Restricted UNDP/NEP/74/003 Terminal Report NEPAL

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Master Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley

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Project Findings and - Recommendations

Serial No. FMR/CC/CH/8 1 /265 (UNDP)

United Nations Educational, United Nations Scientific and Cultural Development Organization Programme

Paris, 1981

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N E P A L

Master'Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley

Project Findings and Recommendations

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Report prepared for the:Government ' :,

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Cultural Organization (Unesco) acting as Executing Agency for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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United Nations Development Programme

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UNDP/NEP/74/003 Terminal Report FMR/CC/CH/81/265(UNDP) 21 October 1981

Unesco 1981 Printed in France

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

I. INTRODUCTION ............................. (1 - .4) (5 - 7) 11. OBJECTNES ...............................

Long-range objectives ...................... Immediate objectives .....................

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111. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS ................... (8 - 50) A. Preparation of Master Plan ........... B. Other Publications ................... C. Government follow-up of the Master

Plan ................................. (a) Inclusion of seven sites on the

World Heritage.List .............. (b) Costing of a Proposed ten-year

conservation programme ( 1980-1 990) International Response to the Master Plan ................................. Specific Examples of Conservation Work (a) Swayambhu Sites ..................

D.

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(b) Temple of Mahadu at Gorkana ...... F. The Kirtipur Study ...................

LIZATION OF PROJECT RESULTS .............. IV. ACHIEVEMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND UTI-

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13 - 19 14.,- !7

18 - 19 20 - 21 22 - 33 34 - 44 45 - 50

V. RECCElMENDATIONS .......................... A. Funding of the Programme for the

conservation of the cultural heritage

B. Possible regional project for the conservation of the cultural heritage.

C. Expansion of the Administrative Staff .

.in the Department of Archaeology ..... CONCLUSION ...............................

of the Kathmandu Valley .............. 56 - 57 . sa - 59

60 - 66 (67 - 68) 1

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd.)

APPENDICES . .

APPENDIX I - International Staff APPENDIX U: - Conservation P r o m e Budget Estimates 1980-1990

APPENDIX I11 - An Extract f m proposals submitted by the Department of Archaeology for inclusion in the Sixth Five-Year Plan

APPENDIX IV - Proposed regional programme for the conservation of the cultural heritage under a shared regional expert scheme

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NEP/74/003 - Master Plan for the Conservationof the of Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley

TERMINAL REPORT

I. INTRODUCTION

1. process of planning for conservation in the Kathmandu Valley, the first impetus to which: came with the establishment of a Department of Archaeology in 1952, just one year after H.M. King Tribhuvan had opened the country to the rest of the world. Four years later a new law, the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1956, provided the necessary legal backing. In the 1960's various missions of experts in town planning and the restoration of cultural property were fielded by Unesco and the' United Nations under the United Nations Technical Assistance Programme, to advise on the planning of conservation measures.

2. Movement which has received financial and other support from various sources in addition to H.M.G. of Nepal - the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Unesco and other international bodies, bilateral donors and individuals. This report, while dealing primarily with the UNDP-financed project NEP/74/003, draws necessary attention to related assistance from other sources.

3. Project NEP/74/003 is an expansion of project NEP/71/006 - Development Of Cultural Tourism - which started in June 1972, its main activities being conservation work on the Royal Palace, Hanuman Dhoka, in the centre of Kathmandu Square, the establishment of a Central Conservation Laboratory at the National Museum and a Conservation Project Office at the Hanuman Dhoka Royal Palace to train staff in conservation techniques and repair work.

The activities described in the present report are rooted in a long

The 1970's saw the growth and expansion of a veritable Preservation

4. scope of this initial project by drawing up a Master Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley. Like its predecessor, NEP/71/006, this project (NEP/74/003) has been carried out by the Ministry of Education's Department of Archaeology with the financial assistance of UNDP and the technical co-operation of Unesco. The project was approved by UNDP in July 1974, initially for a period of two months only (the time for a multi-disciplinary team to prepare the Master Plan) but was subsequently extended to December 1980.

In March 1974, His Majesty's Government of Nepal decided to extend the

11. OBJECTIVES .

5. . The project's objectives, as listed in the basic project document, were as follows :

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Lonu-range objectives

6. conservation of the national cultural heritage of Nepal In such a way that the environment and satisfactory living conditions of the people are assured and that sites and monuments will be developed to the benefit of the local population as well as to encourage tourism in Nepal,.

. To assist His Majesty's Government of Nepal in the preservation and

Immediate objectives

7- in the Kathmandu Valley. In drawing up the Master Plan, the team should :

To prepare a Master Plan for the conservation of the cultural heritage

a) Select projects and recommend the scope of monuments and sites to be protected and preserved in the Kathmandu Valley in the light of economic, archaeological, sociological, folklore, religious, environmental and planning considerations and advise on the phased Implementation programme ;

b) detail the various activities involved in conservation work, including the development of infrastructure (i.e. roads, sanitation, public health and services) and make budget estimates. This plan should take into account the development of the tourism industry ;

c) determine priorities of the projects and programmes recommended,

recommend suitable changes in the existing legislation to protect

based upon socio-economic and technical analyses, including cost-benefit analysis ;

d) the cultural heritage and recommend immediate action for government organizations to implement the legislation ;

e) make recommendations on the organization, management and scope of museums, including extension plans and their cost estimates. '

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111. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS

A.. .. Preparation of Master Plan

8, The main initial output of the project was the preparation and publication of the Master Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley, based on the work of an inter-disciplinary team of eight consultants who vtsited Nepal in May and June 1975. fields covered by the consultants are indicated in Appendix A. (164 pages plus 14 appendices, two maps and 31 illustrations), aft by the team leader, Eduard F. Sekler, was published in March 1977 "). served as the frame for all subsequent conservation work carried out by the Department of Archaeology in the Kathmandu Valley and as a source of information for the donors from other countries whose assistance it was hoped to elicit through the preparation of the Master Plan.

The membership of the team and the special Their report

final editing It has

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1 ) . Serial No. FMR/CC/CH/77/216(UNDP)

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9. technical report Building Conservation in Nepal : A Handbook of Principles and Techniques, by John Sanday, the Unesco adviser who directed first the work on the Hunuman Dhoka under project NEP//lfOO6 and subsequent conservation work under project.NEP/74/003. The report , which was financed by both projects, has received wide distribution and provided invaluable guidance for conservation work not only in Nepal but also in other countries.

