf. Xen. Anab. 1.1.1) Two children are bom of (to) Dareios and Parysatis.

(And) when Dareios was about to die, he wanted his sons to be present. (And) he sends messengers to summon [who will summon] Cyrus, and he [Cyrus] arrives in his fathers presence. But later Cyrus will fight unjustly against his brother over the rule and he will neither fare well nor win victory, but will fall in the battle. And in the end his brother will rule instead of him.

2. Never will you learn even those small things, wretched man. For it will seem noble (good) to the citizens not to be persuaded either by money or by blows to say these things.

3. (cf. Lysias 12.4) Cephalus, the father of Lysias, is persuaded by Pericles to come to the land of the Athenians and he lives there for a long time and becomes wealthy.

IV.1. " ' .2. , .

[Middle is also idiomatic in such a phrase.]3.

.4. ' .5. ' '.

UNIT NINETEEN

I.1. about to announce2 . to announce (aor.)3. you (s.) led4. to choose (aor.)5. we perceived

6.1 provided / they provided7. you (s.) threw8 . you (s.) were throwing9. you (pi.) bore10. it (s/he) seemed


11. we found12. s/he led (believed)13. about to remain14. to remain (pres.)15. you (s.) exhorted16. they made a truce17. you were fighting18.1 shall be distant / shall hold off19. to provide (aor.)20. it happened, it came about, s/he

became21. you (pi.) concealed22.1 carried across / they carried

across23. we took

2 4 .1 shall train [someone else]25. you (s.) exercised26. to seek (aor.)27. s/he came28. to fight (aor.)29. you (s.) inquired30. to learn (aor.)31. s/he died32. you (pi.) hoped33. to say (aor.)34. we were35. they put themselves on their

guard / they guarded themselves against

36. we began / we ruled

II.1. Trapa(T)(elv 13.Kakiaat 26. emTpe\}/ai2. 6TTeaop.ev 14. a$LK6p.iQa 27. 'Set / xprjv3. eveyKIv / 15. 13ov\evaap.e6a 28. lirvQop.iQa

veyK.a i 16. aKovaeTai 29. 7Teaov/j.ai,4. (pvyofxev 17. Kw\vcraL 30. eATricrcu5. ei8e? 18. ebLKaaavTO 316. Traprjyayov 19. CL7T0KTCV6LV 32. kiraiviaai1. irapfiyov 20. eXeaOac 33. KvaacrOat8. a y i lv 21. airedave(v) 34. ?)A0es9. ayyiXXovuL 22. /3aAAei? 35. hioLuu)10. vofiielv 23. eAmw 36. ypa\j/afxev11. ehre(v) 24. elbop.ev12. eyeveaOe 25. cnrriyayov

III.1. The people by the sea used to fare well in other respects, but they suffered

badly at the hands of some of the enemy who were always plundering the territory.

2. (cf. Lysias 12.4-5) Cephalus and his sons lived there for 30 years and they never brought a suit or were defendants in a suit. For neither did they do harm to other men nor did other men treat them unjustly. But when these villains seized the rule, they put Polemarchus to death because of his money, and Lysias with difficulty left the country. But in the end the allies of the democracy got the upper hand and that man spoke in accusation of the impious men. For he was skilled at speaking.

UNITS NINETEEN-TWENTY 25

3. The messenger came to the general and said: I saw the enemy at the seven gates. Who will fight in each gate on behalf of the citizens? To which gods shall I order the mothers to pray? How will a victory come about? What must one do? And he [the general] said: There is no need to be afraid. ForI have arranged the soldiers wisely (skillfully) around the walls.

UNIT TWENTY

I.1. 1 p aor mid ind of 2. 3 p impf m/p ind of 3. 3 p aor act ind of 4. 2 p fut act ind of 5. aor act inf of 6. 3 p fut act ind of 7 .3 p impf act ind of 8. aor act inf of 9. fut mid inf of 10. 2 s pres act ind of 11. 3 s fut mid ind of /

3 s pres m/p ind of 12. 1 p impf act ind of 13. 2 s aor act ind of 14. 3 s aor act ind of 15. 2 p pres act ind of 1 6 .2 s aor act ind of 17. 1 s impf m/p ind of 18. 2 p aor mid ind of 19. 3 s fut mid ind of 20. 2 s fut mid ind of 21. 1 s pres act ind of

II.1. , 8. 15.

9. 16. 2. e/3 10. 17. / 3. , 11. , - 18.4. , 19. 5. 12. > 20. ?6. {), 13. 21. 7

() 14. 22. 7.

III.1. (cf. Lysias 1.5) Euphiletus,* who was on trial for murder, said the following

to the jurors: I shall narrate the affairs from the beginning and I shall not hide [anything]. For he believed that in this way he would persuade the citizens not to put him to death, but to release him from (acquit him of) the charge.

2. How has some one of the gods not harmed this m ans judgment, [this man] who kept saying impious things about the sun and the winds and the other celestial phenomena and who kept doing a very great deal of harm to the shrines of the Greeks? [rhetorical question, equivalent to How can it not


be the case that some one of the gods has harmed... or Surely some one of the gods has harmed...]

3. (cf. Xen. Anab. 1.3.5-6) And no one will ever say, my fellow soldiers, that I led Greeks to the Persians and then I abandoned the Greeks and chose the friendship of the Persians. But since you are unwilling to obey me, I shall obey you. This is what Clearchus said. For he believed that his fellow soldiers were to him both fatherland and friends and allies. And the soldiers, both his own and the rest, praised these things (statements).

4. The old man said that the thieves were about to carry away the money, but that the guard prevented (them).

5. Do you believe that the gods will help the just people in the war?6. We hope that this herald will announce a victory.

*Before the corrected 3rd printing, Eratosthenes.

IV.1. oi) t o i s , ( )

? .2. (>6, ) .3. -

.4. " ';5. .6 . ( )

.

UNIT TWENTY-ONE

I.1. These men were put to death by the Persians. And when the king had gotten

these men out of the way, terrible things happened to the city after that; for which things this man is to blame, for he himself persuaded the king to come against Greece.

