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ACADEMIC-INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN
THE MODERN ERA:
Who’s driving whom
Elazer R. Edelman
Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyHarvard Medical School
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
(BIO)ENGINEERINGENGINEERING
the application of
science
and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature
are made useful to people
Webster’s 3rd ed.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving ForceElectrocardiogram
1895
Univ
of Leiden
X-radiography
1895
Univ
of Wurzburg
Insulin
1921
Univ
of Toronto
Vaccines
18th
–
present
Oxford Univ
–
U PittAntibiotics
1940
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy
Contraceptives
Pacemakers, Defibrillators
1930-1960Implantable Defibrillators
1969
Johns Hopkins
Coronary Angiography
1929Coronary Angioplasty
1974
Emery University
Thrombolytics
Human Genome
ACADEMIC RESEARCH:
Driving Force•
FREEDOM–
Study what is important and interesting
•
Personally
Society–
Collaboration & (Friendly) Competition
ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving Force•
FREEDOM–
Study what is important and interesting
•
Personally
Society–
Collaboration & (Friendly) Competition
•
INTEGRITY–
Peer review
–
Absence of Financial Pressure–
Extramural Support
ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving Force•
FREEDOM–
Study what is important and interesting
•
Personally
Society–
Collaboration & (Friendly) Competition
•
INTEGRITY–
Peer review
–
Absence of Financial Pressure–
Extramural Support
•
PERSONAL GROWTH–
Education
–
Mentorship
Über eine neue Art von StrahlenOn a new kind of rays, Sitzungsberichte der Wurzburger Physik-medic. Gesellschaft 132-141, 1895
F.H. Williams: A method for fully determining the outline of the heart by means of fluorescope
together with other uses of this instrument in medicine. Boston Med Surg J, 135: 335, 1896
Haschek
E, Lindenthal OT: Ein
Beitrag
zur
praktischen
verwerthung der
Photographie
nach
Rontgen. Wiener Klin Wochenschr, 9: 63, 1896
PACE OF TRANSLATION
WILHEM KONRAD von RONTGEN
“
Up to the present time, the human electro- cardiogram discovered by Waller could be
recorded only by means of the capillary- electrometer ...I have sought a method ...
which would satisfy the requirements of inscribing the electrocardiogram of humans in approx, at least, its correct proportions.
CLINICAL NEED ENGINEERING
WILLIAM EINTHOVEN (1860 -
1927)
SCIENCE TRANSLATION
BANTING BEST
MACLEOD COLLIP
Von MINKOWSKI PAULESCO
ZUELER
RECOGNITIONDISSENSION
RECOGNITION
Über eine neue Art von StrahlenOn a new kind of rays, Sitzungsberichte der Wurzburger Physik-medic. Gesellschaft 132-141, 1895
F.H. Williams: A method for fully determining the outline of the heart by means of fluorescope
together with other uses of this instrument in medicine. Boston Med Surg J, 135: 335, 1896
Haschek
E, Lindenthal OT: Ein
Beitrag
zur
praktischen
verwerthung der
Photographie
nach
Rontgen. Wiener Klin Wochenschr, 9: 63, 1896
INDUSTRIAL IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSLATION
Pr. Rontgen probably does not draw one dollar profit from his discovery. He belongs to those pure scientists who study for pleasure and live to delve into the secrets of nature. After they have discovered something wonderful, someone else must come to look at it from the commercial point of view. This will also be the case with Roentgen’s discovery. One must see how to use it and how to profit by it financially. Thomas Alva Edison
USA ACADEMIC PATENTSThomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®
(DWPI) 1997-2006 Stephen Trotter, Sr. Patent Analyst
30%
15%
0%
The Biomedical Research Workforce: Demographics, Trends, and Questions for the Future
AAMC Advisory Panel on Research 23 May 2007 Norka
Ruiz Bravo, Ph.D. Deputy Director for Extramural Research
Loscalzo
J.
The NIH budget and the future of biomedical researc
N Engl
J Med 2006;354:1665-7.National Institutes of Health R01
The Biomedical Research
Workforce: Demographics, Trends, and Questions for the Future
AAMC Advisory Panel on Research 23 May 2007 Norka
Ruiz Bravo, Ph.D. Deputy Director Extramural Research
NIH R01 http://www.aamc.org/research/apr/r_bravo.pdf
The Biomedical Research Workforce:
Demographics, Trends, and Questions for the Future
AAMC Advisory Panel on Research 23 May 2007
Norka
Ruiz Bravo, Ph.D. Deputy Director for Extramural Research
National Institutes of Health R01
WHERE ARE PEOPLE GOING?