10. to the Kathmandu ley, the same expert prepared a booklet Monuments of the Kathmandu Valley ''! which, though its publication was financed under Unesco's Regular Programme, is directly related to Project NEP/74/003, providing, as it does, the kind of information the intelligent tourist needs to make a visit to the Kathmandu Valley meaningful.

Another basic reference work for conservation activities in Nepal is the

4 For the benefit of the ever-growing number of tourists who are attracted

11. may be described both as an outcome of the project and a basis for later operations are :

Two further reference works not funded directly by the project but which

(a) Kathmandu Valley : The Preservation of Physical Environment and Cultural Heritage. A Protective Inventory, published by Anton Schroll & Co., Vienna, 1975. This two-volume inventory, prepared with the assistance of UNDP-financed experts and published with funds provided by Unesco and the Rockefeller Foundation, was the starting-point for all subsequent planning of conservation work.

(b) Proposals for a Cultural Monument Conservation Project in the Kathmandu Valley : Economic Report, by John Smyth, Unesco staff member who served on the interdisciplinary team. issued on 27 December 1976 (ref. CC-76/WS/42) has served as a basis for the Government's plans for funding the Conservation Programme.

This report,

12. Lastly, mention should be made here of another amply illustrated publica- tion directed to the donor public, to be issued shortly by Unesco, namely, Kathmandu Valley : Monuments in Need of Preservation, by the Unesco expert, John Sanday.

C. Government follow-up of the Master Plan

13. related its building conservation activities to the overall programme proposed in the Plan, and careful thought and deliberation have been given to the best way of administering such an undertaking. H.M.G. has demonstrated its commitment to the programme of conservation of the cultural heritage by allocating a budget of 5,000,000 Rs. NC in the Fifth Five-year Plan (1975-1980). year 1979-1980, H.M.G. also allocated 600,000 Rs. NC specifically forathe. - Master Plan.

Following the publication of the Master Plan, the Government has gradually

During the financial

1,) Report issued on 3 November 1978 under serial NO- FMR/CC/CH/78/247 (UNDP)

2) ISBN 92-3-101644-X, Unesco, 1979.

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(a). Inclusion of seven sites on.the World Heritage List

14. On 28 June 1978, Nepal became a Party to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by the General Conference of Unesco at its seventeenth session, in 1972. In October 1979, the World Heritage Committee, established under Article 8 of the Convention, approved Nepal's application to place seven. sites in the Kathmandu Valley on the World Heritage List provided for in Article 1 1 , paragraph 2 of the Convemtion (.l).

s . 15. The seven sites that have been chosen are representative of

all aspects of Nepal's Cultural Heritage, her architecture, art and religion. They are also sites that are visited by well over ninety per cent of all tourists that visit Nepal. Because this unique heritage is for the most part responsible for attracting tourism, it has been proposed that oncethese key sites have undergone repair and rehabilit- ation, they could be a good source of revenue and that, as elsewhere in the world, tourists should pay an entrance fee to.visit them. Funds derived in this way would not only amply cover the maintenance of the major sites, but also provide funds for the repair of most of the scores of other important religious monuments and sites throughout the Valley.

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. . :16. . ' ,The.; sites already inc1ud.e.d .in the .World Heritage List are:

( 1 ) KATHMANDU DURBAR SQUARE: Elements : 39 Buildings of 9 Building Groups Revenue Site: Hanuman Dhoka Palace and Museum

Elements: Revenue Site: The Chowks and Museums

Elements : 14 Buildings of.3 Building Groups Revenue Sites: Museum and Sundari Chowk

Elements : 5 Buildings of 1 Building Group Revenue Sites: The Stupa precinct and Museum

Elements : 1 Building of 1 Building Group Revenue : Entrance fee

( 1 ) This paragraph reads: "On the basis of the inventories submitted by States in accordance with paragraph 1 , the Committee shall establish, keep up to date and publish, under the title.of World Heritage List, a list of properties forming part of the cultural heritage and natural heritage, as defined in Articles 1 and 2 of this Convention, which it considers as having outstanding universal value in terms'of such criteria as it shall have established. An updated list shall be distributed at least every two years".

(2) PATAN DURBAR SQUARE 18 Buildings of 5 Building Groups

(3) BHAKTAPUR DURBAR SQUARE

(4) SWAYAMBHU STUPA

(5) BODDANATH STUPA

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(6). CHANGU NARAYAN , . .. Elements: . 1 Building and Pilgrims' Courtyard of

Revenue : Entrance Fee 1 Building Group

(7) PASHUPATINATH Elements : 2 Temples and environments - excluding Revenue Sites: Museum and Cultural Centre.

(1 Pashupatinath Temple - in 2 Building Groups

17. It should be clearly established that tourists would be contributing their entrance fees towards the repair and maintenance of Nepal's Cultural Heritage.

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(b) Costing of a proposed ten-year conservation programme (1980-1990)

18. posed ten-year conservation programme (1980-1990), based on those given .

in the Economic Report referred to in paragraph ll(b), but updated and expanded to cover all seven sites on the World Heritage List. The conservation programme covers two phases to coincide with.the Sixth (1980-1985) and Seventh (1985-1990) Five-year Plans of H.M.G. Nepal.

The Government also worked out budget estimates for a pro-

19. Estimated costs for the two phases are shown in Appendix I1 and are summarized as follows:

Rs.NC (000's)

Phase I (1980-1985) Phase I1 (1985-1990)

50 9 030 33,945

Total 83 , 975 D. International Response to the Master Plan

20. However, the Master Plan was prepared with a view to provid- ing guidance for conservation work financed not only by Nepal itself, but also by external funding sources, including UNDP, banks and bi- lateral donors. It was with a view to eliciting support from the inter-

launched an Appeal for the safeguarding of the Kathmandu Valley. As of mid-1981, the following bodies and individuals had pledged support for the Appeal:

* national community that the Director-General of Unesco, on 25 June 1979,

International Fund for Monuments, an American Foundation based in Washington Austrian Government Barbier Muller Foundation Belgiumhlepal Foundation Mr. Bernard Denjoy Mae J. Dietlin Mme Huguette.