2. (cf. Xen. Hell. 4.1.15-16) And Agesilaus got a trireme ready and ordered Kallias to take the girl away [sc. in it], and he himself went off to the sacred city, in which dwelt the priest of the foreign goddess. This city was ten stades distant from the kings* town, and in it was a river full of small fish.

3. The rich man said that he would entrust the cattle and the swine to his son, but that it was not possible (to entrust to him) the mares.

4. Different people praise different habits.5. He exhorted the cavalrymen to guard the other of the walls, while he

himself and the infantry guarded this one.

UNITS TWENTY-TWENTY-TWO 27

6 . (cf. Lysias 12.44-45) Thus you were plotted against not only by the enemy but also by these fellow-citizens and you were prevented from doing anything good. And they believed that you were eager to be rid of the troubles of the city and that you would not feel concern about the other matters. For they were about to dissolve the democracy.

*The article goes with and has no article, as is usually thecase when it refers to the king of Persia: H. W. Smyth, Greek Grammar, rev.by G. M. Messing (Cambridge 1956) 1140.

II.1. ,

() .

2 . ( ) .

3. ( ) r a ts .

4. , a t .

UNIT TWENTY-TWO

I.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. /

6 . 7. 8 . 9.

10. 11. /

12. /

13. ? ()

14. 7 () / 7 ()

15. 16. 17. . /

.18.

. / .

19. () . / () .

20. /


II. (cf. Xen. Mem. 2.1.21ff., a story ascribed to the sophist Prodikos)Heracles was once deliberating about his life in a manner something like this: What should I do? Shall I choose the road through (of) virtue, or the other one? Two women came up to him, one being self-controlled and nobly-born, the other charming but bad. And they tried to persuade the man in turn. The latter said, You must make me your friend, for I will lead you on the pleasant and easy path, and you will have all sweet things and avoid all hard things. And Heracles said, Woman, what is your name? She replied, My friends call me Happy Prosperity, but the others call me Vice. The second woman said: The path that I say you ought to choose is neither short nor safe nor easy. But it is not possible to become a truly noble and good man without toil. For the fine things are difficult, but all men and all gods will praise you. This womans name was Virtue.

III.1. -

.2. avbpa ,

.3. ,

' .

UNIT TWENTY-THREE

I.1. to display (aor.)2 . you (s.) are handing over3. they will release4. you (s.) were sending on5. to go away (pres.)6 . it was being set down7. to set free (pres.)8. s/he / it will go9. you (pi.) are giving a share of10. s/he is causing to stand11. about to give12. s/he was setting up13. they are being yoked14. s/he was breaking15. they were going out16.1 am attacking17. they are betraying

aor act inf of 7TibeiKvvp.t2 s pres act ind of napabibwiu3 p fut act ind of a

UNITS TWENTY-TWO-TWENTY-THREE 29

18. you (s.) were giving19. we shall go20. it was being shattered21. you (s.) were being appointed22. you (s.) are showing23. you (pi.) will put down24. we are handing over2 5 .1 aim at, I give orders26. they will establish27. s/he is giving a share of28. you (s.) are hurling29. you (s.) are in charge of30. to be betrayed (pres.)31. they were letting come to themselves

2 s impf act ind of 8i'8co^i1 p pres act ind of elfxi3 s impf m/p ind of pijyvvj.i2 s impf m/p ind of airohtLKVvixL2 s pres act ind of eKvvp.i2 p fut act ind of Karari07]/it1 p pres act ind of 7rapa8i8cojui1 s pres m/p ind of (pirjiiL3 p fut act ind of Ka6i


2. Foolish people think that they will always be fortunate, while prudent people believe that the affairs (fortunes) of humans are never secure.

3. (cf. Xen. Hell. 2.3.52-53) Theramenes jumped up onto the altar and said: Gentlemen, I believe that Critias ought not to be able to put me to death, but that the judgment (trial) for both you and for me must be according to this law which these men wrote concerning those in the register [of citizens]. And this point is clear, that this altar will not help me at all, but I want to demonstrate this fact as well, that these men are not only unjust toward people but also impious toward gods.

UNIT TWENTY-FOUR

I.1. they crossed2. you (pi.) sold3. to attack (aor.)4. you (s.) stripped off [someone

elses clothes/armor)5. to give back (aor.)6. s/he let go, sent on7. to come to an agreement (aor.) /

to happen (aor.)8. you (pi.) set in charge of9 .1 put down10. you (s.) undressed [yourself]11.1 was established, I became12. s/he distinguished13. to cause to revolt (aor.)14. we were captured15. they will go out16. to aim at (aor.) /to command

(aor.)17. to read aloud (aor.)18. you (pi.) will go19. to be captured20. about to transgress21. you (s.) gave back

22. s/he was setting down, appointing

23. they were coming together /1 was coming to terms

24. they are being captured25. you (s.) transgressed26. they recognized27. it sank28. s/he placed upon29. they admitted [to their

presence]30. you (pi.) gave a share of31. they were32. you (s.) dedicated33. to show (pres.)34. they will recognize35. to put together (aor.)36. you (pi.) were captured37. we appointed38. s/he became in charge of, stood

upon39. you (s.) attacked40. it, s/he was being handed over*41. we were distinguishing42. to make an agreement (aor.)

*B efore the corrected 3rd printing: he handed over (in his ow n in terest) but aor. mid. o f this verb is not attested in classical Attic.

UNITS TWENTY-THREE-TWENTY-FIVE 31

II.1. vrjes kirra Karibvaav.2. 8e/ca TpiriptLS KarebvaapLev.3. TTeOfcrde4. TTpobovvat5. eyev6p.e6a, naTearrjpiev6. rjkL(TK0VT07. Trpoaeadat8. bia^riaeade9. enelvos o veavias to v auxppuv

10. eTrerideao11. avefirjcrav12. a vtyvw re13. Trapebopiev14. aireo-T-qaas15. m vT es eakooaav {rjXuxrav).16. Trapefirj17.17 to v ftacnXem yvvrj airebv.18. ovk eyvwpiev

d v a i (pdro.

