practices and challenges of cultural heritage conservation
TRANSCRIPT
Practices and Challenges of Cultural Heritage Conservation in
Ethiopia: The Case of Ankober, North Shewa Zone.
University of Gondar
College of Business and Economics
Department of Tourism Management
This Thesis is submitted to Department of Tourism Management in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Tourism
and Heritage Management.
By
Yohannes Adane
Main Advisor: Engdu Gebrewold (Asst.Professor)
Co-Advisor: Yenesew Alene (Asst.Professor)
September 2019
Gondar, Ethiopia
I
Statement of Approval
This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Yohannes Adane, entitled: Practices and Challenges
of Cultural Heritage Conservation in Ethiopia: The Case of Ankober, North Shewa Zone, and
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in tourism and
heritage management, complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted
standards with respect to originality and quality.
By
Yohannes Adane Tagele
Approved by Board of Examiners
External Examiner ________________Signature ____________Date __________
Internal Examiner ___________________Signature _________Date ___________
Advisor________________ Signature ___________________ Date ___________
September 2019
Gondar, Ethiopia
II
Declaration
I, Yohannes Adane Tagele registration number GUS/15364/08, hereby declare that a Thesis
entitled ―Practices and Challenges of Cultural Heritage Conservation in Ethiopia: The Case of
Ankober, North Shewa Zone‖ has been carried out by me under the supervision of Mr. Engdu
Gebrewold (Asst. Professor) and Mr. Yenesew Alene (Asst. Professor) Department of tourism
management, Gondar University during the year 2019 as a part of master of art program with a
specialization ―Tourism and Heritage Management‖. I, further, declare that this thesis is my
original work and it has not been submitted partially or in full by me or any other person for an
award of a Master of Art Degree in any other University.
Name: Yohannes Adane
Signature: _________________________
Date: _____________________________
Name of supervisors
1) ___________________________________________________
Signature and date _______________________________________
2) ___________________________________________________
Signature and date _______________________________________
III
Acknowledgment
At first, I would like thank my Almighty God and his mother Virgin Mary .In second place , I
would like to heartily thank my advisors Mr. Engdu Gebrewold (Asst. Professor) and Mr.
Yenesew Alene (Asst. Professor) their continued guidance and commitment to the highest standards
inspired and motivated me to produce this thesis work entitled Practices and Challenges of Cultural
Heritage Conservation in Ethiopia: The Case of Ankober, North Shewa Zone, through which to
enable me to improving different title to developing my outlook on the field of conservation
study.
Furthermore my heart fully thanks goes to Mr. Mikiyas Tewoderos for his precious time and
knowledge in supporting my research work.
Last but not least my gratitude still best to be given to the departments of tourism management
staffs, class mate especially to Girum Teshome, friends and all the people who help directly and
indirectly starting to end.
IV
ABBREVIATION
ANRSCTB Amhara National Regional State Culture and
Tourism Bureau
ARCCH Authority for Research and Conservation of
Cultural Heritage
E.C Ethiopian Calendar
EiABC Ethiopian institute of architecture building
construction and city development
ET Ethiopian
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GPS Geographical Positioning System
ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites
NGO Non-Government Organizations
UNESCO United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
V
Abstract
Heritages are significant legacy originating from man and nature, passed down from one
generation to another through sensible preservation and conservation. So to sustain this
valuable cultural heritage, conservation is the back bone of heritage protection and
sustainability. The research was done in Ankober woreda north shewa zone, Ethiopia. Ankober
woreda have many historic churches, royal enclosure, archaeological site, settlements etc. were
situated. The main objective of the research was to assess practices and challenges of cultural
heritage conservation in Ankober. In order to achieve the objective of the study qualitative
research methodology was used. The selected key informants were interviewed by using
persuasive sampling technique through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion,
observation, and document analysis. From selected kebele heritage conservation and control
committee, culture and tourism zone department and woreda office coordinator and heritage
experts, zone Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church diocese, zone Islamic affairs, woreda
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church diocese office . Both primary and secondary data was
collected and analyzed. Based on the collected data’s interpretation the researcher concluded
and recommended that, even though the Ankober Wereda has done a little work in the heritage
conservation and preservation through allocating budgets, training, technical support and
intervention, etc. However these practices did not achieve the desired goal. As a result valuable
heritages are on the Verge of destruction. The culture and tourism bureau, justice office,
educational institutions, religious organization, community leaders, and NGOs, etc.
collaborations are inevitable.
Key Words: heritage, practices, challenges, conservation, interventions
VI
Table of Contents Statement of Approval ................................................................................................................................... I
Declaration ................................................................................................................................................... II
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................................ III
ABBREVIATION....................................................................................................................................... IV
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ V
LIST OF FIGURE.................................................................................................................................... VIII
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Study............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the problems.................................................................................................................. 4
1.3. Objective of the study ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.2. The specific objectives of the study are to: ................................................................................. 6
1.4. Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 6
1.5. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................... 6
1.6. Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.7. Limitation of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Operational meanings ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.9. Organization of the research .............................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Concepts of heritage conservation ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Practice of heritage conservation ........................................................................................................ 9
2.3. Challenges of heritage conservation. ............................................................................................... 11
2.4 Conceptual framework ...................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 16
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 16
3.1 Description of the Study Area ........................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Research methods ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.2.1 Research Design and Approach ................................................................................................. 17
3.2.2. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination ............................................................ 17
VII
3.2.3. Sources of data .................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.4. Collection instruments .............................................................................................................. 18
3.3. Data analysis s .................................................................................................................................. 19
3.4. Ethical Consideration ....................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 22
DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION .............................................................................. 22
4.1. Demographic description of the respondent .................................................................................... 22
4.2. An overview of cultural resources in Ankober ................................................................................ 22
4.3. Cultural heritage conservation practices .......................................................................................... 23
4.3.1 Mitake Teklehayimanot Sahilselasie banquet ............................................................................ 23
4.3.2. St.Mekael church project with its church museum ................................................................... 23
4.3.3. Medihanialem church museum ................................................................................................. 24
4.3.4. Traditional parchments rehabilitation works ............................................................................ 25
4.3.5. Emperor Minilik II palace lodge and its environment .............................................................. 26
4.3.6. Emperor Minilik II commemoration museum .......................................................................... 27
4.3.7. Legal Framework ...................................................................................................................... 27
4.3.8. Cultural heritage documentation and inventory ........................................................................ 28
4.4. Cultural Heritage Conservation Challenges in Ankober .................................................................. 29
A. Financial challenges ........................................................................................................................ 29
B. Human and natural challenge .......................................................................................................... 30
C. Lack of Awareness .......................................................................................................................... 32
D. Lack of documentation problem ........................................................................................................ 33
E. Political interferences ......................................................................................................................... 33
F. Illicit trafficking .................................................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 35
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 35
5.1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 35
5.2. RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................... 37
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 38
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................. 43
VIII
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Conceptual framework ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2 Map of study area .......................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3 Mitake Tekelhayimanot SahilSelasie banquet before conservation and ongoing of
conservation .................................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 4 Berana making raining photo by Ankober woreda culture and tourism office ............. 25
Figure 5 Minilik palace lodge with the ruins of the square fence ................................................. 26
Figure 6 Minilik commemoration museum .................................................................................. 27
Figure 7 Revenue receipt for land and items photo by Ankober woreda culture tourism office .. 29
Figure 8 Scientific cultural heritage inventory system ................................................................. 29
Figure 9 Ruins of medihanialem before destruction & the new building of church on the
destroying ruins ............................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 10 Gajello armaments equipment and ruins of the armament ........................................... 32
Figure 11 Abdulresul massgraves ................................................................................................. 32
1
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1. Background of the Study
According to UNESCO the 1972 world heritage conservation it gives emphasis on part II article
4 stated that ―Each State Party to this Convention recognizes that the duty of ensuring the
identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of the
cultural and natural heritage ".
As Sinamai, (2018) indicated that heritage conservation is a continuous value based process
involving a wide range of activities.
As Cassar (2009), discussed that to be sustainable heritage conservation, sustainability approach
helps achieve a deeper understanding of the material/cultural interface, recognizing not only that
heritage originates from resources that, once removed from their natural environment, may be
considered to be ―dead‖ or nonrenewable but also that human skills and creativity imbue artifacts
fashioned from nature with a cultural ―life‖ embodied in attributions of significance, meaning,
and value.