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. . .Dkoka Palace was received from the: '.of' the Plan, external.assistance for the conservation of the Hanuman

Government of France Government of the Federal Republic of Germany Government of Japan

. . Britain-Nepal Society Guide Foundation, Washington Pisa Foundation.

E. Specific Examples of Conservation Work

(a) Swayambhu Sites

The financing of the work described hereunder was shared by 22. His Majesty's Government of Nepal, UNDP (expert's services) and Unesco (for Consultants).

23. The holy site of Swayambhu, consisting of two hillocks to the west of Kathmandu, has a series of shrines, both Buddhist and Hindu, all of which are important sites for worship and pilgrimage. On the eastern hillock is the renowned Swayambhu Stupa, perhaps the most famous religious shrine in Nepal and known throughout the world. As well as the Stupa, which legend says was one of the first structures to be built in the Kathmandu Valley, there are a pair of Shikharas flanking the top of the flight of steps leading up to the Stupa from the east . which were built in the 17th Century. To the west is the temple of Ajima, built in the traditional Newari style, as well as a host of small ,Chaitya and religious statues commemorating important members of the religious community.

several years by a series of landslips, the last of which was activated by five days of very heavy rain in the middle of August 1978. The rains caused an area that had supposedly already been reinforced by a massive retaining wall and buttresses, to subside several feet, threatening a row of dwellings built around the edge of the hill. These buildings were considered structurally dangerous by the Nepalese Government and were immediately demolished. Although the Stupa itself appears to be in no danger - it is reputed to be built on an outcrop of rock - the two . Shikharas have certainly been affected by the landslip and show signs of

. 24. The eastern side of this hillock has been threatened over

~ rotation as a result of unstable foundations.

25. Swayambhu prompted an urgent request to Unesco for specialists to visit the site and advise on methods of stabilising the hillock and securing the safety of the threatened monuments. A number of consultant missions were accordingly fielded under Unesco's Regular Programme between 1977 .and 1980.

The concern of the Nepalese Government for the safety of .

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26. The hillocks of Swayambhu, now.designated a Conservation Area in the recently published Inventory of Historic Monuaents and Sites in the Kathmandu Valley (see paragraph ll(a)), have suffered over hundreds of years from the effects of 1-andslips, evidence of which can . still be seen at the bases of both the hillocks. However, more recently this condition has been considerably aggravated by almost total deforest- ation, the. advent of domestic dwellings without drainage and sanitation, and periods of excessively heavy rainfall.

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27 The seriousness of the unstable condition of particularly the eastern slope was accentuated in .1971 by the disappearance of a small Pathi - resthouse - and subsidence in the surrounding area. An attempt to stabilise this section was made by building a massive gravity retain- ing wall and backfilling the area in question to form a new platform around the base of the south-east Shikhara, It was soon realised that this wall was inadequate, and a series of buttresses were installed in an attempt to arrest the still apparent movement. The unusually heavy rain in the middle of August 1978 reactivated a landslide condition that had never satisfactorily been brought under 'control.

28. From initial investigations, it was soon discovered that the gravity retaining wall had been acting as a dam, and all the rainwater which to date had been poorly channelled off the hillock, was collecting behind the retaining wall and had caused the water table to rise alarm- ingly in this already unstable zone. The combined effect of the water pressure behind the wall, the subsequent buoyancy of the soil causing loss of friction, and the dead weight of the retaining wall resulted in the most serious landslide which threatened the south-eastern Shikhara.

29. The work to stabilise the most serious area of landslip was divided into investigation and remedial activities. Teams from the Department of Mines and the Department of Topographical Survey were responsible for carrying out exploratory drillings to ascertain the geology of the hillock, and the depth of slip as well as a series of levelling and topographic surveys to monitor the slip. A plumb bob was set up in the south-eastern Shikhara to monitor any movement in the structure. This work was put into operation as a matter of urgency, as it was considered that the effect of another monsoon season would almost certainly cause the collapse of the most threatened of the Shikharas. Once the form of the slip was established, drainage holes were drilled into the hillock to assist in reducing the water table, and deep drainage channels, following the removed buttress, were cut and back- filled with filter material to drain off the rainwater. Two gabian rings, consisting of wired baskets tightly packed with rocks were placed with the intention of bolting them with twenty-metre steel bolts to the bed rock.

30 The drainage system, which was installed in 1979, has proved very successful, and no further significant movement has been recorded. However, the rock bolting was found to be extremely difficult to install, due to both design faults and impracticalities. The effects of the 1979 monsoon on the gabians caused all the drill holes to bend, making it impossible for the bolts to be inserted. It was recommended that an independent consultant be called in to assess the work carried out, and to reassess the condition of the landslip.

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31 In December 1980, an Engineering Geologist was fielded by Unesco under the Organization's Regular Programme for 1979-1980 to reassess both the work already undertaken, as well as the landslide condition at Swayambhu, and to recommend any further remedial measures. His report is reproduced under Serial No. FMR/CC/CH/81/174, dated August 1981.

32 The landslip incident has provoked the Nepalese Government into tackling another problem that has become increasingly more apparent

this important religious centre. Over the years, more and more families have taken up residence around the Stupa, attracted mostly by the

rents out or uses its ground floor as a souvenir or antique shop. The steps and the bases of the-shrines are taken over by souvenir vendors sellingcrude wares. The very special religious atmosphere for which Swayambhu was so famous is now in jeopardy.

33 However, plans are now being considered by the Nepalese Government, with the assistance of Unesco, to carry out a comprehensive renovation and rehabilitation programme for Swayambhu with the replan- ning and possible resiting of some of the more recent dwellings, and the provision of proper facilities for the many thousands of pilgrims who visit the.shrine each year.

over the last few years - that of the generally unhygienic state of 4

rapidly developing tourist trade. Almost without exception, every house 4

(b):Temple of Maha'du at Gorkana

34 9 ~ The operations described hereunder (first stage completed in March 1981) were funded,by UNDP (services of the expert who directed the conservation*work) and H.M.G. of Nepal and the International Fund for Monuments for the cost of conservation (on a 25 % : 75 % basis). 35- The majestic three-tiered temple of Mahadev at Gorkana is located in the small hamlet of Gorkana on the north-western edge of the King's Forest. The site is in the north-eastern part of the Kathmandu Valley about ten miles from Kathmandu. The temple is set within its own precinct on the edge of the holy Bagmati river, at a point where the

. river cuts through a small gorge. Around the temple are a group of rest houses ItPathitt, as well as the important Prayer Hall of the Gajadhara Narayan. The temple itself is surrounded by a series of interesting

. stone sculptures.