III.1. (cf. Herodotus 5.95) In that war other wondrous things happened in the

battles and Alcaeus the poet escaped (from the danger) himself, but left behind his shield, and the Athenians captured it and dedicated it to the gods.

2. (cf. Lysias 16.1) Although these men want me to be caught (found guilty) in this trial by every conceivable means, you are not being misled by their false statements, but you always seek to distinguish the truly just and the unjust.

3. (cf. Lysias 12.92-97) I am about to step down [from the speakers podium], gentlemen of the jury, but first I want to say a few words to each group, both to those from the town and those from Peiraieus. For I hope that you will hold (regard) as examples the misfortunes which happened to you through these men and that you will cast your vote justly and wisely. You people from the town were ruled over harshly by these men and because of these men you were waging a war against your brothers and sons and fellow-citizens. You people from Peiaieus fell out of (were cast into exile from) your fatherland and for no short time you were in need of all things, both money and friends, but in the end you came back down (home) into Attica.

4. (cf. Xen. Hell. 2.3.43) It is not these men the ones who prevent numerous enemies from being made who make your enemy strong and betray your friends, but rather those men, who unjustly take money away (from others) and put just men to death.

UNIT TWENTY-FIVE

I.1. Great (large) things are never secure.2. You are the first who found for yourself (obtained, earned) this honor.


3. Foolish is this man, who seems to himself to be powerful in all things (to be able to do all things).

4. Peisistratos established himself as king of the Athenians three times. For he (fell out [into exile]) was driven out twice, but finally through great toils he established himself with power over all things.

5. The foreigners were throwing many stones, so that it was necessary for each of the Greeks to be on his guard and to hold his shield up over his head.

6. Whereas the father was friendly and charming so that he was loved by all, each of his two sons says many bad things about the other so that they are praised by no one.

7. (cf. Herodotus 5.93) Sokles said that he did not believe it was just for the Lace-daemonians to try to set up kingships in the cities, and all the others at first kept themselves (in) quiet, but then every single one broke into speech and chose his (Socles) opinion. And thus the allies commanded the Lacedaemonians to do nothing terrible concerning a Greek city.

8. (cf. Lysias 19.18-20) Aristophanes was always active in politics and was eager for honor. And so at that time together with Eunomos he went off to Sicily by ship, for he hoped to persuade Dionysios to become kinsman by marriage to Euagoras, hostile to the Lacedaemonians, and a friend and ally to your city. And there were many dangers related to the sea and the enemies, but nevertheless he tried to do these things, and finally he persuaded Dionysios not to send some triremes which at that time he had prepared for the Lacedaemonians.

II.1. '

;2. ' ,

.3. .4. , ,

, .5.

, ] () , .

UNIT TWENTY-SIX

I.1. , , 2. , , 3. , ,

UNITS TWENTY-FIVE-TWENTY-SIX 33

4 . 7TapanOeis, Trapandeiaa, irapandev5. embeL^ap.evos, e7r1.8e1.fap.ey77, eTnbeia.p.evov6. voarj(Tu>v, vocrr/crovaa, voarjaov7. (weak, 1 st) airobvcras, aTrobvaaaa, airobvaav, (strong, 2nd) drrodvs,

aTTohvaa, arfobvu*8. VOfJ-LMV, VOp.LOV(TOL, VOjXLOVV9. eepiepevos, (fuepevq, e(piep.evov10. eftcoy, e f to ic a , e f tov11. irapafiriaopevos, TTapa/3r](rofievq, irapa(3'q(rop.evov12. emOepevos, eTTi.dep.evr], einOepevov

*Before the corrected 3rd printing (weak, 1st) eKbvo-as, e30. deLacV31. 32. 7apaee-

pevat

III.1. nom s f fut mid part of elpi

voc s f fut mid part of eip. 12. dat p f fut mid part of (pevyoj3. dat s m prs act part of efeipi

dat s n prs act part of efeijui4. gen s m aor mid part of (nrvbo

gen s n aor mid part of (nrvbw5. dat p m prs act part of rrra)

dat p n prs act part of t t t m6. nom p n aor act part of dx/n 77/11

acc p n aor act part of 177/11 voc p n aor act part of


dat p m fut act part of dat p n aor act part of dat p m aor act part of

13. dat s f prs m/p part of ai

14. acc s m aor act part of nom p n aor act part of acc p n aor act part of voc p n aor act part of

15. gen p f fut act part of 16. dat s m prs act part of

dat s n prs act part of

17. acc p m fut act part of 18. acc s m prs act part of

nom p n prs act part of acc p n prs act part of voc p n prs act part of

19. dat s m aor act part of dat s n aor act part of

20. gen s m aor act part of gen s n aor act part of

21. acc s m aor act part of nom p n aor act part of acc p n aor act part of

voc p n aor act part of 22. gen p f aor act part of 23. acc p m (strong, 2nd) aor act

part of 24. acc s f fut act part of 25. nom p f (weak, lst) aor act part

of voc p f (weak, lst) aor act part of

26. nom p m aor act part ofvoc p m aor act part of

27. gen s m aor mid part of gen s n aor mid part of ai

28. nom s m aor act part of voc s m aor act part of

29. nom p f aor mid part of voc p f aor mid part of

30. acc p m aor mid part of

IV. (cf. Herodotus 2.20-24)But certain of the Greeks, who wanted to show themselves to be notable

for wisdom, have spoken three ways of explaining concerning this water; two of which it is not worthwhile to speak of except in brief terms. Of these, the one says that the Etesian (annual) winds are responsible for the fact that the river becomes full (for [they say] the winds prevent the Nile from flowing out into the sea). But often the Etesian winds have not blown, but the Nile does the same thing. The second (explanation) is less scientific, the one that says that it flows from the Ocean, and that the Ocean flows around the entire earth. The third of the explanations is by far the most reasonable, but is false. For not even this one makes sense [lit., says anything]; for it says that the Nile flows from melting snow.