According to Keitumetse (2016), most African states however isolate ministries of education and
culture, widening the gap between educational infrastructure and cultural heritage management
knowledge. Beside to these challenges of cultural conservation seen communities are currently
challenged and driven by multiple modern needs that deconstruct their long built networks and
impact negatively on social management of cultural and heritage resources.
Moreover entire portions of African heritage were lost, and those which have been jealously
safeguarded are often threatened by the impact of natural forces (the rain, the wind,
vegetation…) as well as the fact that the physical and social conditions of its protection and
maintenance changed, often extremely (respect of taboos, know-how, availability of the
materials…) creating adverse conditions Barillet (2006).
2
A heritage conservation challenge has its difference in the world as well as in African .In Africa
it has two phases which are pre-colonial and post- colonial periods. Challenges of heritage
conservation was a post-colonial period, heritages are still suffer from colonial legacies, and
sometimes, from exogenous concepts that are not sympathetic to how heritage has been managed
through indigenous knowledge systems over the centuries Chirikure (2016).
Moreover, Keitumetse (2016) discussed, in Africa, archaeological resource sustainability is
dependent on its relevance to the needs of contemporary society so that local and resident
communities can fully defend the resources against plunders additionally, archaeologists do not
consider themselves to be part of a field called ―heritage‖ or ―heritage studies ―instead most
archaeologists consider themselves equivalent to historians that is, as students of the past, who
may operate in the present but are not students of present society‘.
Alubel and Yirdaw (2018) mentioned that Ethiopian is rich in diversity, culture, tradition and
exceptional heritage by being a central pillar for Ethiopians, irrespective of their religions,
ethnicity and political backgrounds.
Bandarin (2007) mentioned that challenges of heritage conservation are natural catastrophe,
impact of urbanization and damage arising from conflict etc. Additionally, Chirikure (2013)
stated that heritage conservation is not given sufficient resources when compared to other
endeavors, pre-development impact studies in Africa is that there are no quality-control measures
on the due to material deterioration and structural distress caused by natural phenomena, such as,
ageing or weathering of materials, and natural and man-made disasters and also there are typical
challenges in studying historical structures, particularly vis-à-vis application of modern
engineering practice.
As Mapesa, stated that ―conservation and development therefore would be: wise use of natural
and cultural resources for the socio‐economic transformation of society for better living
conditions without compromising the needs of future generations”
(https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/mosesheritage_conservation_vs_development__2_.pdf).
3
De la Torre (2013) Stated that heritage value and conservation today our perception of cultural heritage
is changing amid the rush of sights and images offered by an interactive world which is a globalization on
the heritage conservation valueless.
.
Beside to the above description Bustam (2010) mentioned a major challenge to the preservation
of cultural resources is the identification of historic places or traditional cultural properties as
they can be difficult to recognize by someone outside of the cultural group.
Furthermore as Deisser & Eastop (2018) stated challenges in heritage conservation is traditional
methods of cultural heritage care have been challenged since the end of the Cold War, e.g. by
civil wars, population growth and the expanding international market in Ethiopian art. In most
rural communities in Ethiopia responsibility for the care of church property has fallen to an
ageing population because many young people have migrated to the capital city, Addis Ababa.
Teferi (2018), discussed that in Ethiopia, the awareness for cultural heritages and their legal
protection could be traced back to the Aksumite period. Some fragmented domestic sources
shade light on the existence of protection and preservation spirit of cultural heritage law in
ancient Ethiopia
Moreover Mkuwira (2016) stated that about Challenges faced when preserving documentary heritage
was lack of purposely built infrastructure was reported to have exposed the collection to threats
such as extreme temperatures, dust, termites, mice, theft and poor plumbing system. There was
also lack of storage space which led to storing materials in places that are not ideal for them. On
only these but also he stated that, there was also lack of storage space which led to storing
materials in places that are not ideal for them basic mending and minor repairs; binding; cleaning
and dusting of materials; photocopying; shelving library materials to allow for free flow of air;
provision of adequate security to prevent theft; s well as in technical preservation side.
4
1.2. Statement of the problems
According to Spiridon & Sandu (2015), Participatory conservation includes a series of activities
such as informing, listening, understanding, consulting, involving, collaborating and
empowering. As Karlström (2013), indicated Heritage conservation has different conservation
problems the one was consumption. It involves elimination, the using up of resources and the
destruction of material culture itself.
According to (Cassar 2009), the other challenges of cultural heritages that hinder conservation is
Various agents change heritage; change affects valued elements of heritage; valued elements
affect how change is perceived; what is perceived as damage affects decisions about
conservation interventions; conservation affects which valued elements are most likely to be
preserved; preserved elements influence how heritage is represented; and new forms of
representation will affect future conservation decisions. These are familiar individual concepts. It
is what connects them that are important, the relationship they have with one another and how
each one contributes context to the next.
Further influencing Policy which is the tension between values, ideology, and beliefs in one hand
and sound scientific evidence on the other is the essence of contemporary politics in open
democratic societies, and it will not disappear simply because we have discovered evidence-
based policy (ibid).
Additionally, modernization and development processes present a challenge to heritage
conservation. Many forms of cultural heritage are in danger of disappearing, threatened by these
processes Aziz (2017).
Deisser & Eastop (2018) stated that integration of local traditional practices of preservation with
preventive conservation practices within a common approach is the best way to conserve the
cultural heritages of Ankober. Building the church museum in MedehaniAlem preserving, as
well as in 2010 the Minilik II prayer-book Psalm of David the community negotiated and
returned to the museum. Artifacts used for church ceremonies (particularly textiles and dress)
were checked twice each year, repaired and cleaned when necessary before going back into
storage. Even though Deisser & Eastop research trays to assess the conservation practices in the
Medihanialem church museum but it lacks inclusiveness.
5
Additionally, destruction and decay are still most commonly regarded as threats to and in
opposition to conservation (Karlström 2018). On the other hands as Kassaye (2009) stated most
of archaeological resources of Ankober are threatened both natural processes and developmental
projects. Kassaye research was conducted in Islamic archaeological site of Ankober but he didn‘t
incorporate other archaeological sites.
Even though Ankober is endowed with many historic site, but the issues which was discussed in
the above paragraphs shows that; the question of sustainability remains an attached even in the
academic arena .The motive why Ankober woreda is selected as an area of study is that the home
of shewan kingdom during the medieval and 19thC history of Ethiopia, the place of slave trade
during long distance trade, the beginning place of embassy like French, Italy and England, and so
on. Altogether this historical interaction and integrations left over there legacies; however the
woredas cultural heritage has faced different challenges. Even the last decade the government
and NGO tried to conduct research regarding this heritages and some intervention practice but it
has been not done so far .therefore this study tries to fill the gaps which is seen in the study of
conservation in Ankober .
6
1.3. Objective of the study
1.3.1. General objective
The main objective of the research was to assess practices and challenges of cultural heritage
conservation in Ankober.
1.3.2. The specific objectives of the study are to:
1. To examine the cultural heritage resources in Ankober.
2. To assess the practices of cultural heritage conservation in Ankober woreda.
3. To identify the challenges of cultural heritage in Ankober woreda.
1.4. Research Questions
The main purpose of this study is to address the following questions:-
1. What are the cultural heritage resources found in Ankober?
2. What kinds of heritage conservation practice that applied in Ankober?
3. What are challenges of heritage conservation that faced the Ankober?
1.5. Significance of the Study
The result of this study has served as a reading material and reference for the specialists and
researchers in the area. Particularly, for policy makers and planners guides for those who want to
reproduce the experience of Ankober heritage conservation practice into practice in the woreda
and another woredas of north shewa zone. It is also hoped that this study would inspire various
stakeholders working together, take corrective action for strengthen the practice and reduce the
challenges cultural heritage conservation.
1.6. Scope of the Study
This study has confined specifically to Ankober woreda on practices and challenges of cultural
heritage. Geographically this study covers 22 kebeles. But the study mainly focuses on most
heritage retained kebeles such as Gorebela 01, Aliyuamba, Chafa, Layigorebela and
Mehalwonze.