36. The project has been divided into three stages, the first stage being limited to the temple structure itself. Stage two is programmed to include the associated historic buildings, and the final stage will consist of the general landscaping of the site and its environment, as well as the stabilization of the river banks.

37 The extent of the repair and renovation of this temple was assessed and a detailed estimate was prepared. New administrative staff from the Department of Archaeology were trained on site to supervise and carry out this project. Foremen craftsmen, originally trained in the Hanuman Dhoka Project, were seconded to this site, and have been in turn training a local work force.

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38 The three-tiered temple, dating from the late 15th Century, is undoubtedly one of the finer rural temples. It is a large well-built traditional structure with three roofs, the topmost being of gilded -copper. The carvings to the windows and roof struts, though simple on the upper half of the building, are very fine. In contrast, the lower extensive door frames are exquisitely carved, but unfortunately a recent practice of treating the timber with a black oily coating, has totally masked the carvings. The brickwork is of excellent quality, being the traditional glazed brick, but this has also been painted over.

39 After an initial, hesitant start, the project got under way in February 1980, once the funds that had been donated by the Interna-

Archaeology. The renovation work has been carried out in accordance with the techniques established in the Hanuman Dhoka, and now recorded in the technical handbook prepared for the Department of Archaeology.

dismantled and repaired by the traditional metal craftsmen, the

of the sheets. All three roof structures were carefully dismantled and reconstructed to ensure their structural stability, joints were recut, and defective fixings replaced, and the whole roof was treated with a special preservative. Wood carvings consisting of the roof struts and upper windows have all been cleaned back to natural timber, and have been similarly treated.

41. Perhaps the most difficult task, and one that has added considerably to technical knowledge in the field of building conserva- tion, has been the experimentation, and eventual cleaning process adopt- ed for the difficult task of removing the thick coating over the wood carvings to the doors. Samples were sent to the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), in Rome, as well as to the Conservation Laboratory in Lucknow for advice on cleaning techniques. A t the same time the experiments were undertaken on site by the Archaeology Department's Conservation Laboratory

42. Under the Unesco adviser's supervision, several different experiments were undertaken, and eventually, after several months of trial and error, a system that was endorsed by the Conservation Centre in Lucknow proved successful. Industrial-grade ammonia was mixed with a soft clay and applied as a poultice over the carvings. The poultice was left in position for between two and three hours, during which time

The carvings were then brushed down with a water and ammonia mixture, further removing as much as possible of the coating. The carvings were then allowed to dry and the process was repeated as necessary. On average, two people could clean approximately one square foot every two days, which has made it a long and difficult process.

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tr tional Fund for Monuments were transferred to the Department of

. 40. The topmost roof of gilded copper sheets was carefully

* Tamrakar. The.work undertaken was the careful cleaning and resetting

4 the oily coating was softened, enabling much of it to be scraped off.

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- 10 - 43 9 a result of the unexpected problems with regard to the cleaning of the carvings, this section of the work was re-estimated and the total cost for the repair of the Mahadev Temple is approximately US $ 30,000.

The estimated building cost'was originally US $ 23,342. As

44 ; March 1981) the International Fund for Monuments requested budget estimates for the second stage, and it is hoped that a majority of the remaining historical buildings, set out in the programme for the second stage, will be repaired with funds provided by the Foundation and H.M.G. Nepal. 4

After the completion of the first stage of operations (in J

F. The Kirtipur Study

45. a multi-disciplinary team from the Department of Architecture at Bristol University, United Kingdom, arrived in Nepal in October 1979 to prepare a detailed six-month survey of the Newar village of Kirtipur under the supervision of the Unesco Adviser. The team consisting of five students (two architects, two social anthropologists, and one economist), was attached to the Unesco office and worked in association with the Department of Archaeology.

46. project, travel, etc. were raised by the team members themselves from sources in the United Kingdom.

47 The aim of the Kirtipur Study was to formulate an overall development and conservation programme for Kirtipur which had been recommended in the Master Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley. It is hoped that the information gathered, and now embodied in the team's report, will assist in the future development of the village. The study concentrated specifically on establishing already existing trends in population growth, agricul- tural yields, industry production, caste functions, social behaviour, tourism, and physical development. It is hoped that this information will form the basis for any future work within the village, should this project be followed up.

As an extension of the general Cultural Heritage Programme,

Prior to the team's arrival, all funds for its research

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. 48. After its arrival, the team moved into a traditional Newar house in the middle of Kirtipur to live with a local family for the duration of the six-month survey period. This resulted in the team being well received into the very closed Newar community of Kirtipur, and enable, its members to have close contact with the Panchayat and with many other influential people. The reaction from the village was most favourable, and many people offered them practical assistance. It seems, from their reception, that it should be possible to develop a substantial work programme over the next few years. Information relev- ant to Kirtipur and the project was collected from a variety of Govern- mental Ministries and Departnents. This has enabled a network of contacts at Government level to be built up which could be of assistance in any future work. The geographical proximity of Tribhuvan University allowed the team access to the University's facilities, andit received much support from academic staff in the field of Anthropology, History, Economics, development and data collection.

- 1 1 - ' 49. Following their intention to involve people from all levels, the members of the team made contact with the relevant governmental departments and ascertained in each case the general policies, and how these affected the people of Kirtipur and whether there were any specific proposals for the village. It was soon'discovered that, with the exception of the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage and the District Education Office, no plans had been made which would affect

work were exemplary. A careful monitoring of their work was made through weekly meetings with the Unesco adviser to which, whenever possible, either members of the Kirtipur community and University staff, or representatives from the Department of Archaeology were invited. Towards the end of their survey, the team members arranged a seminar with the University as well as a series of lectures in Kathmandu, in which they described their surveys and invited questions and comments.