But since I must display my own opinion concerning this, I will tell why (on account of what) the Nile seems to me to flood during the summer. During the stormy season the sun is driven from its former (old) path by the winter storms and it goes toward the inland parts of Africa. And the Nile alone is caused to evaporate in such a way that during this time it flows with little

UNITS TWENTY-SIX-TWENTY-SEVEN 35

water, but during the summer it is evaporated equally with all the other riversand it flows with more water.

UNIT TWENTY-SEVEN

I.1. -

.2. .3. .4. .5. ' .6. (, , )

.7. .8. '

? ' .9. , .10. ? .

11.1. The fools among mankind let go of what is at hand and pursue what is

absent.2. At the urging of the leaders (archons), the citizens made peace with those

who were in exile.3. Although many cavalrymen were attacking, we took up for burial those who

had died.4. Demosthenes promised he would do these things, speaking falsely.5. Although it is necessary (it being necessary) to care for ones parent (the

one who cared [for you]) in old age, the common mass of people are unwilling (to do so).

6 . Who will be able to win victory in the contest if he is not tall and strong?7. (cf. Xen. Anab. 1.1.3) The king arrests Cyrus with the intention of putting

him to death.8 . (Anthologia Palatina 7.348) Having drunk a lot and eaten a lot and said a

lot of bad things about (having often insulted) my fellow men, here I lie, Timocreon of Rhodes.

9. (cf. Lysias 28.13) But I, gentlemen of Athens, do not have the same judgment about each o f the two groups. These men, who longing for freedom and justice and wanting the laws to be valid and hating those who do wrong partook of your dangers, I believe are not bad citizens. But those men, who having returned home from exile under democracy are doing


wrong to you the common people and are making their private households great using (lit. out o f ) your property, one must very vehemently accuse, just as one does the Thirty.

UNIT TWENTY-EIGHT

I.1. You did badly in allowing these women to be treated unjustly by the other

women.2. Who will get up to the acropolis before the foreigners? (Who will beat the

foreigners in going up to the acropolis?)3. You will not err if you say this. / You will not be wrong in saying this.4. The young man feels bad, for he never endures being second.5 .1 will easily prove that he concealed this money.6. He happened to be taking exercise on that day.7. Do you not know that death will stop both those who are faring well and

those who are not?

II.(cf. Lysias 2.7ff.)When Adrastus and Polynices attacked Thebes and did not fare well in

the battle, and the Thebans were preventing anyone from burying the dead bodies, the Athenians, since they judged (believed) that the former had paid a sufficient penalty in dying, while the latter were committing an offense against the gods, first, having sent messengers, they asked them (the Thebans) to grant (the opportunity of) picking up the dead. When they were not able to obtain this [favor], they (the Athenians) went on campaign against them (the Thebans), even though there was previously no disagreement with the Thebans, because they (the Athenians) believed that those who had died ought to receive the customary rites. And because they (the Athenians) had justice as their ally they were victorious in battle and displayed their excellence to all men.

At a later time, after Heracles had died, his children, in flight from Eurystheus, kept being driven out by all the Greeks, who, although ashamed at their deeds, were afraid of Eurystheus power. And* when the children came to this city and Eurystheus was demanding their surrender, the Athenians did not consent to hand them over. And when the Argives came on campaign against them, they (the Athenians) did not change their minds when they got close to the terrible events, but they kept the same decision and they were victorious in battle a second time.

C onjunction was absent before corrected 3rd printing.

UNITS TWENTY-SEVEN-TWENTY-NINE 37

UNIT TWENTY-NINE

I.1. 1 p impf act ind of 2. 3 p impf m/p ind of 3. 3 p prs m/p ind of 4. 1 p impf act ind of 5. 3 p prs act ind of 6. dat p f prs act part of 7. fut act inf of '8.2 s aor act ind of 9. nom s m aor act part of

voc s m aor act part of 10. 3 s impf act ind of 11. prs m/p inf of 12. 3 s prs act ind of 13. nom s m fut act part of

voc s m fut act part of nom s n fut act part of acc s n fut act part of voc s n fut act part of

14. 2 s fut act ind of 1 5 .2 s impf act ind of 16. 1 p perf act ind of 17. 3 s fut act ind of 18. 2 p fut mid ind of 19. prs m/p inf of 20. dat s m prs act part of

dat s n prs act part of 21. acc s m prs m/p part of

nom s n prs m/p part of

acc s n prs m/p part of

voc s n prs m/p part of

22. 3 p impf act ind of 1 s impf act ind of

23. 2 s impf m/p ind of 24. 2 s fut mid ind of 25. prs m/p inf of 26. 3 s prs act ind of

2 s prs m/p ind of

we were accomplishingthey were being emulatedthey are being honoredwe were seeingthey are scattering(dat.) [women] honoringabout to have a shareyou (s.) reminded(nom.) [man] having reminded(voc.) [man] having remindeds/he was victoriousto be seen (pres.)s/he is filling(nom.) [man] about to scatter (voc.) [man] about to scatter (nom.) [thing] about to scatter (acc.) [thing] about to scatter (voc.) [thing] about to scatter you (s.) will drive you (s.) were filling we knows/he / it will reveal you (pi.) will permit to be emulated (pres.)(dat.) [man] being at a loss (dat.) [thing] being at a loss (acc.) [man] being accomplished (nom.) [thing] being accom

plished (acc.) [thing] being accom

plished (voc.) [thing] being accom

plished they were honoringI was honoring you (s.) were being revealed you (s.) will seize to know (pres.) s/he / it is revealing you (s.) are being revealed


27. pres act inf of 28. 3 s impf act ind of 29. nom p m pres m/p part of

voc p m pres m/p part of 30. 2 p pres act ind of 3 1 .1 s pres act ind of 32. 1 p impf act ind of 33. 1 p fut act ind of 34. fut act inf of 35. aor act inf of 36. 3 p fut mid ind of oiba37. 3 p fut mid ind of 38. dat p f fut mid part of