1.7. Limitation of the Study
The researcher faced different limitation on the work of the study. The first was related to researchers
experience with respect to practical research experience in collecting, analyzing and organizing the data.
The other limitation lacks of reputable literature on this specific subject not only these the selected focus
group members were not came on the time for discussion.
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1.8 Operational meanings
Practices: - The ongoing actual overall participating in cultural heritage conservation by the community,
governmental and non-governmental bodies in Ankober woreda.
Challenges: - inappropriate conditions or problems which hinder the cultural heritage conservation of
Ankober woreda.
1.9. Organization of the research
The research was organized with five chapters. The first chapter discuss the introduction part
includes; back ground of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study both general
and specific objectives, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study,
limitation of the study ,operational meaning and general organization, the second chapter has
review of literatures, conceptual frame-work of the study, the third chapter contains methodology
of the study including description of the study area, sample and sampling procedure, instrument
procedures and methods of data analysis, the fourth chapter discussed about presentation and
interpretation of the study and the final chapter five contains conclusions and recommendation
of the study.
8
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Concepts of heritage conservation
Heritage has significant role for every community and the government in built sense of proud,
educational, tourism attraction and so on .According to UNESCO(1972)define heritage
concerned natural ,cultural, archaeological ,manmade and human work which help for the study.
According to UNESCO (1972) define conservation “ensuring the identification, protection,
conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of the cultural and natural
heritage” the same this Ethiopian heritage proclamation define "a general protection and
preservation activity carried on a Cultural Heritage without changing its antique content
Proclamation number Gazeta (2000), so which show that the UNESCO and Ethiopia definition
about heritage conservation almost similar UNESCO because member countries derived from the
world convention.
Valuable monuments, sites and landscapes are being threatened increasingly by large scale or
uncontrolled developments of the built environment, not taking into account in any way their
established and potential assets for the future development of that built environment (Aziz 2017).
Cultural heritages comes from the past, it is preserved in the present and valued by present
generations .Heritages are significant endowment emanating from man and nature, passed down
from one generation to another through conscious preservation and conservation. The cultural
heritage of a people is the memory of its living culture which is expressed in different forms,
both tangible and intangible (Arua, elal. 2017).
According to Chirikure (2013) Heritage for African is public good, essential for national
identity, national cohesion, employment generation, education, and cultural and religious
values. This means heritage for African priceless or their identity. In our zone especially the
rural community think heritage as commodity or property that they inherited from their
9
decadent, which are their material objects, lands, tradition either bad practiced or norms as well
as religious antiquity.
A partnership between the government or N G O with the private sector for architectural
preservation is another type of linkage. Private e enterprise can be important in a preservation
effort. Businesses, however, are also organized to make money and engage in viable projects —
a factor that should be taken into account in this arrangement Corzo (1995).
As Wirilander (2012) mentioned, the aim of preventive conservation at minimizing deterioration
and loss of cultural heritage has a long history and tradition in societies. The tradition of
preservation is much older than the modern conservation history.
Heritage conservation historical development has different as Hoda (2016),mentioned, there are
five main turning points in the history of the conservation movement: the ‗‗French revolution
1789, the‗‗ First World War ‖1914, the ‗‗Second World War 1945‖, ‗‗Collapse of the socialist
bloc 1989‖ and the beginning of the present ‗‗Globalization Era‖, according to this any heritage
conservator before beginning the conservation processes must consider the ideological history of
conservation.
2.2 Practice of heritage conservation
According to Chirikure(2013), in most of Africa both good and bad practiced in heritage to
conservation laws have created administrative structures responsible for heritage protection in its
various form, such as, the Antiquities Department of Tanzania, the South African Heritage
Resources Agency and the National Museums and Monuments of Ghana and in Ethiopia a,
Authority Research Conservation Cultural Heritage which mandated to protected antique to
study, register most of African countries include Ethiopia. Such activates a good beginning for
conservation of national heritage.
The new references for heritage conservation in Africa resulting from the activities of the Programme
ensure a better integration of social and economic development needs, better use of individual and
institutional capacities on the continent for undertaking projects, training professionals and providing
10
expertise; and finally, better access to national and international support Ashley& Bouakaze-Khan.
(2011).
According to negarit (2000) in article 9 "Cultural Heritage Registration" means registration in
the form prepared to collect wide information of Cultural Heritage, which shall include
photographing, recording in film or video, as appropriate, so as to put in place the means to
catalogue, inspect, study, protect and conserve cultural heritage and facilitate utilization of same
for the purpose of recreation and education.
Menon (2014) stated that, current heritage conservation practice supported by educational
institute, it is very heavy and strong field not seen like other engineering because it requisite
combining within to the modern tools and construction practices. According to Senthil (2016)
mentioned that dissemination of heritage education is an essential component of heritage
management. It is a way to augment the learning experience through onsite visitation and
appreciation of heritage resources and what they tell the visitors. A major goal of heritage site
visitation and heritage education is to create awareness about the heritage resource and spread a
quest for heritage preservation among the local population and the visitors.
These activates are started in different Universities of the country but most of the universities are
heritage merges with history they are not concerned about conservation but Adiss Abeba and
Mekele university are concerned on heritage conservation specialists and graduates .
The federal government and regional states are collaboration work on training, assign budget in
work of conservation, not only the government organs the university like Diber Berhan create a
Collaboration with the Christian son fund giving a training to rehabilitate parchment work to
protect indigenous knowledge.
Additionally, the regional states adjust a budget for Mitake Tekelhayimanot unity monastery
(Ankober), Goze mosques (Shewa robit), Balchi Amanuel church wall paint and roof
conservation (Minjar shenkora) and federal government also for Ankober medihanialem church
ruins church archeological excavation as well as Kulweyin Aresema (Angolela tera woreda) for
conservation purpose all the a good beginning in the field of conservation (North shewa culture
tourism department, 2007 E.C).
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2.3. Challenges of heritage conservation.
According to UNESCO (1972), mentioned the challenges on cultural and natural heritages
noting that the cultural heritage and the natural heritage are increasingly threatened with
destruction not only by the traditional causes of decay, but also by changing social and economic
conditions which aggravate the situation with even more formidable phenomena of damage or
destruction.
Van Balen (2017) stated 4 different challenges of heritage conservation documentation such
as the proper analysis of heritage requires increasing efforts by the diversity of sources and the
complexity of their interaction, resources for heritage development or heritage guided
development can have a variety of origins, preventive conservation focuses not only on the
empowerment of the owners and managers but also on a better integration of a wider group of
stakeholders and longevity of documentation.
According to Okello (2013), ‖ In South Africa, with the fall of apartheid and the introduction
of freedom and new constitution there has been ‗‘democratization‘‘ of heritage field; the same
applies to other countries like Kenya where the new constitution recognizes the rights
of individuals far more than before. ", as the researchers indicated that democracy by itself in
most country specially African a problem of heritage conservation and protection because it is
infant stage and most the community think as personal property.
Many of the issues present in developing countries result, amongst others, from insufficient legal
provision, difficulties in interdepartmental coordination of policies, lack of appropriate planning
and monitoring, lack of resources in relation to resource demand, the pressure from the
politicians in reaching quantitative instead qualitative outcomes, and the frequent changes in the
education system affecting the administrative and technical continuity of vocational training
programs Tobelem (2013).
The influence of Cultural Resource Management, or contract/rescue/salvage archaeology, in sub-
Saharan Africa is not a recent phenomenon, and has been the subject of academic discussion
since at least the 1920s (Ashley & Bouakaze (2011) .The challenge for heritage practitioners
must then be to balance the competing demands of local communities, a variety of regional
12
stakeholders (who may not be ‗local‘), national interests, professional requirements, and global
economics. Indeed, it is perhaps this interplay of the extremely local and the global that brings
the greatest challenges, but also, conversely, also brings out the best in sub-Saharan practice, as
regional practitioners respond and adapt, creating innovative solutions to site management and
conservation (Ibid).
As Zancheti (2014) described Culture and heritage is part of people‘s daily lives. Those involved
with conservation policies, plans, and projects are not only professionals, but may come from a
broad spectrum of society. The challenge is to show what heritage is and who defines it in this
new context.
According to Interpol(2016) stated that as this time the volume and value of transactions have
risen, with prices and profit margins skyrocketing, while the illegal trading of artifacts has
steadily increased. Cultural property is being unlawfully excavated, stolen, looted and exported
or imported with the help of sophisticated modern technologies.