50. Given the favourable impression they made in Kirtipur, and the fundamental recommendations that they were able to develop during their stay, it is hoped that further research as well as an initial development programme will be implemented in the near future. The team's report, published'in 1981 under the title KIRTIPUR: A Newar Community in Nepal - Development in Debate, presents historical, cul- tural and economic documentation on the Newari hill-town of Kirtipur and submits recommendations and highlights priorities for the future of Kirtipur. Another team from the Bristol University will be returning to Kirtipur late in 1981 to continue the 1979-80 studies.

IV . ACHIEVEMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND UTILIZATION OF PROJECT

I the village. The extent of their survey and the thoroughness of their

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RESULTS

51. The initial, immediate objective of project NEP/74/003 was fulfilled through the preparation and publication of the Master Plan. Implementation of the Master Plan itself is a long-term undertaking, on which a good start has been made by His Majesty's Government. There has also been a limited response by the international community to the challenge offered by the Plan and to the Appeal by the Director-General of Unesco for a demonstration of the moral solidarity of mankind in the preservation of a unique cultural heritage.

52 The technical report on Building Conservation in Nepal (see paragraph 9) has also provided a basic reference for conservation

tion it has been in wide demand. J activities in Nepal and in other countries as well. Since its publica-

' 53. In a sense all work for the conservation of monuments in the b Kathmandu Valley may likewise be described as utilization of the Master _ _

Plan and other documents prepared under project NEP/74/003. (see Section 111, A and B).

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54. fact that, since the termination of UNDP assistance, the Unesco

- adviser's Nepalese counterpart under both projects NEP/71/006 and NEP/74/003 has continued to supervise work on a new stage in the renovation of the Hanuman Dhoka, involving repair of the interior elevations of the courtyard and conversion of theLbuilding into galleries suitable for an extension of the existing museum. The same office and administrative procedures ace being followed and, happily, a considerable number of the,original craftsmen are working, or are still associated with this project. The standards of workmanship have been admirably well maintained, and it has been an example for all concerned to see that such a project has served as a useful training ground to both building and administrative staff alike.

55. This new stage of repair has been undertaken with funds raised from the revenue from tourism. It is encouraging that the revenue derived from the entrance fee to the Hanuman Dhoka and the new museum and from the rental of curio shops in the recently repaired Masan Chowk, is used for purposes of conservation.

V. RECOMMENDATIONS

However, it is worth singling out. for special mention the

A.:, Funding of the Programme for the conservation'of the cultural heritage of the Kathmandu Valley

56. As has been clear throughout this report, full implementation of the programme for the conservation of the cultural heritage of the Kathmandu Valley requires resources that cannot be raised solely from the Government's budget, even when supplemented by UNDP funds. Attention has been drawn to the assistance received from Governments, foundations and other bodies and individuals and to the support from Unesco's Regular Programme.

57 9 seek to supplement its own resources by external funding for the proposed ten-year conservation programme (see Section 1II.C (a)). For the period 1980-1985 it is proposed to concentrate on the Kathmandu Durbar Square Complex, the Patan Durbar Square Complex, the Bhaktapur Durbar Square Complex, the Swayambhu Complex, Bodhnath-Boudha and the Changu Narayan Site. For fuller details of these proposals, see Appendix 111.

It is recommended that his Majesty's Government of Nepal

B. Possible regional project for the conservation of the cultural heri taae

4

58. In view of the interest shown by other countries within the region, more particularly Bangladesh and Bhutan, in sharing the services of a conservation expert, proposals were worked out during the course of project NEP/74/003 for a regional programme for the conservation of the cultural heritage-under a shared regional expert scheme Csee Appendix IV).

..

- 13 - 59 It is recommended that external assistance be sought for implementation of this novel and promising type of project which enable each participating country to- benefit from the experience others.

the would of the

C. Expansion of the Administrative Staff in the Department of

60. From the inception of Unesco's conservation activities in Nepal, there has always been a problem of suitable and adequate staff to administer the projects undertaken. During the Hanuman Dhoka Conserv- ation Project, it was proved that the training of both administrative staff, as well as the training of craftsmen was not only feasible, but very successful. However, the number of government staff that were able to participate in these activities was very limited. During the latter part of the project, however, it was possible to give practical train- ing to a further three members of the Department of Archaeology who have been in charge of the Conservation Project at Gorkana.

61. by the Department of Archaeology, and following recommendations set out in the Master Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley, in which a staffing plan was set out, the Department has drawn up its own extensive restaffing proposals.

62. To summarize, the proposals are to have, under the Director- General, three separate technical directors who would be gazetted first- .

class officers (technical). Each of the three directors would be in charge of three or four sections, headed by a chief research offiqer or similar officer. These sections can generally be divided into:

( 1 ) National History, Fine Arts, and Anthropology (2) Building Conservation, Documentation, Archaeological

Exploration and Chemical Conservation Section (3) The Archives and Museum Section.

Archaeology

The problem of staffing these projects has been fully appreciated

63. Conservation Officer who would be a second-class gazetted officer (technical). Under him would be four conservation officers or engineers, six architects, six overseers, and three draftsmen. In this section, it is also proposed to develop a group of craftsmen who would be included on the government payroll. They would consist of three carpenters, three masons, six wood carvers - all of whom would be of foreman status and responsible for maintaining standards of workmanship in their fields of traditional craftmanship.

64. As outlined briefly above, this section which is one of the largest, would be backed up by the research and photographic well as by the general administrative section of the Department of Archaeology.

The Building Conservation Section would be headed by a Chief

sections as

. . .

. . .. .

. 65. It is unlikely that, in practice, all these staff will be enlisted immediately and it is for this reason that the Building Conservation Programme has been planned for a slow but controlled expansion. It is anticipated that staff will be taken on with a basic training to fulfil the Government's stipulations, and that they would be given Ifon site" training in building conservation techniques under a similar training programme to that which has been carried out at Gorkana. The team would slowly be augmented until the required numbers were reached.

* 66. Such an expansion is highly recommended since it would other- wise be beyond the administrative and technical capacity of the present 4

Department of Archaeology to fulfil the proposals set out in the Cultural Heritage Programme.

VI. CONCLUSION

67- Achievements to date in the Kathmandu Valley have been very beneficial to the local craftsmen who are given an incentive for the development of traditional crafts as well .as fairly long-term employment. This programme also ensures the protection of the cultural identity of the people and the country. On the financial side, it will produce a fairly substantial revenue from tourism, both from the direct charge to enter the various sites and also, on a broader scale, by attracting more tourists to sites that, as a result of their conservation and proper presentation, have been publicized throughout the world as being prime examples of the specific culture of these :countries.