39. 3 s aor mid ind of

to honor (pres.)s/he was at a loss(nom.) [men] being emulated(voc.) [men] being emulatedyou (p.) winI seewe were filling we shall scatter about to bring to an end to reveal (aor.) they will know they will be(dat.) [women] about to be

angryshe stopped herself / he stopped

himself

II.1. , 2. v, 3. ()4. 5. ^6. ,7. ?8 . 9. , 10. /

11. / *12. v13. 14. **15. 16. 17. '()18. / '>19. 20. ,

*B efore the co rrec ted 3rd p rin ting , th is item inv ited ao ris t m iddle-ejivriaacrOe, which is poetic or non-Attic.**Before the corrected 3rd printing, eoiipas, sam e as 7.III.1. And three days later they again made their own virtue manifest by helping

those who were lacking food.2. It is obvious, fellow soldiers, that you are mindful neither of what happened

then nor of what is now about to occur.3. This villain was so clever at speaking that he appeared to be worthy of

office.4. At first the old man remained inactive (kept quiet) when he saw these things

being done by those who were plotting against the archons, but finally he revealed everything to the citizens in order to put a stop to the strife.

UNITS TWENTY-NINE-THIRTY 39

5. Since the Thebans were not coming out to battle, the Athenians continued building a wall of large stones, four stades distant from the walls of the town.

6. The kings soldiers are equal to the Greeks in number, but not in valor.7. Pentheus did not easily endure hearing that all the women were honoring

the god who had come from Lydia.8. (cf. Lysias 7.1) While formerly I used to believe that it was permitted to

anyone who wanted to, if he minded his business, to have neither court cases nor troubles, now everything comes about contrary to expectation andI am being placed in (am involved in) a terrible struggle (in court).

9. (cf. Lysias 33.7) I do not know what idea in the world the Lacedaemonians have when they permit Greece to be burned, since they are not unjustly leaders of the Greeks both because of their inborn virtue and because of their expertise in connection with war. [Literally, . . . making use of what idea in the world the Lac. are permitting . . . ]

UNIT THIRTY

I.1. - /

2. / 3 .4. 5. 6. ()I. 8.

9.

II.1. () ,

() .2. , ()

.3. .

.4. ", ()

.

10. 7 /

11. / /

12. / /

13. 14. ? 15. /

16. ,


III.At this point, ambassadors come from Sinope, fearing both concerning the city of the Kotyoritans (for it belonged to them and the Kotyoritans paid tribute to them) and concerning the land (of the Kotyoritans) (for they were hearing that it was being plundered). And having come into the camp they spoke (Hecatonymus, who was considered a skilled speaker, was their spokesman): Gentlemen of the army, the city of the Sinopeans sent us both to praise you, because being Greeks you are defeating non-Greeks, and secondly also to rejoice with you, because you are present here after coming safely through difficulties that were (as we have heard) many and terrible. And we think it proper that, since we are ourselves Greeks, we receive from you who are Greeks some good treatment and suffer nothing bad. For nor have we on our part ever yet taken the initiative in doing harm to you. These people of Kotyora are our colonists, and we turned this territory over to them after taking it away from the foreigners.

UNIT THIRTY-ONE

I.1. 8. 15. 2. 9. 16. 3. /? 10. 17. 4. ] 11. 'ij)s 18. ()5. 12. 19. 6 . 13. 20. ^7. ) 14. ]

II.1. 3 p aor act subj of 2. 3 s pres m/p subj of

3 .2 s pres act subj of (be

away)4. 3 p aor mid subj of at 5 .2 s aor act subj of 6. 2 p aor act subj of 7. 1 p pres act subj of beUvvpi8. 3 s aor act subj of

2 s aor mid subj of 2 s fut mid ind of

9. 3 p pres act subj of 10. 3 s pres act subj of

2 s pres m/p subj of 2 s pres m/p ind of

11. 3 p pres m/p subj of 12. 2 p aor mid subj of 13. 2 p aor act subj of 14. 2 s pres m/p subj of

3 s pres act subj of 2 s pres m/p ind of

15. 2 s pres m/p subj of 3 s pres act subj of 2 s pres m/p ind of

16. 1 s aor act subj of 17. 3 s aor act subj of

2 s aor mid subj of

UNITS THIRTY-THIRTY-ONE 41

18. 3 p pres m/p subj of 24. 1 p pres m/p subj of 3 p pres m/p ind of 25. 3 s aor act subj of

19. 1 p aor act subj of 2 s aor mid subj of 20. 3 s pres m/p subj of at 2 s fut mid ind of 21. 2 p pres act subj of 26. 3 p pres act subj of 22. 2 s pres act subj of 27. 2 p aor mid subj of

28. 3 s pres m/p subj of 23. 3 p pres act subj of (go 29. 2 p aor act subj of

away) 30. 1 s aor mid subj of

.1. jury , '.2. .3.

.4. ().5. () . /

() .6. ;

IV.1. Whom am to harm (shall I harm) more justly than those who have wronged

me?2. The Greeks, having ceased to make war against each other, agree on a peace

in order that the king may not easily conquer all.3. Let us never be defeated by the female sex, since we are men.4. Although we have exchanged (given and received) a pledge, we are afraid

that the Thebans may not be trustworthy.5. If the city is not faring well, do not seem to be angry at those who are not to

blame, but rather at those who do not deliberate correctly.6. While the cavalry was pursuing those who were fleeing, the general with the

hoplites set up a trophy in order to demonstrate to all that his own army was better (stronger) than the enemys.