The most Ethiopian cultural and natural heritages are damage or deteriorated pressure,
environmental degradation, poverty and global warming. Additionally lack of finance became
major challenges to conserve all cultural heritage of the woreda which is a result of poverty.
(Alubel and Yirdaw, 2018).
According to Sinamai, (2018).many African scholars are led by westernized knowledge which
resulted to write their own practical activates refers their articles and books .such activates are
damage African culturally conserve and write about their heritage in Ethiopian as well.
Most African countries include Ethiopia their cultural heritages are not well-known as well as
unrepresented in in world heritage, apart this problem drought, famine, ethnic conflict and poor
infrastructure complicate heritage conservation activities in sub-Saharan Africa Hasen (1999).
Kuipers et al (2017) point out that the new challenges that face heritage conservation is their
construction material which are reinforced concrete and other new and often industrially
prefabricated building materials. Therefore such conservation faced the heritage more
13
deteriorated than traditional because they are industrial materials, not only these traditional
professionals are not finding easily because the knowledge are not transferred.
Moreover in many countries researchers and the experts concerned on documentation of cultural
heritage, this becomes a serious challenge for feet knowledge conserving a heritage. The
behavioral change in cultural stream challenges in heritage conservation, next to climate,
temperature and humidity, as well as influencing policy to make progress, we must accept and
more importantly understand the range of other influences on government and policy-making
apart from evidence, including the experience, ability, and judgment of policy officials, advisers
and Cabinet Ministers, etc. Cassar (2009).which indicated that most cultural heritages are
damage because of the gap between the policy maker, decision –maker, expertise and the
community.
According to Initiative U. S. (2010) stated that, decision makers are not usually trained in the
field of heritage conservation and they rely on the city‘s various technical departments to manage
urban development and conservation. Politicians often perceive heritage conservation and
management as an impediment to development and economic advancement.
The case of plunder, theft, illicit trafficking and destruction of cultural heritage in developing
countries like Nigeria continues unabated, despite many attempts and calls, both locally and
internationally, for the need to address the issues. It has been observed that colleting objects from
foreign nations and culture flourished during the 19th century, especially after European powers
got firm control of Africa and Asia (Arua, elal. 2017).
Cultural heritage is vulnerable to the adverse impacts of natural disasters, and climate change is
adding to the urgency of addressing this challenge. Lack of maintenance and the loss of
traditional knowledge have increased the vulnerability of cultural heritage assets in many regions
of the world. Urbanization and agglomeration of economic activity have also been exerting
pressures, for example through changes in land use or zoning that may expose cultural heritage
to additional risks Stanton-Geddes & Soz (2017).
14
In Less-developed countries may lack a difficult framework for heritage conservation, as well as
competence, skills and/or resources as well as underdeveloped infrastructure, and new economic
models that rely more on the private sector to deliver public outcomes, this means that the
challenges are critical (Getty, 2010).such conditions concerned Ethiopia mostly in our zonal
town Deber Birhan the old building are distracted because of the same case that the above
researcher stated.
There are differences between less-developed and developed countries in cultural heritage
conservation. In Less-developed countries may lack a rigorous framework for heritage
conservation, as well as competence, skills and/or resources Initiative U. S. (2010) .
Now a day, the subject of antiquities trafficking is gaining attention in international security
discourse, as the high demand for cultural, ethnic and religious artifacts begins to attract not only
the interest of art collectors but also terrorist groups ( Njuguna and Deisser, 2016).
2.4 Conceptual framework
As we seen in the above stated topic there are different cultural heritage conservation practiced
and challenges that are hindering in Ankober. To ensure effectiveness of overall conclusions
from this research, it would necessary to develop an articulate analytical framework through
which the analysis and findings was structures and compared.
Moreover this framework would be indicates heritage conservation practices and heritage
conservation challenges in the case of Ankober woreda.
15
Figure 1 Conceptual framework
Source researcher own develop
Heritage conservation
challenges
Lack of awareness in
documentations
Financial
Knowledge gap
Natural and manmade
Globalization
Politics
Illicit trafficking
Political interference
Heritage conservation
practices
Awareness
Engagement of
government and NOGs
Technical support
Rule and Regulations
(legal framework)
Cultural
heritage
conservati
on
16
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of the Study Area
The study incorporates in Ankober woreda, it located in the central highlands of Ethiopia: the
North Shewa Zones of Amhara National regional state .The capital Ankober Woreda is Gorbela
which lies about 172 km city of Addis Ababa Ethiopia by road and 42 Km North of the capital of
North Shoa Zone Deber Birhan. Astronomically it lies between at 9° 22‘ 0‖- 9° 45‘ 0‖ N and
039° 40‘ 0‖- 039° 53‘ 0‖ E longitudes. Ankober woreda is bordered in the north by Tarmaber,
south by Asagirt and west by Basona worana woreda of Amhara region. The eastern part shares
its border with Gachine Special woreda of the Afar region (Lulekal etal.2014).
Demographical the woreda is according to the woreda plan commission the 2010 E.C estimation
total population 92131 from these 47726 men and 44405 female from whom, 5210 or 5.65% are
urban and 94.35% rural inhabitants. Majority of the in habitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox
Christianity, with 98% reporting that as their religion (ibid).
Topographic of Ankober is 75% Mountainous, 8% plain and 17% plateau. As well as Annual
rainfall in the ranges 1000 to 1400 mm and cold temperature is prominent for most of the year
besides these the woreda is home important populations of endemic species such as the gelada
baboon and Ankober Serin Seedeater and Minilik bushbuck (dekula) (ibid).
17
Figure 2 Map of study area
Source (Ermias L, et al, 2014)
3.2 Research methods
3.2.1 Research Design and Approach
To carry out this research, the researcher use descriptive research design. The reason descriptive
approach chosen because to be narrative description, words, quotes, personal voice, and literary
style. The selection of qualitative approach it is more than simply collecting and analyzing of
data; achieve the researcher study objectives (Creswell 1996) It was, thus, be a qualitative
approach were applied on which respondents was drawn purposely sampling applied from
heritage conservation committee, government bodies of tourism department and offices and
religious leaders based on their knowledge and nearness to the research problem under study.
3.2.2. Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination
To collect data trough in-depth interviews, informants were select from kebele heritage
conservation and control committee, culture and tourism zone department and woreda office
coordinator and heritage experts, zone Orthodox Tewahido church diocese, zone Islamic affairs,
woreda Orthodox Tewahedo church betekihenet office .Whereas the research design is
descriptive so the method is qualitative ,sampling individuals was select by non-probability
sampling key informants was select by purposeful sampling. According to the qualitative
approach the sampling of informants was select based on their participating, nearness and
monitoring the heritage conservation practices and challenges in the study area.
18
3.2.3. Sources of data
Primary Data Sources
The primary data was collected through interview, focus group discussion and field observation to assess
the overall Practices and challenges of cultural heritage conservation.
Secondary Data Sources
The secondary data was collected from books, related researches, magazines, articles, journals, websites
and other published and unpublished written materials.
3.2.4. Collection instruments
The researcher was used open ended instrument questions for data collection and to accomplish
this paper.
Interviews
Interviews form the qualitative part of the research methods. It was based on semi-structured
interview from the key informants of 5 from kebele heritage conservation and control committee,
3 from Ankober woreda Culture and Tourism office (1 heritage inventory expert coordinator and
1 head of the office was selected), 3 from North Shewa culture and tourism department
employees (1 department head 1 coordinator and 1 heritage conservator experts was selected. In
addition, 2 from higher government officials (administrator of the woreda), 2 from local elders as
well as 10 from religious leaders and employees these informants were select based on their
participating, nearness, and monitoring as experts and stakeholder of the work of conservation.
All interviews were recorded (each respondent with permission) and transcribed, after which
they were analyzed through a coding system. The interviews help to advance a better
understanding of cultural heritage conservation practiced and challenges. Additionally interview
help us the interest and motion the respondents on cultural heritage conservation practice and
challenges.