68. It is therefore strongly recommended that the Nepalese Government reconsider the whole future of the Master Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage of the Kathmandu Valley, and look at it both for its advantages as a source of hard currency revenue and for the benefits to the local people in the form. of training and the assurance of employment, as well as the fostering of their very special cultural identity known throughout the world, but now in jeopardy as the result of rapid and, in many cases, uncontrolled development.

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International Staff

Name of Egpert Country of Field of Duration of Contract Origin Specialisat ion From To

SAITDAY, J. (*) United Kingdom Architect 01.01077 - 13o03.77 04-02.79 - 03o06.80

(b) Consultants

Membership of team which prepared the Blaster Plan following a mission in 1dayJuae 7975 :

ALLCHD?, Raymond Reader in Indian Studies, Faculty of Oriental Studies,

BO-m, Paul

CHAYABOlGS3, Chamas . Professor emeritus, Consultant FEO, Bangkok, Thailand JEST, Corneille (we). IZzTtre de recherches flRS, Director of the Hirralayan

Research Project CI?RS, Pais, France INSSUAUL, F'riedrich (Dr.) Director, Linden Museum, Stuttgart, Federal Xepublic of

Germany SEKUZl, Eduard F. Professor of Architecture, Director, Carpenter Centre for

the Visual Arts, Harvard University; tit.a.0. Prof,, Technical University, Vienna, Austria

Hew Haven, USA Former Assistant Director-General, Legal Adviser, Unesco

University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Echanges et condtat ions techniques internationazx, Lamorlaye, Fkance

!l!UNITLllD, Christopher Professor of City Planning &eritus, Yale lhiversity,

SPBA, Hanna S. (Dr.) SdT!E, John. Economist, Uhesco, World Bank Cooperative Unit

(*) Also worked under 1~/71/006 from 12.2.73' to 31.12.76

. .

- 16 - . .

Conservation Programme Budmt Estimates 198040

Rs .Z?C( 000 s) 2s .NC( 000' 8) -.

Phase I (Sixth Plan 1980-85): '

(a) Repairs to Monuments

1. Kathmaadu Durbar Square 2. Patan -bar Square 3. Bhaktapur Durbar Sguase

60 ClaanguNarayan 7. Pashupat inath

4. SWaymb2sx 50 BO-th

(b) Ekipment and Running . - h e m e s _. . .. (c) Contingencies: 'physical ~ I O p of (a) + (a

(45 $ of (a) + (b Price . . , . . . . .

. .

. . 50,030 , , . , . . _ . ,

- . ..

' ... . Sub-total '(Phase .I)

Phase ;I (Seventh Plan 198540):

(a) Repirs to Nonuments

(b) Eqaipment and Running Expenses

(c) Contingencies: Physical (10 $ of a) + b)) (45 $ of I t a) + b))

Sub-total (Phase 11)

Total (Phase I + Phase 11)

Price

17,650

4,250

2,190 9,855

. . . . _ _ . -- , .

. .

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. . APPENDIX I11 _ -

. I .

. . . . . . ,

.

~n Extract from proposals submitted by the D e m m e n t of Archaeology for inclusion in the Sixth Eyve-Year Plan (*)

Department of Archaeology Ministry of Education His Majesty's Government of Nepal

Subject: The laster Plan for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in the Kathmandu Valley during the Sixth Five-Year Plan,

The General Conference of Unesco at its eighteenth session, held in 7974, approved overwhelmingly the proposaJ of His Majesty's Government to conserve the Cultural Heritage of the Kathmandu Valley, fillowing this approval, a team of trained experts were despatched % Unesco to prepare a Master Plan for the Kathnrandu Valley, His Majesty's Government gave its assent to the idea of publishing the Ifaster Plan and distributing it world-wide, In 7978, Nepl once again submitted its proposal at the General Conference of Unesco, requesting the prompt implementation of the Master Plan, This proposal was endorsed,

a fact, in its capacity as a p&y *O . the World Heritage Convention, Ne@ has proposed to include several historic sites in the lhthmandu Valley on the World Heritage list as part of 'Qhiversal Property",

Construction mrks also started after a few months, Due to the'size of this project, it is planned to implement it over ten years duringthe Sixth and Seventh five-Year Plans.

.- - -- -- -- The, D&&knt 'of Ar-chaeoloa if. His _ta je&y's Government- proposes the -

conservation and repair of seven historic sites &d the improvement of their environmental conditions. By implementing this project, His blajesty's Government' stand to gain in t m ways. On the one hand, it helps to conserve existing monuments as valuable national cultural treasure, and on the other, helps 1ep.l to protect her glorious cultural tradition in the mrld, The project also helps to protect and foster the vanishing traditional Nepalese artists, and create emplopent for them, In addition, the project sites will develop as training centres for emerging artists.

f

(*) This Appendix is an extract from the document submitted by the Department of Archae010,g to €DIG of Nepal for their approval and inclusion in the Budget for the Sixth Rve-Year Plan. As it is a literal translation from the Heplese version, it has been slightly edited by the author. -i

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' _ . I' '

e . .. . . . .

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' . . ' . - 18- . .

. . . .

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APPENDIX 111 (Cont 'd,)

me seven ancient sites proposed under this project are of great national a d international importance, They aze exanples of the high quality and uniqueness of Nepalese culture, As they represent the most important cultural tourism centres of the K a . t M u Valley, at least ninety percent of all tourists will visit these sites.

In the interest of promotion of tourism in Nepal, entrance fees will be charged at some of these sites to enable a revolving f h d to be set up for their repair and maintenance, According to the report of experts, the fees to be raised after completion of the project will directly help boost national. income at the rate of 2,000,000 Rs, NC a yeax (*).