V.Once when the Assembly conceived a desire to put to death all those associated with Thrasyllos and Erasinides by a single vote contrary to the laws, Socrates, being a member of the Council and at that time getting his turn as (having become) the presiding officer in the assembly, refused to put the measure to the vote, even though the Assembly was becoming angry with him and many powerful men were threatening him. But he considered it of more importance to abide by his oath than to oblige the Assembly contrary to justice and to guard himself against those threatening him. For indeed he believed that


the gods have concern for human beings, not in the (same) way that most people believe. For they believe that the gods know some things and do not know others, but Socrates believed that the gods know everything, both what is being said and done and what is being planned in silence, and that the gods are present everywhere and give signs to men concerning all human affairs.

UNIT THIRTY-TWO

1.I. 1 s aor act opt of 2. 3 p aor act subj of 3. 1 p pres m/p subj of 4. 1 p aor act opt of 5 .3 s aor act opt of 6 . 2 p aor act opt of 7 .3 s aor act opt of 8 . aor act inf of 9. 2 p pres act subj of 10. 2 s aor act opt of II. 2 p aor mid opt of 12. 3 p aor mid subj of 1 3 .3 s aor mid opt of 14. 1 p pres act opt of (go

away)15. gen s f pres m/p part of

16.3 s aor mid opt of 17.1 s aor mid opt of

II.1. 'iva 2 . /

3. }.4. .5. ;6. 'iva / iva

/ iva /

1 8 .2 s pres act subj of 1 9 .2 s pres m/p opt of 20. 3 s impf m/p ind of 21. 3 p fut mid ind of

22. nom p f pres act part of

voc p f pres act part of

23. 2 s aor act opt of 24. aor act inf of 25. 3 s aor act ind of 26. 3 s aor act opt of 27. 3 p aor act opt of 28.1 p aor act subj of 29 .2 p fut mid opt of 30.3 s aor act opt of

aor act inf of

7. a /

8 . 9. .10. . /

.

UNITS THIRTY-ONE-THIRTY-THREE 43

III.1. ] ?

.2. ?

.3. . .

IV.1. At Pytho (Delphi) Apollo used to give (this) as an oracle to the Greeks:

Nothing in excess.2. To those from Croesus who were asking for an oracle the god replied as

follows: It is necessary for Croesus to destroy a great empire if he crosses the Halys river. And having heard this Croesus thought that he himself would conquer his enemies, not interpreting well. And not fearing that he might be making a mistake in trusting his own judgment, he went on campaign against the Persians in order that after defeating these people he might rule all of Asia. But things turned out otherwise. For the Lydians are conquered and Croesus and his wife and children are captured. And when captured he said this to himself: I wish that I had never crossed the Halys. And now what are we to suffer? Are we to be slaves to the Persians? It is not a terrible thing for people in misfortune to die, but may the Persians not cut off my head.

V.There still is left the puzzlement which you feel concerning good men: why in the world do good men teach their own sons the other subjects that fall within the realm of teachers and make them wise (in these other subjects), but do not make them (their sons) better than anyone (else) in that virtue in which they themselves are good? And on this question, Socrates, I shall no longer speak a fable to you, but a reasoned account. For this is how one should think of it: is there or is there not some one thing which it is necessary for all the citizens to partake of, if in fact there is going to be a city? For in this question is solved this puzzlement that you feel or nowhere else. For if there is (such a thing), then this one thing is not carpentry or bronzeworking or the art of ceramics, but rather righteousness and self-control and being pious. And taken all together I call it by a single name: a m ans virtue.

UNIT THIRTY-THREE

1.1 . 1 s pres act opt of 3. acc s m pres act part of 2. 3 p pres m/p opt of nom p n pres act part of


acc p n pres act part of voc p n pres act part of

4. 3 s pres m/p subj of 5. 2 s pres act opt of 6. pres act inf of 7. 2 s pres act subj of

2 s pres act ind of 8. 3 p pres act opt of 9. nom s f pres act part of

voc s f pres act part of 10. 1 p impf act ind of 11 . 3s aor act opt of

aor act inf of 12. 1 p pres act opt of 13. pres m/p inf of

14. 3 p pres act ind of pa.u>3 p pres act subj of epaia dat p m pres act part of epio dat p n pres act part of kpam

15. aor mid inf of rip/j.riv (eipo^ai)

16. 3 s impf act ind of eaoo17. 2 p aor act subj of euepyereoj18. 2 p fut act ind of eikpyeTeoo19. 3 p aor act ind of

avyyiyv(i)a'Koo20. 1 s pres m/p opt of avaipiuj 2 1 . 1 s impf act ind of airavTau)

3 p impf act ind of attavTau)

II.1. / 2. 3. 4. / 5. '

6. 7. 8. '9. / 10.

III.1. $

. . .

2. () - .

3. (), () () (). (), () ().

IV.1. When the young man asked which of the three daughters it was advan

tageous to marry, we replied with a laugh that we did not know.

UNITS THIRTY-THREE-THIRTY-FOUR 45

2. Are we to permit the king to continue besieging the town, or are we to go to the rescue?

3. The soldiers kept asking how they were to benefit Cyrus, since it was not possible to carry out a campaign without money. For they did not think it proper to obey a general who was spending less than he promised.

V.I, gentlemen, am, to be sure, delighted to be honored by you, if in fact I am human, and I feel gratitude and pray that the gods grant me the opportunity to show myself to be the cause of some good for you. On the other hand, for me to be chosen by you as leader in preference to a Lacedaemonian who is present does not seem to me to be advantageous to you, but it seems that you would less likely obtain (your request) because of this fact, if you should ask for anything from them [the Lacedaemonians]; and for me in turn I do not really think this is safe. For I observe that they [the Lacedaemonians] did not cease waging war against my country before they compelled the entire city to acknowledge that Lacedaemonians were their leaders too. . . . And as for the notion that you have in mind, namely that there would be less discord with one man leading than with many, know well that if you pick someone else, you will not find me engaging in dissension; for I believe that whoever while involved in a war foments dissension against a leader, this man stirs up trouble against his own safety. But if you chose me, perhaps you would find someone becoming angry both at you and at me.

UNIT THIRTY-FOUR

I.1. oi

' eibevaL, .2. , .3. ), () ;4. el , ovhev '

.