Field Observation
This study was applied personal observation of on cultural heritage conservation practice and
challenges. It was focus on the heritage situated site which was selected based on the researcher
grazed information from the woreda culture and tourism office experts. As a result the researcher
was visited the selected site in the study area with the intention to physically see what is going on
in the Ankober in relation to on cultural heritage conservation practice and challenges. Such
19
ways are not reliable for the researchers but clarifies what hinder challenges on heritage
conservation of the area as well as differentiate the reality on the concept of conservation and the
awareness of the community.
Focus Group discussion
Researcher was to elaborate and clarify the cultural heritage practices and challenges used a
FGD. According Mishra (2016) stated that, the optimum size for a focus group is six to eight
participants. So by the justification of this the researcher selects participant used from one FGD
contains 6-8 members. Such methods used to analyzing the cultural heritage conservation
practice and challenges in woredas different site with their experience.
Document Analysis
This study was also used analysis of documents to collect secondary data. It was include both
published and unpublished documents. Which are including web pages, journals, articles,
policy directives, international conventions , press releases and company documents (internal
memos, reports, etc.), and annual and action plans, the researcher was compare and contrast the
findings from semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion and field observation to
increase the study‘s acceptance .
3.3. Data analysis s
The study was systematically verified, described, analyzed and interpreted using qualitative
approaches. First, the data gathered from different sources were arranged in the way that is easy
to manage. Since the data gathered through qualitative variables are subject to phenomena
description and narrations, text explanations and descriptions were employed in the case of
qualitative data analysis. Thus, qualitative data obtained using Focus Group Discussions, key
informant interviews and observation was analyzed in a narrative way. Pictures and Tables were
used to present the results of the study.
3.4. Ethical Consideration
All ethical issues were taken into account throughout the process of carrying out this research.
Issues related to taking the research work of others without giving them due credit were
considered. The answers of respondents‘ names and ideas was mentioned by their willingness
and also no activity has been done by the researcher to change, remove the answers of the
respondents in a way that was conducive for the researcher, authentic response items were
20
considered only. Furthermore, all of the data that has collected from the respondents has been
used for the purpose of carrying out this research only.
21
22
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
4.1. Demographic description of the respondent
To conduct this study the researcher used selective informants. As a result of these 25
respondents were select inclusiveness on sex, education and status from religious institute,
woreda culture and tourism office head, culture and tourism department head and experts as well
as heritage conservation committee based on their nearness and participation on cultural heritage
conservation practice and challenges in Ankober woreda which indicated in appendix.
4.2. An overview of cultural resources in Ankober
The characters of Ankober cultural heritage conservation is complex as a result of these the
researcher assigned in cultural heritage conservation practice and challenges of Ankober. The
woreda have multi-character of heritages.
Ankober woreda is rich in cultural heritage resources. According to Ankober woreda culture and
tourism office brochure (2015) on religious side St.Mekael, St Mary, Ankober MedehaniAlem
church museum, Mitake Tekelhayimanot church, Abdulresul mosque ,on historical side Minilik
II palace ,Aliyuamba custom city as well as a lot of religious antiquities ,Abdulresul slave trade
site ,receipt of the government tax collection ,Italy embassy ,on the other hands archaeological
site Abdulresul mass graves, Gajello armament , Wosenseged palace of ruins and its fortress,
MedehaniAlem church ruin fekere ginb the first site of catholic missionary etc.
From the cultural heritage conservation point of view such as Mitake Tekelhayimanot Sahile
Selassie banquet, Ankober St.Mekael church project with its church museum, medihanialem
church museum, traditional brana rehabilitation works ,Minilik palace lodge and its
environment and commemoration museum and woredas culture tourism office heritage inventory
and documentation systems discussed . On the contrary based on the challenges of cultural
heritage conservation practices which faced in the king Sahile Selassie armament ruins, Ankober
St.Mekael church museum, medihanialem church ruins, Abdul Resul slave trade site and Muslim
mass graves (tilul), and infrastructure developments. Analysis and interpreted by the researcher
to figure out best practices and challenges that hindering on conservation of Ankober cultural
heritage.
23
4.3. Cultural heritage conservation practices
4.3.1 Mitake Teklehayimanot Sahilselasie banquet
The banquet is one of the historic sites which found in Ankober woreda Derefo kebele
established by the king Sahile Selassie of shewa. It have round shape made of habesh tide
(cedar) wall and roofs, leather band which finished of 600 oxen, with its entrance one large hall
as well as four different small pantry(food store) which are contains ( in Amharic delehi bête ,tije
bête ,wete bête and tela bête) , it has three doors front ,middle and back as well as its pillar is 6
meter tall. According to informant Ato Asefa Zenebe, Ato Mikiyas Tewoderos and Ato
Yehualawok Tadesse, stated that the banquet before two or three years ago it was endanger of
destruction, cover of weeds, pests like rats and wood chuck. Banquet was start to conservation in
2009 E.C by the financial support of ANRSCTB and the north shewa zone culture tourism
department and Ankober woreda culture tourism office monitoring so as they indicated that it is
now clean from weeds and pest as well as conserved in professional science protecting the
former to keep the authentic of its traditional constructive structure. Even these practice not safe
in all conditions because the place where the banquet found is challenged for transporting
construction material because it is on the middle of forest as well as the construction materials
both traditional and factory to get easy and also work man force of indigenous knowledge
(informant Ato Mikiyas Tewoderos and Ato Asefa Zenebe).
Figure 3 Mitake Tekelhayimanot SahilSelasie banquet before conservation and ongoing of conservation
4.3.2. St.Mekael church project with its church museum
Ankober St.Mekael is found in chefa kebele 3 kms from the town of Ankober Gorbela which was
constructed by King Sahile Selassie in 1817 E.C. It have octagonal shape , seven doors (four enteral and
three external), 24 windows , 52 verandas (komebesie) ,on eastern side of the church there is a
Sahile Selassie grave is protected and conserved as well as his fossils found in the interior part
24
of the church(mekides) ,the interior the of the wall and doors are decorated by red ,green and
blue of mural painting. But the challenge is the church constructed site is exposed to land slide,
because of it the ARCCH built a protection wall (retaining wall)in 1997 E.C but as a result of
the above reason the church was cracked in western side(in the entrance of women) so the
ANRSCTB support 50 thousand ET.birr for the study of the main crack of the church . Therefore
north shewa culture tourism department collaborating with EiABC study a project how to
conserve these unique design church and completed its study within 2 years. Additionally
ANRSCTB support 94,771 ninety -four thousand seven hundred seventy-one ET.birr for
church museum construction not only these the community also supported the building of church
museum by kind ,finance and human force (informant Ato Asefa Zenebe ,Ato Mikiyas
Tewoderos and Ato Yehualawok Tadesse ).
4.3.3. Medihanialem church museum
Museum is one of a system that helps to conserve specially for movable cultural heritage.
Medihanialem church museum was built by donated by one person who was live in USA in 1997
E.C. (interview informant Likekahenat Kalikow Habetewold).It have different religious
manuscript, different kind of umbrella, clothes for religious propose and nobility as well as old
gun. Most of these antiquities are well-organized within shelves, not only these it has entrance
fee for both foreign and local tourist, some of antiquities are their name stamp on the antiquities,
all heritages are registered and inspected by the woredas culture tourism offices each years
(interview informant Likekahenat Kalikow Habetewold and kes Demese).The museum gives
different services for the local community and church itself by generating finance and promoting
the prominence of Ankober. It has two guards; they received yearly salary from the church
Sebeka gubae office, not only salary different kind of grain from local farmers. This church
museum have a traditional tender storm protector is stamp on the interior of the museum written
in geez words according to informant likekahenat Kalikow the purpose of this tender storm is to
protect from destruction the museum from incident during rainy season .On the contrary the
museum is very narrow, not clean, there is a financial problem which results less payment guards
salary, of some antiquities are especially cloths comprised under one box and even name some
name of the antiquities name stamp on them but not readably shown as well as almost three
third of antiquities name are not stamp, the museum hasn‘t an educated curators , guides
25
,organizational structures , museum guide line even according the Ethiopian establishment
guideline, it didn‘t meet the basic characteristic of museum( Kes Alemu and Ato Asefa zenebe).