Under this propamme, mepal is to beair one fourth of the cost required for each project, and the rest will be borne by International Assistance resulting from Unesco*s International Appeal,

DETAILS OF PXOPOSED PROJECTS

1, Kathmandu Durbar m a r e Complex

adjoining monuments), in the Durbar Square complex are proposed for renovation, The existing services, such as electricity, pater sup?ljr, sewerage and toilet facilities, will be improved to benefit the tourist industry, and to create suitable sanitary conditions, I~Iuseums inside the Hanuman Dhoka PaJace trill be replanned and exparded, The provision of essential facilities for internal and external visitors trifl also be made,

Teqles, Sahals (open space surrounded by houses), Sattals (opn space

Site of Project starting Date Ezpected date of comFletion

9athmandu 1980 - 1981 To be continued up to the Seventh Fivs-Year Plan,

- -- - -. -- __ __ ------ -- _____ _ _ . -- ------ -__ -

by 1983 a revenue of 2,180,000 5 Rs, BC mr9 charged zt sites

(*) According to the 1976 Economic Xeport on 'Troposals for a Cultural Nomunent Conservation Project in the Kathnandu Valleytt, Annex XI1 of the rewrt gives a table showing that if the project set out was implemented, and stzrted in 1978,

i Rs, BC could be expected if entrance fees of .

that had been renovated, _ I

4

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. . . .

. . . _ . , _ - . .

. . . . - .19 -

APPEXDIX I11 (Cont'd,)

2. Patan Durbar Square Coupla

'phe repair and renovation of all the temples in the Durbar Square will be undertaken, The Ropl Palace in the Durbar Square nlll be repaired and conserved and the existing museum will be replanned and expanded. Essential facilities such as electricity supply, water supply and toilet facilities will be provided for national and international visitors, The environment :of honbient z0m-s.- will also be improved.

-- --_ - - - I

' *- - --_ - - -------__ ~ ---- Site of Project Starting Date Expected date of comyletion

Bhaktapur Durbar Square Complex . I

Temples, "Settzls" etc, of the Durbar Square complex will be repzired and renovated, Various -&s of the Palace will also be renovated and rehabilitated. Becessaq improvements will be incorporated in the eisting museums for their expansion, Becessary facilities will be provided for visitors and environmental coralitions of the complex improved.

Site of Eroject Starting Date Ekpected date of completion

Bhaktapur 1980- 190 1 To be continued UF to the Seventh Eve-Yew Plan --- ---____ - - -- --_^-_ __ --- --_ ___ -_

In addition to resumhg the Jandslide control and conservation works, drinking water znd setrerage facilimes will be provided for the local people, Temples, Stupas, Vihars, rest houses and monasteries will be constructed, renovated or rebuilt, A new m e u m will be developed on the site, Essential facilities will be developed for tourists. and pilgrims, vhile, at the same time, restoring and maintaining the peace and W n Q illity &the site for which it is so famous,

.. - . ..

Site of Project - Starting Date Ecpected date of completion

19 80- 19 a I To be continued UP to the Seventh Five-Yeaz m a n

swayambhu

------ ---- --- -- ---- --_. -_-_ ______ _________ --

-. - -- . --. - . ..._-. ..-. -. _. . .- - . - . . . . . .. . _-

-20-

APPENDIX 111 (Contrd.) .

5. Bodhnath - Boudha Bodhnath complex, and the necessarg steps will be taken for environmental improve- m m t s by paving the atup precfnot. Essential facilities for national and international visitors will be provided.

Electricity, water supply and sewerage faailities will be provided to the

I

Site of p1.0jec-t 3tarting W t e m e c t e d date of completion

The principal*temple of Changu Earayan will be renovated. Rest houses around the pilgrimage site will be repaired and rehabilitated. The whole courtyard will be repaved. The entrance to the temple trill also be cleared. Essential facilities of electricity and water supply will be provided for the local people. The environ- mental conditions will %e improved and toilet facilities provided for tourists.

Starting Date Ekycted date of completion

To be continued up to the Seventh IXve-Yeas Plan

-eu (Bhktapur) Sixth Five-Year Plan 16 07 1980

.---------- -- -- __ _ _ _ - - .' - .- --- ---- -- ---__ . - . .-..I_ . __ __ _i

7. ' Pashupati and Guhesr.m;ri Sites

The renovztion of the majority of the ancient moments on this site is planned. The provision of suitable access roads and the conservation of the environ- ment will be undertaken. Erosion control along the banks of the river will be also necessazc,~. Essential facilities for pilgrims and foreign visitors will be provided.

site of Project Starting Date m e c t e d date of comyletion

Pashupati and Guhemrzri 1980 - 1981 To be continued up to the Seventh Five-Year Plan ------ - _________I--..-.-- -- -.-- ----

1

= 21 -'

I . _.

Propased regional programme for the conservation of the cultural hsritae under a -red rePional exwrt scheme

face of towards need to

Brief Outline. of Project

.Countries with a strong traditional and cultural background which, in the development, have been unable to allocate necessarf fbnds or resources the maintenance of their cultural heritage, are now becoming amre of the maintain their individual cultural identities alongside economic development.

Because of the more pressing priorities facing developing countries today, the consemtion and maintermace of their cultural heritage is usually given low priority in most svernment development pla~s. Rmds for such activities are generallg inadecyuate, In the struggle for development, countries are liable to lose sight of their cultural integrity and their traditio= fade,

Today, there is an international movement tomrds maintaining azd protecting a country's cultural integrity zs it seems that raaid and uncontrolled developnent is damaging the identity of many developing countries. Even thou& the protection of cultural heritage in pn-1 has nowbecome a matter of international responsibil- ity, each countrgr has a responsibilitr to the rest of the world to help grotect tmrld heritas by looking &er its otm cultural heritage.

It is considered, in order to tackle such a problem, that an inter-countpj zpproach would be most approyiate. Consequently, a new concept in the field of conservation, namely the sharing of expertise amongst several countries faced with similaz problems, is being develoded, It is proposed that experience @ n e d through- out certain regions can be shared on a much broader spectrum than has been hitherto possible. As partici-ting countries q n d their own skills and hotrledge in the field of building conservation, arid later in other fields of the conservation of cultural heritage, they will be able to exchange comon skills and knowledge and to develop their otm technical co-operation schemes.

At present there is a general lack of inter-comunication within the region on practical aspects of building conservation, and therefore the pooling of ideas and resources is minimal, It is therefore proposed to develop an inter-countq project in the field of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage for Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal, with a vietr to enabling the Depastments of Archaeology of these countries to set up, ormiae, and run a suitable and viable programme.