II.1. Whoever treats ambassadors unjustly pays the penalty, if not immediately,

at least in the end.2. If the three brothers steal without being noticed the weapons that the

Thebans dedicated, they will become rich although they have done impious things.


3. At Athens in the old days the jurymen who after hearing the speeches of both sides cast their vote in accordance with justice and the laws were admired.

4. If you should run very swiftly, perhaps you would escape the danger.5. In return for these things, whatever benefactions they might do now, they

would get back gratitute both while alive and after the end of their lives.6. If the young man spends a lot because he is in love with the courtesan, it

will not be good for his household, since it is already lacking in money.7. It is fitting always to do whatever the wise recommend.8. (cf. Plato Parm. 126a) After I arrived at Athens, I met with Adeimantus and

Glaucon in the marketplace. And Adeimantus, taking hold of my hand, said, Greetings, Cephalus, and if you have need of anything of the things here that we can do, tell (us). I said, But I am here for just this purpose, to make a request of you.

III.[Chremylos]

1 believe that this is clear to understand for all men equally,that it is just for the good among men to fare well,and for the wicked and godless to fare, surely, the opposite of this.So then, longing for (this), with difficulty have we discovered this, a way so

that there arisesa plan fine and noble and useful for every purpose.For if Wealth now gets his sight and does not go around being blind, he will make his way to the good among men and will not leave them, but the wicked and godless he will avoid. And then he will cause all men to be good and certainly rich and reverent toward divine things.And yet who could ever discover anything better than this for mankind?

[Blepsidemos]No one could; I serve as your witness for this fact; dont ask her at all.

[Chremylos]For as life is now disposed for us humans,who would not believe that it is madness and, even more than that, accursed

misfortune?For many among mortals who are wicked are wealthy,having collected their possessions unjustly; and many who are altogether

virtuousare suffering bad fortune and are starving and for the most part spend their life

with you [Poverty].

UNITS THIRTY-FOUR-THIRTY-FIVE 47

8. 14. 9. 15. 10. , 16. 11. - 17.

18. 12. 19. 13. 20.

UNIT THIRTY-FIVE

I.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. paye7.

11.1. aor pass inf of 2. 3 s fut pass ind of 3. 1 p fut act ind of 4. 1 s fut pass ind of 5. 2 p aor act ind of 6. 2 s aor pass ind of 7. 3 p aor pass ind of 8. aor act inf of 9. aor pass inf of 10. gen p m aor pass part of

gen p n aor pass part of f 11 . 3s aor pass subj of 12. 3 s impf act ind of 13 . 2s aor mid opt of 14. 1 s aor pass ind of 15. dat s f aor pass part of 16. 3 p aor pass subj of 17. nom s n aor pass part of

acc s n aor pass part of voc s n aor pass part of

18. 3 p aor mid opt of 19. acc s m fut pass part of

nom s n fut pass part of acc s n fut pass part of voc s n fut pass part of

20. 3 s aor pass opt of 21. 1 p aor pass ind of

/22. 3 s aor pass ind of 23. fut pass inf of

24. 1 s aor pass ind of 25. 3 p fut pass ind of 26. 1 p aor pass opt of 27. gen s m aor pass part of

gen s n aor pass part of

28. aor pass inf of 29. 3 s fut pass ind of 30. 3 s aor pass ind of 3 1 . 3 s impf act ind of 32. 1 p aor pass subj of 33. 2 s prs act opt of 34. 2 p aor act ind of

(intrans., 2nd, or strong aorist)35. aor pass inf of 36. nom p f aor pass part of

voc p f aor pass part of

37. 3 s aor pass ind of 38. acc s m aor pass part of

nom p n aor pass part of acc p n aor pass part of voc p n aor pass part of

39. 2 p aor pass ind of 40. 2 p aor pass subj of 4 1 . 2 s aor pass ind of 42. 2 p fut pass ind of


III.[Socrates] Indeed wondering at these (very) things I have been asking for some time now what in the world the power of the art of rhetoric is. For it appears to me as quite miraculous in its magnitude, when I consider it this way.[Gorgias] Yes, Socrates, (you certainly would call it miraculous) if should know all the facts, namely that so to speak it encompasses and controls under itself all the powers. And I ll tell you an important piece of evidence. For I have often in the past, when visiting with my brother or with the other physicians one of the sick who is not willing to drink a drug or to allow the physician to cut or bum [do surgery or cautery], though the physician was unable to persuade (the patient), / persuaded him, using no other craft than the art of rhetoric. And I also maintain that if a rhetorically skilled man and a physician went to a city, wherever you want, if it should be necessary for them to compete in speech in an assembly or in some other gathering as to which of the two ought to be chosen (elected) as physician, then the physician would make no showing at all, but the man who is able to speak would be chosen, if he should want to be. And if he should compete against any other skilled craftsman at all, the rhetorically skilled man would persuade (the assembly) to select him more (easily) than any other person would. For there is nothing about which the rhetorically skilled man would not speak more persuasively than any other of the skilled craftsmen before a crowd.

UNIT THIRTY-SIX

I.1. ovk (') 7Tpobibovat, avbpes .2. , ] rfj d oi e.3. d oi kv 7, oi -

s .

II.1. Everyone should have fought even on behalf of the Thebans if the

foreigners had besieged their city.2. Then no one would have taken bribes from the enemy, but now every single

man seeks to become a traitor.3. The woman, leaving their children and husbands at home, were running to

the mountain, different women from different directions (some from one direction, some from another).

4. (= Plato Phaedrus 227a) My dear Phaedrus, where (are you going) and from where (are you coming)? From Lysias the son of Cephalus, Socrates, and I am going for a walk outside the city wall.

UNITS THIRTY-FIVE-THIRTY-SEVEN 49

5. (= Plato Phaedrus 237b-c) On every subject, child, there is a single (proper) beginning for those who are going to deliberate well: one must know that concerning which the deliberation is (taking place), or else one must miss the entire goal.