4.3.4. Traditional parchments rehabilitation works
The tradition of manuscript binding technique goes back as far as the fifteenth century in Ethiopia
(Sergew, 1981: 26).such practice of making a book in traditional way was forgotten for long time, as a
result of this Deber Berhan University understanding such problem make working to for return the
ancient knowledge and collaborating with the Christian son fund. Then selecting 10 person those are
mirigeta and young person by the help of woreda culture tourism office and woreda bête kihenet
to return the old tradition of Ethiopian writing system. According to Sergew (1981: 21), in the
Ethiopian book making tradition the cover of manuscripts are usually wooden and rarely leather,
so the above stakeholder similarly working from goat and sheep skin to return the old tradition
but presently trainer has no works three of them leave from the woreda the remaining seven not
work on the fields of conserving cultural heritages because of coordinating and managing
system and financial problems (informant Melakmihert kes Demese ,Kes Alemu and Ato Asefa).
Figure 4. Parchment ` rehabilitating training photo by Ankober woreda culture and tourism office
26
4.3.5. Emperor Minilik II palace lodge and its environment
As (English Heritage, 2008) describe that historic environment refers to all aspects of the
environment resulting from the interaction between local community and places through time,
including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible or buried, and
deliberately planted or managed flora (as cited Hasbollah, 2014, P. 2).
Minilik palace lodge and its environment found Ankober woreda in chefa kebele, 3 km from
Gorebela the capital of Ankober woreda on the hill 2800 m above sea level. Shewan rulers
selected this strategic place during medieval and 19th
C because of its strategic for defense area
.it serves for six shewan kings including Minilik II. It is open for domestic and foreign tourists.
On the other hands was rebuilt by private owner of engineer Ras Terefework in 1997 E.C by the
federal government for 25 years lease , the square fence and elefign conserved , the mountain of
the palace are cover of indigenous plants most of these plants used for local medicine and studied
by foreign researchers , creating job for the local community and open for visitor (informant lek
kahin kalhiwot, kes demese, kes alemu and ato asefa).Even though palace lodge constructed on
the old palace and some practices like comp fire applying on the elefign as well as al 25 hectare
of the lands giving for private owner not only this the lodge registered under the federal
government revenue bureau as well as the entrance fee is equal for both domestic and foreign
tourists it dissatisfy domestic tourist additionally the hall and bed room constructed area was not
professionally detail study and commented by the regional as well as zone culture tourism
department (informant Woyizerit Rahel, Ato Mikiyas Tewoderos and Ato Bamelak Aserie) .
Figure 5 Minilik palace lodge with the ruins of the square fence.
27
4.3.6. Emperor Minilik II commemoration museum
According to directives No. 11/2014 commemoration museum is one of type museum which
state in the directive. As mention in the over views Ankober woreda is an rich in history of royal
families as a result Ankober woreda administration to sustain the historic of former legacies
allocated four million ET.birr in 2008 E.C for construction of this museum. According to
informants the idea was raised from Ankober woreda development association then the woredas
administrators discussed and allocated the budget. Now it finalized but the problem is the
museum constructed place is a full of ancient villages but it is not study as well as the building is
not represented the local architectural style (informant Ato Mikiyas Tewoderos and Ato Asefa
Zenebe).
Figure 6 Minilik commemoration museum
4.3.7. Legal Framework
Policy and rules are essentials for conserving cultural heritages. So Ethiopia began to announced
heritage rules during the reign of king Haileseilassie in 1958, The main aim of the proclamation
was only to provide for the protection and preservation of antiquities .and also stated the
antiquities and established under archaeological office, antiquities are a national resource of a
country and dissemination of antiquities.
28
Moreover in 1982 the government announced new heritage proclamation by No 36/1982. The
main aim of the proclamation was to provide for study and protection of antiquities It mention
antiquities are a national pride, provide for science, ideology, ethics, fine art and the whole
gamut human knowledge On the other side it include management of antiquities, ownership,
regulation, duties of owner, preservation, repair and restoration, trading, nationalization, removal
use of antiquities and the other duties were clearly stated on the proclamation. Additionally the
proclamation state that inspection on the cultural heritage, properly maintained& protected, duty
to cooperate on the matters related to regulation& directives issue& penalty concerned in the
heritage on ally as well as different rules and directives are published for protecting heritage such
activities are essential if they are properly manipulated similarly the current government
announced the same proclamation but the application of each rules and directive are not well
done due to awareness and persistence with the community . .
4.3.8. Cultural heritage documentation and inventory
According to negarit (2000),in article 9 "Cultural Heritage Registration" means registration in
the form prepared to collect wide information of Cultural Heritage, which shall include
photographing, recording in film or video, as appropriate, so as to put in place the means to
catalogue, inspect, study, protect and conserve cultural heritage and facilitate utilization of same
for the purpose of recreation and education; so as a result of these woreda culture tourism office
started its movable and immovable heritage registration in 2002 E.C by regional forms. An
ARCCH published a national heritage registration manual and trained the woreda officers; these
manuals played a great role to facilitate the cultural heritage inventory by the same forms.
Based on the national cultural heritage inventory manual Ankober Woreda culture tourism office from
2007 up to 2011 E.C registered and documented above 1000 movable and 41 heritage murals and old
church were registered .Additionally the woreda bête kihenet monitor and manage 97 churches, so the
easily managing divided the woreda into 9 zone which has their own representatives, plan and control
schedule once a year (informant melakmihert kes Demese, kes Alemu and lek kahin kalhiwot). On the
other hands in Abdulresul mosque with its movable heritages and mass graves are not registered and
conserved but in Aliyuamba one person collected and conserved old 4 revenue receipt. Additionally
cultural heritage inventory face by different challenges which are registration material such as photo
and video camera .GPS, and lack of data base awareness , increasing of illicit trafficking from time to
time.(informant Ato Asefa and Ato Yehualawok).
29
Figure 7 Revenue receipt for land and items photo by Ankober woreda culture tourism office
Figure 8. Scientific cultural heritage inventory system
4.4. Cultural Heritage Conservation Challenges in Ankober Challenges come from different directions .according to Alubel and Yirdaw (2018) the most
Ethiopian cultural and natural heritages are damage or deteriorated pressure, environmental
degradation, poverty and global warming. Additionally lack of finance became major challenges
to conserve all cultural heritage of the woreda which is a result of poverty. More over political
interference ,lack of indigenous knowledge and illicit trafficking of cultural properties are
hindered the conservation of Ankober cultural heritages all the stated factors are mentioned in detailed as
below.
A. Financial challenges
According to Alubel and Yirdaw (2018) mentioned one challenge are financial problem which is
play a great role in the fields of conservation. As a result in Ankober St. Mikael church museum
30
and retention wall, Mitake Tekelhayimanot SahilSelasie banquet stack because of lack of money
.these are St. Mikael retention wall need according to the study project 4 million ET.birr it is
high cost in the developing country like Ethiopian not only this in Mitake Tekelhayimanot
SahilSelasie banquet the construction materials are not acquire as enough on time and coasty
(informant Mikiyas Tewoderos).
B. Human and natural challenge
It is come from either purposely or accidentally. According to Rahimah (2017) one of the major
concerns at the living heritage sites and in the process of heritage conservation is the idea of
authenticity, which has always been a challenging concept. But in the context of Ankober
medihanialem ruins of church lose its authenticity because of the community needs of new
building and legend. Some informants interestingly noted that they replied as ―መድሐኒዓለም
በቀድሞው ቦታ ከተሰራ ከምስራቅ ንጉሥ ይመጣል ፣ለ40 ዓመታት ሰላም ፣ፍቅር እና ጥጋብ ይሆናል ለዚህ
ነው በቀድሞው ቦታ እየተሰራ ያለው‖ literally means, if medihanialem constructed in the ruins of
ancient place at there would be peace ,love and prosperity in the country for 40 years because
the kings came from the east.(informant Ato Abay).
According to negarit Gazeta No. 209/2000 breaking the rules which contradicting to the
proclamation article 10 stated about conservation "Conservation" means a general protection and
preservation activity carried on a Cultural Heritage without changing its antique content‖ but on
the contrary of these the community as stated the above legend they needs new building which
violate the rules. Beside this as Rahimah (2017) mentioned, modernization and development
processes present a challenge to heritage conservation. Many forms of cultural heritage are in
danger of disappearing threatened by these processes of modernization and development. As a
result of the above reason that the Minilik commemoration museum, Minilik palace lodge and
the road construction from Diber Birhan to awash was constructed without any deep study and
discussion with the community and the concerned governmental organs. So that the St.Mekael
church makes a crack as well as the Minilik commemoration museum built area destroyed the
ancient beq-eneq mesheta bête (traditional grocery) (informant Ato Mikiyas and Asefa).