The project intends to achieve these objectives through:

(a) Identifijing, listing and protecting by legislation the most imFrtant

(b) Developing conservation technicrues and training mvernment field staff

(c) Reviving traditional building crzfts and developing a mall conservation

monuments and sites;

and craftsmen in such techniques; '

work force;

- 2 2 -

APPINDIX IV (Cont'd,)

(d) Preparing a long-term repair and maintenance programme for the

(e) Prepesing suitable cultural tourism projects. monuments and sites;

In addition, at the regional level, the project will develop a co-ordinated P

regional Conservation Wormation Service for countries in the region to share and c o w infannation on the conservation of cultural heritage.

each Government in the prepration of their national prograrmne for conserving and presenting their most important monuments to both national and international visitors. With the combined efforts of parrticipating countries, the project will also assist in developing a specialized appropriate technology suitable for use in the field.

situation, its future expansion and the requirements for necessarg training within the responsible dep~rtments,

i

4,

One of the main responsibilities of this project is to co-operate with

In the initial phases the project will identify the present staffing

. By developing a cultural heritage programme in each country, the long-term benefits will be thaA each country will maintain its most importat historic build- ings which in turn will attract and develop tourism potential as well as encourage foreign currency revenue.

of cultural herit- will become self-sufficient. It is hoped that with such a project each progame for the conservation

The Specific Purpose of the Preparatory Assistance Phase

In view of the fact that the project is a totally new concept, and beczuse of the complexities that trill evolve from a regional approach needing net1 philo- sophies, a preparat0q.j assistance phase is considered essential to allow tine for the collection and processing of data to prepaze the groundttork for a full-scale 'project.

In the preparatory phase, it will be necessary to visit each of the parti- cipating countries so that their respective needs can be determined. Only then ca52 the necesssrry logical stens be taken to launch the full-scale project. +

In particular, the Preparatorj Assistance Phase will:

(a) IdentiPj the national needs of the participating countries in the field 4 of building conservation and repair;

the field of conservation of cultural heritage; (b) Prepare goundwork for launching z full-scale, regional project in

(c) Prepre a detailed project document for a full-scale project;

- 23 -

Prepare detailed national work programmes on the conservation of the cultural heritage for participating countries, for incorpomtion in the full-scale project document;

Draw up a detailed training plan for the conservation of .the cultural heritage which will be implemented under the full-scale project; Develop the concept of the reg5ona3 approach on conservation techniques; Prepare a plan for the developnent and wardination of a regional conservat ion service.

outputs

The following major outputs are expected to be woduced during the Preparatory Assistance Phase, although several other major outputs will become evident duringthe developnent of this project.

At the 2eSonsrl Level: 1, 2. I A Training Plan 3, A Technical Report on Conservation Techniques .

1. A detailed work programme for each countrj.

A Project Document and Iork Plan

At the PSationa3 Level:

Bangladesh

A plan for the drainage and restoration of the Paharp site and the commencement of an escavztion pmganrme.

Bhutan

Site survey and plans for a specific refiontion _mogamcle.

, mepal - A detailed

of the Ikster Plan Kathmandu Valley,

Activities

renovation programme of the sites included in the first phase Programme for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritage of the

Under the Prepratory Assistance Phase the following specific activities will be undertaken at both regio~al and national levels:

1. Identify the nztional needs for building conservation znd repair in -art i c ipat ing countrie s ;

2. Prepare a project document for an inter-countl-j programme for the conservation of culturzl heritage;

- 24 - AFTEUDIX IV (Cont'd.)

3.. Prepare a detailed work programme on consemration of cultural heritage for participating countries ;

4. Prepare training programme for prticiptixg countries, both at regional and national levels.

On a Regional Level

In general, plan for the development and co-ordination of a Regional Conservation Information Service to enable the Wicipating countries to share and compaxe infannation that will be mtuaUy beneficial.

On a National Level:

Bangladesh

Assistance will be given in the preparation and execution of a scheme for

Bhutan

Along with the competent authorities, a specific site will be selected as a

draining, excavating aad restoring the Paharpur Site.

prototype building conservation project for demonstration.

- m=l

The Naster Plan Progra.nnne for the Conservation of the Cultural Heritam of the Kathmandu Valley r.rill be developed in accordance with the ITepalese Governmen3's Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980/1985) and assistance will be given in the detailed planning and execution of the proposed sites listed in the progranme.

Government Inputs

Each participating country will provide the necessary counterpart facilities, office accomodation, administrative supprt services, transport, and other facilities a s deemed appropriate for the smooth operation of the project,

The pxticigating countries will also ensure that all reports, documents a d other materials available and necessary to the -project, are made available. Each participating countq trill provide the follor.ring:

I

L

- 25 - BppewLx IV (Cont'd.)

i v

i ' .

I

\

.J

Prof e saional Counterpart 8:

Architect Ehglneer Thimpu - Staff 'Locat ion ion

Counterprt to the 'Ihter- Country Adviser on Conservation of Cultural Dacca Heritage

gathmexldu 1 y e w

. Other wofessional staff required for implementing the project activities will also be provided by the prticipting c~uzltries.

. Government-provided supplies, equipment and buildings

Each participating country trill provide the necessary supplies znd equipment available locally for the smooth operation of the project. The participating countries will also make available adequate office accommodation, furniture and fixtures for the project.

Miscellaneous

?Ihe participating countries project, which are not covered from

bternat ional contribution

will bear all'miscellaneous expenses qf' the . . . :.

international.assistance. . . .

. . . . . . ., . . .

The folIowing inputs will be provided from international funds:

Staff - Intercountpj Adviser on Conservation of Cultural '

Heritage

Location ~~~

Kathmandu Dacca Thimpu

b a t ion

1 yeax

Administrative Support Personnel

Staff - Location Duration

Secretary Kathmandu 1 year

Official Travel

An allocation of U3 S 6,000 is made in the project budget to cover the internal as well as the esternal official travel of the Intercountrj Zk3er-t.

Misuellaneous Location use Duration and Starting h t e - . Operation and Maintenance of Equipment and vehicles Project amas the project.

Reporting Costs pasis End of project

sundrg

Throughout the duration of

P Project areas .!Chroughout the duration of 1

I the project 4 3

The project will be based in Bkthmandu but the Inter-country Expert will travel to other participating countries in accordance with the agreed upon work

I programme of the project.