6. (cf. Xen. Anab. 6.6.17-19) I did this at the order neither of Xenophon nor of anyone else. But when I saw a good man, one of my fellow-soldiers, being led (along) by Dexippos, whom you know betrayed you, it seemed terrible to me. And I took the man away (from Dexippos) by force, I admit it.

I would consider it of great importance, gentlemen, that you should show yourselves to be for me exactly the sorts of judges concerning this affair that you would be for yourselves if you had suffered such treatment. For I know full well that if you should hold the very same opinion concerning other men as you do concerning yourselves, there would not be anyone who would fail to be vexed at the things that occurred; rather you would all consider the penalties applying to those who practice such behavior small. And these matters would not be judged thus only among you, but in all of Greece. For concerning this crime alone both under a democracy and under an oligarchy the same right to vengeance has been granted to the weakest citizens against those who have the greatest power, so that the lowliest man receives the same rights as the noblest. To such a degree, gentlemen, do all men consider this (form of) insolence most dreadful. Now then, as far as the magnitude of the penalty is concerned, I believe that you all hold the same notion, and that no one is of such a careless disposition [who =] that he believes those who are responsible for such deeds ought to receive pardon or deems them worthy of a small penalty.

III.

UNIT THIRTY-SEVEN

I.1. 3 p perf act ind of 2. perf act inf of 3. nom p m perf m/p part of

acc s n perf act part ofvoc s n perf act part of

4. 3 s perf m/p ind of 5 .3 s perf m/p ind of 6. nom s n perf act part of

voc p m perf m/p part of

7. 2 p perf m/p ind of 8. 2 p perf act ind of 9. nom p n perf m/p part of

acc p n perf m/p part of

voc p n perf m/p part of

10. 3 p perf m/p ind of


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UNIT THIRTY-SEVEN 51

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p tyo vT a i

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pi(p6ri(T0LVT0 / pir\CTOLVTO

papdr/o-ea'dai / pLtp-jcrecrdat

pupdrjadpevos / puf>ricr6p,evos

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(elrjaav) pi\fra6 e i s / p i x e l ' s

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(fiefiovkevpevai) elpev (eirjpLev)

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UNITS THIRTY-SEVEN-THIRTY-EIGHT 53

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3ovkv6t]o-oL\j.i6a /3ovkev8eirjfj.ev / fiovkevdeifjiev

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III.I believe, gentlemen, that I must demonstrate this fact, that Eratosthenes committed adultery with my wife and both corrupted her and shamed my children and wantonly insulted me myself, coming into my house, and that there was no enmity between me and him except for this one, nor did I do this for the sake of money, in order to become rich instead of poor, nor for the sake of any other profit except the retribution provided for by the laws. Well then, I shall show to you all of my own affairs from the beginning, leaving nothing out, but telling the true facts. For I believe this course is my only means of safety, if I prove able to tell you all the things that have been done. For, Athenians, whenI decided to marry and took a wife into my house, for the (other =) whole earlier period of time I was so disposed that neither did I vex (my wife) nor was it too much in her own power to do whatever she wanted, and I kept guarding her as much as was possible and I paid attention, just as was reasonable. But when a child was bom to me, from that time I trusted her and turned over all my [household] affairs to her, believing that this [the birth of our child] was the greatest bond of intimacy.

UNIT THIRTY-EIGHT

I. (1) . Sets " ) , , - . (2) ' . (3) - . (4) be (, ) ) . (5) , .

II.Thucydides of Athens com posed (this account of) the war of the Peloponnesians and Athenians, how they waged war against each other, having made his beginning immediately when the war was starting and having expected that it would be great and most noteworthy in comparison with those that occurred earlie r.. . . For this unrest came about as extremely large for the Greeks and for some part of the non-Greeks, and, so to speak, even (extended)


to reach a very great portion of mankind. For the events before these and the events every more ancient it was impossible* to discover reliably because of the great passage of time, but from the indications which it comes about that I trust when I investigate to the greatest possible extent (in time), I do not believe that they [the earlier events] were great either in connection with the wars or in other respects. For it is clear that the land now called Hellas has not been firmly settled from long ago, but clearly there were migrations previously and each group easily used to leave its own territory when forced out by some group that was on each occasion more numerous.

*1 follow Classen-Steup (who cite parallels) in interpreting as an archaic use of the neuter plural where other Attic prose authors would use singular : thus the subject is , the object of which is . . . . Some instead treat . . . as nominative subject and as epexegetic infinitive.

UNIT THIRTY-NINE

I.1. /309 ecus

.2. ecus , -

.3. i d yap) .4. Set

. / bei .

5. eta .

II.Being in such a predicament I decided to take a risk, since being put to death was already close to hand. And after summoning Damnippos I say this to him: You happen to be a close acquaintance of mine, and I have now come into your house, and I am guilty of no wrong, but am being destroyed for the sake of money. You, therefore, furnish to me, who am suffering these things, your own power eagerly disposed toward my salvation. And he promised that he would do this. But it seemed better to him to make mention of it to Theognis. For he believed that he (Theognis) would do anything if someone would offer him money. And while that man was conversing with Theognis (since I happened to be knowledgeable about the house and I knew that it had a door at either end), I decided to try to save myself by that way, considering that, if I

UNITS THIRTY-EIGHT-FORTY 55

get away unseen, I would be saved, while if I get caught, I believed that, on the one hand, if Theognis should have been persuaded by Damnippos to accept money, I would be let go none the less, and on the other hand, if not [if Theognis had not agreed], I was going to die all the same.

Now then, the truth is like this, and you will recognize it, if you move on to more important things, finally leaving aside philosophy. For, you know, Socrates, philosophy is a charming thing, if one touches upon it in moderation in the prime of ones youth. But if one spends ones time in it farther along than is proper, it is the ruination of men. For if one is indeed very greatly innately gifted and practices philosophy far along in ones prim e, one inevitably turns out to be inexperienced in all the things in which the man who is going to be noble-and-good and famous must be experienced. For indeed such men become inexperienced in the laws that operat

mastronarde key and appendices

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