On the other hands the St.Mekael built on the cliff of great refit valley as a result crack occur in
1953 by earthquake which made a crack on its wall. According to informant Mikiyas,
31
Yehualawok and Asefa stated that Abdulresul and Gajello armament ruins cover by natural
forest and flood which eroded and making crack on the heritages. In Gajello a huge tree near the
building is threatening it as the tree‘s roots have caused cracking. Besides, the surrounding of
Abdulresul covers by trees, lichens and mosses also contribute to the damage and invisible for
researcher and visitor .The tree also plays a significant role by providing habitat to animals like
birds and rats. The dead bodies of the animals as well as plants themselves facilitate the growing
seeking of water during dry season moreover in Ankober the illicit trafficking of moveable are
increasing from time to time as an example from 2004 to 2008 E.C. 50 heritages were stolen the
reason was the decision on the theft were very low (informant kes Demese, kes Alemu & Asefa).
According to Cassar (2009) other human challenge on heritage conservation as he indicated the
tension between values, ideology, and beliefs on the one hand and sound scientific evidence on
the other is the essence of contemporary politics in open democratic societies, and it will not
disappear simply because we have discovered evidence-based policy influence of polices. As a
result most in the context of heritage professional position assign engineering fields which is
unrelated fields to sustain and conserved cultural heritages (informant Mikiyas).
Figure 9 Ruins of medihanialem before destruction & the new building of church on the destroying ruins
32
Figure 10 Gajello armaments equipment and ruins of the armament
Figure 11 Abdulresul mass graves
C. Lack of Awareness
One of the way heritage conservation mechanisms is documentation. But it is faced by lack of
awareness basically seen on the justice side, when illicit trafficking happen the judge assume
heritage especially for movable heritage they think as a commodity asking to heritages value in
money as a result of these the thefts release with low time under the describing in the
proclamation 209/2000 article 45(2) stated that in cultural heritage. ―Unless the Penal Code
provides for a more severe penalty, any person who:
a) Commits theft on Cultural Heritage shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment of not less
than seven years and not exceeding ten years;
(b) destroys or damages Cultural Heritage intentionally shall be punished with rigorous
imprisonment not less than ten years and not exceeding twenty years;
33
(c) In the exercise of his official duty destroys. or damages or abstracts Cultural Heritage or
causes them to be abstracted, in order to obtain an unlawful enrichment shall he punished with
rigorous imprisonment of not less than fifteen years and not exceeding twenty years‖ but in
Ankober lack of awareness under justices punished the thief less than one year and also when the
medihanialem ruins of church destroyed by the church building committee by an escalator no
one say anything‘s, furthermore most of movable and immovable cultural heritages are not
maintained like cross ,books and the likes because of educated manpower in the fields.
(Informant Ato Mikiyas, Ato Asefa & Ato Yehualawok )
D. Lack of documentation problem
.Additionally the immovable heritages are not registered and document especially Gajello
,Abdulresul Muslim mass graves and slave trade area ,Abdulresul mosque and as well as in
movable heritage the revenue receipt ,Abdulresul mosque Quran and Gajello armament
equipment are not registered and documents .Besides these the communities not consider
archaeological heritages as heritages as a result of these most of archeological heritages are
destroyed (Informant Ato Asefa Zenebe, Ato Yehualawok Tadesse and Ato Mikiyas
Tewoderos).
E. Political interferences
Ankober play a remarkable role in the history of Ethiopia in general shewa in particular
.According to (Aziz 2017) stated that vulnerability is generally conceptualized as the risk of being
exposed or susceptible to the possibility of harm, either physically or emotionally due to the
inability of a community or individual to withstand adverse impacts due in part to characteristics
inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of the society .But heritages of Ankober
vulnerable by politicians which are not consider the value of heritage so before 14 years ago the
Minilik II palace was gave to one owner by lease for 25 years by the decision federal
government which lead to destroy and ignorance of the historic fact. On the other hands
medihanialem church ruins pave the way for destruction especially the higher body of the
woreda leaders. Moreover Amhara region culture and tourism bureau and north shewa culture
and tourism department and ARCCH as well as woreda culture tourism office and north shewa
zone diocese strongly fight the idea of reconstruction of new church but the worda political
leader interfered without the recognition of government bodies destroyed by excavator
additionally in 1998 E.C the woreda education office constructed school in historic and
34
archaeological site of Abdulresul slave trade and market area without discussion of culture and
tourism office by political decision (informant Ato Mikiyas Tewoderos, Ato Yehualawok
Tadesse, and Ato Asefa Zenebe) .
F. Illicit trafficking
As informants kes Alemu and Ato Assefa indicated that in 2002 E.C. St. Marry church the
guardian and deacons were connive with thefts stole 20 different antiquities which resulted two
big silver cross and seven mequamiya were not found the other one silver broken and maintain
by ten thousand birr on the other hands in 2003 E.C. in Kundi St. Georg 22 antiquities were
stolen 20 of them return but two silver cross were not found. Moreover in Ankober the illicit
trafficking of moveable antiquities are increasing from time to time as an example from 2004 to
2008 E.C. 50 antiquities were stolen deliberately broke the church store house and the church
itself by the guardian of the church and the priests (Kes Yohannes and Aba Negatu).
35
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. CONCLUSION
In the implementation of conservational practices integrating new techniques and indigenous
knowledge always the best approaches. That is why; the collaboration of stakeholder with the
government plays a significant role for the sustainability Cultural heritage conservation. Cultural
heritage conservation needs a careful minimal intervention. Ankober was a medieval and the 19th
C period during the monarchical time. As a result it is rich in cultural heritages. Some of cultural
heritage found in Ankober, Ankober St.Mekael, and Minilik palace lodge with its surrounding
environment, WosenSeged defense compound, Aliyuamba old town, Abdulresul Muslim mass
grave, likemarefiya, SahilSelasie banquet and Gajello armament ruins are mentioned. But due to
lack of awareness, cooperative with NGOs, lack of finance and documentation most of cultural
heritages are not well conserved and the practices are less.
However, Government body, NGOs and Debre Birhan university and EiABC were play a great
role in providing training on the rehabilitating indigenous knowledge, research in
pre-conservation study. Likewise Wereda government constructs Minilik II commemoration
museum by allocating 4 million birr and the monitoring and technical support provides by north
Shoa culture tourism department. Currently the community of Ankober collaborating with the
government and NGOs working to retrieve indigenous knowledge and conserved historic places.
Ankober St.Mekael church conservation project, Ankober medihanialem ruins archaeological
excavation, Ankober St.Mekael church museum budget allocating and technical support. As well
as the woreda betekihenet and woreda culture tourism offices within the last three and above
years collaborating on the registering of movable and mural painting heritage by scientific code
and format. Especially woreda betekihenet have its own heritage conservation and monitoring
practice by dividing the woreda into 9 zones with a common annually plan. On the other hands
individual contribution had played a great role based on their own experience conserving a
cultural heritage like the 1920s revenue receipt , Gajello armament equipment , bernos and glass
which is the time of Minilik II and so on these are some practices that found in the woreda .
36
Nevertheless, the cultural heritage conservation practices in Ankober had a lot of hindrances.
These challenges came in different ways either natural or human-made. The lack of attention in
the application of rule and directives on illicit trafficking and destruction of the historic building.
Uncooperative work like road construction, museum and lodge building is not concern the
wellbeing of archaeological heritage. Due to the absence of awareness, the community and
concerned body did not consider the ruins as heritages. Therefore, either deliberately or
incapacity this valuable heritages are in the eve of destruction like Gajello armaments ruins,
WosenSeged defense compound, Abdulresul mass graves and the destruction of Ankober
medihanialem. Furthermore, shortages of finance, construction material and indigenous
knowledge hindering the conservation of cultural heritage in the Ankober wereda.
37
5.2. RECOMMENDATION
Conservation desperately needs partnership, therefore to protect this valuable heritage
there must be cooperation with stakeholder.
Federal and regional governments take an action for the safeguarding valuable
archeological and historical sites by developing a comprehensive conservation
management plan.
More proclamation and directive are published in different time but most of it was not
known even in the office. Consequently, the needs of training professionals and
stockholders by concerned body about the legal framework and it implementation are
enviable.
A Woreda culture tourism office should work on documentation and inventory of cultural
heritages in professional manner.
The woreda administrative body had an experience supporting a budget in constructing a
museum. So such activities are to be continued to allocate a budget for culture tourism
office solve a problem of materials for heritage documentation.
Diocese and the follower of Orthodox Tewahedo Christian there are increasing interest to
construct a new church from time to time. So, as an institution orthodox church has a
rule called kalawadi .under this rule in article 54 discuss the registration and
documentation cultural heritage. As result the, woreda Diocese must have to take the
passion to protect historic church buildings by cooperating with woreda culture tourism.
Higher Educational Institutions are established to fill the gaps of social, political and
economic problems. Therefore, it is better to integrate conservation science in the Debre
Berhan university curriculum for sustainable conservation of cultural heritage and
empowering professionals.
The infrastructural development must have to be incorporating the historic and structural
context of heritages while in the implementation of projects.
38
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ቅርስ ጥናትና ጥበቃ ባለስልጣን (2007) የአንኮበር መድሐኒዓለም ቤተክርስቲያንን
ይመለከታል ቁጥር 09/ቅጥ-56/001 ቀን ግንቦት 13/2007 ዓ.ም.
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43
APPENDIX
Key Informant Lists
NO. Name of informants Age Date of
interview
Remarks
1 W/ro Tigist Mekuaninite 34 27/05/2019 Head of north shewa zone culture
tourism department
2 Ato Bamelak Aserie 45 27/05/2019 Heritage conservation and tourism
development coordinator of north shewa
zone department
3 Ato Mikiyas Tewoderos 30 27/05/2017 Heritage conservator expert in north
shewa zone department
4 Ato Felek Meheret 40 20/5/2019 Head of Ankober Woreda culture
tourism office
5 Ato Asefa Zenebe 34 20/5/2019 Heritage conservation and tourism
development coordinator of Ankober
woreda culture tourism office
6 Ato Yehualawok Tadesse 34 20/5/2019 Heritage inventory expert in Ankober
woreda culture tourism office
7 Melakmihert kes Demese
wubeshet
40 20/5/2019 Head of Ankober woreda betekihenet
8 Kes Alemu 50 21/5/2019
9 Likekahenat kalhiwot
Habetewold
60 21/5/2019 Heritage coordinator in Ankober woreda
betekihenet
10 Melakmihert Belayineh
Getahun
48 21/5/2019 Head of St. Mikael and St. Gebereal
Churches
11 Kes Eregetkal 49 21/5/2019 Priest of St. Mikael and St. Gebereal
Churches
11 Kes Felek Tekele 68 21/5/2019 Previous Head of St. Mikael and St.
Gebereal Churches now a priest
12 Mirigeta Guale Sheferaw 45 22/5/2019 Teacher of St. Mikael and St. Gebereal
44
Churches
13 Aba Negatu Endeshaw 70 22/5/2019 Priest of St. Mikael and St. Gebereal
Churches
14 Kes Kebede Zewede 50 22/5/2019 Priest of St. Mikael and St. Gebereal
Churches
15 Kes Tekelu Berihan 48 22/5/2019 Priest of St. Mikael and St. Gebereal
Churches
16 Kes Gezehagni Geberetsadik 52 22/5/2019 Priest of St. Mikael and St. Gebereal
Churches
17 Ato Tekelmarekos
Tekeltsadik
45 22/5/2019 Gajello armament guardian
18 Ato Geberu Haile 50 23/05/2019 Chefa kebele heritage conservation
committee
19 Kes Tekelu Ketema 55 23/05/2019 Layigorebela kebele heritage
conservation committee
20 Ato Habetu Zewede 51 24/05/2019 Mehalwonze kebele heritage
conservation committee
21 Ato Kelem Girema 58 24/05/2019 Aliyuamba kebele heritage conservation
committee
22 w/rit Rahel Regash 32 27/05/2019 Zone culture tourism department
domestic tourist expert
23 Ato Abay 28 21/05/2019 Ankober woreda land administration
office head
24 Ato Yohannes Negatu 30 21/05/2019 Ankober woreda culture tourism previous
head office now small enterprises head
25 Melak genet Yohannes
Tamere
48 21/05/2019 North shewa diocese heritage
conservation department head
45
APPENDIX
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
COLLAGES OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Key informants interview guideline, for the study of cultural heritage conservation practices
and challenges in Ankober woreda.
Dear Respondents
This survey is prepared by Yohannes Adane, who is MA student at the department of tourism
management of the University of Gondar. The aim of this study is to find ways practices and
challenges of cultural heritage conservation in Ankober north shewa zone; Ethiopia this survey is
targeted to capture the attitudes of the local community towards practices and challenges of
cultural heritage conservation. I very much appreciate and thank your kindly participation in this
research, and all of your responses will be treated confidentially.
General Instructions:
You do not need to write your name
Please make a check mark ( √ ) to your responses
Please give only one answer to each item.
Part I: Background Data
1. Sex: Male Female
2 .Age 18 - 25 Years 26-33 34-41 42-49 50-58 above
58 years
3. Educational Level Illiterate Read and write Church school
primary school Secondary school Certificate
Diploma BA MA and Above
46
Part II
Interview questions
Interview questions for North Shewa culture tourism department experts, Ankober woreda
culture and tourism office expert, Ethiopian orthodox tewahedo church leaders of north shewa
diocese, north shewa zone Islamic affair office , Deber birhan university lectures and woredas
heritage conservation committee .
A. Practice
1. What are the major cultural heritage conservation practices in Ankober?
2. How do you describe the overall present status of cultural heritage practices?
3. Is there a clean planning concept /methodology in today cultural heritage conservation practice
in Ankober?
4. Which indigenous values are still obvious in our present cultural heritage conservation
practices?
5. What should be taken into consideration, if traditional cultural heritage conservation concept
is needed to incorporate with scientific methods practices in cultural heritage conservation?
6. What are the modern concept and practices on present cultural heritage in Ankober?
B. Challenges
1. What are the major cultural heritage challenges in Ankober?
2. What kinds of manmade and environmental Challenges happen in Ankober cultural heritage
conservation?
Part III
Focus Group Discussions questions
1. Is there heritage conservation is important? What role does it serve for you?
2. What are your opinions/feelings on conservation challenges that face in your local cultural
heritages (finance, workmanships, attitudes and natural if you have additional?)
3. How do you explain heritage conservation practice in your area? Has a community opposed or
support?
4. Do you think that the importance of community participation in planning, organizing and
implementing heritage conservation management? How?
47
5. How has the interference of illegal work affected the practice of heritage conservation?
6. How does new development integrate with the heritage conservation practices of the area?
7. What do you thinks the importance of indigenous knowledge for the sustainability of
conservation practice?
8. What are some methods you think might facilitate or improve decisions about planning for
heritage conservation and change within heritage conservation practices?
Part IV
Field observation checklist
No Cultural heritage practices and challenges Obser
ved
Not
observ
ed
Remark
1 observing the practice and challenges of cultural
heritage through different methods based up on
the overall cultural heritage conservation
challenges has seen in the field area
1. Ankober St. MedehaniAlem church ruins ;
Church museum for movable heritage
Not protected
Destroyed by excavator car
Starting new built on the ruins
Archaeological excavation
2. Ankober St. Mikael church built environment;
interior and exterior wall crack
Crack of retaining wall
Church museum for movable heritage
Road construction
New conservation study project
3. Gajello armament production
48
Not enough protection
The ruins not protected & conserved
Not the road to the ruins
Movable remains not protected
4. Ankober palace built environment ruin
Not Protected
It have a road to reach the palace
Lodge constructed in the historical banquet hall of
the king
5. Abdul Resul Islamic grave yard
Cover of forest
Not clean
Not protected
has not enough road
6. Mitake Tekelhayimanot King SahilSelasie
Banquet hall
Conserved
Protected and restoration
Clean weeds
Clean vermin
It is not accessible
Lack of construction material