ACADEMIC -
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
The 2006 Atlanta Conference on Science and Technology Policy
Simcha
Jong
European University InstituteSan Domenico
di
Fiesole, Florence, Italy
after Jong UNIVERSITY SCIENCE-BASED FIRMProductProduct Scientific
publicationA useful innovation
Research Research ProblemProblem
Single ‘interesting” problem
w/in a
disciplinary agenda
Practically relevant problem; Complex product driven
research ε
set of interrelated research problems
Research Research BasisBasis
Mono-disciplinary; disciplinaryaffiliation determines problem investigated and solution
Multidisciplinary; complex nature of therapeutic research project requires inter-
disciplinary project teams w/ different approaches / skills
CoordCoord-- inationination amongst amongst
scientistsscientists
Scientists can work largely independent
Problems on innovation path interdependent
and
unpredictable; high level of coordination
required among
scientists/across departments
IMPACT ON INNNOVATION? Thomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®
(DWPI) 1997-2006 Stephen Trotter, Sr. Patent Analyst
total
unique
TECHNOLOGIC INNOVATION
•
SUSTAINING TECHNOLOGY–
Improved product performance
–
Incremental (continuous) vs. radical (discontinuous)
•
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY–
new market
applications
–
Change treatment
paradigms–
Cheaper, simpler, smaller, easier to use
–
Greater riskChristensen CM The innovators dilemmaChristensen CM The innovators dilemma
TECHNOLOGIC INNOVATIONSUSTAINING
INNOVATIVE
RISKMarket ↓ ↑Technological
=
=
Execution
↑↑↑
↑
VALUETime to
short
long
Potential ↓ ↑↑Christensen CM The innovators dilemma
ACADEMIC PATENTSThomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®
(DWPI) 1997-2006 Stephen Trotter, Sr. Patent Analyst
ACADEMIC PATENTSThomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®
(DWPI) 1997-2006 Stephen Trotter, Sr. Patent Analyst
36%
24%
12%
0%
USA CHINA
GLOBALIZATION
ChinaIndia
Taiwan
IsraelU.K.
Global Trends in Venture Capital 2006 Survey
U.S. Report -
Deloitte & Touche
USA LLP
Über eine neue Art von StrahlenOn a new kind of rays, Sitzungsberichte der Wurzburger Physik-medic. Gesellschaft 132-141, 1895
F.H. Williams: A method for fully determining the outline of the heart by means of fluorescope
together with other uses of this instrument in medicine. Boston Med Surg J, 135: 335, 1896
Haschek
E, Lindenthal OT: Ein
Beitrag
zur
praktischen
verwerthung der
Photographie
nach
Rontgen. Wiener Klin Wochenschr, 9: 63, 1896
INDUSTRIAL IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSLATION
Pr. Rontgen probably does not draw one dollar profit from his discovery. He belongs to those pure scientists who study for pleasure and live to delve into the secrets of nature. After they have discovered something wonderful, someone else must come to look at it from the commercial point of view. This will also be the case with Roentgen’s discovery. One must see how to use it and how to profit by it financially. Thomas Alva Edison
GENENTECH (1976)
•
Biological sciences played a marginal role in the pharmaceutical industrial drug discovery as they were considered too underdeveloped to shed practical value on molecular level and for human effect
•
Proven wrong by Herbert Boyer who founded Genentech w/ VC Robert Swanson who used insights from different biological disciplines to discover new drugs
Simcha
Jong
European University InstituteSan Domenico
di
Fiesole, Florence, ItalyThe 2006 Atlanta Conference on Science and Technology Policy
ACADEMIA
INDUSTRY
•
RESEARCH FREEDOM•
PROCESS & DATA INTEGRITY
•
PERSONAL GROWTH
•
INNOVATION & DEVELOPMENT•
INTEGRITY & SAFTEY
•
SELF-SUFFICIENCY & GROWTH
ACADEMIC –
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH•
FREEDOM–
Study what is important and interesting•
Personally
Society–
Collaboration & (Friendly) Competition
•
INTEGRITY–
Peer review–
Absence of Financial Pressure–
Extramural Supoprt
•
PERSONAL GROWTH–
Education–
Mentorship
•
MULTIPLE CONSTITUENCIESStudents
Alumni
Parents
FacultyIndustry
Regulatory/Standards
GovernmentGlobal and Local Community
QUESTIONS•
WHAT IS IMPORTANT
Who dictates what
technology and science will be developed?•
HOW TO DEVELOP
Who decides how
to develop technology and science?•
HOW TO FUND?
ACADEMIA-
NIH
-
Academic Centers / Universities
INDUSTRY-
Public companies
-
Start up
PRIVATE-
Private funds
-
Constituency /Advocacy groups
Industry help Education, Grants, Resources & FinancesEDUCATIONAL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Positive None Negative
DEPARTMENT - Indust ry
CHAIR-Indust ry
GRANTS
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Positive None Negative
DEPARTMENT - Indust ry
CHAIR-Indust ry
FINANCIAL STATUS
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Positive None Negative
DEPARTM ENT - IndustryCHAIR-Industry
RESOURCES
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Positive None Negative
DEPARTM ENT - IndustryCHAIR-IndustryCampbell, E. G. et al.
JAMA 2007;298:1779
Perceived Effect of Industry Relationships FACULTY RECRUITMENT & RETENTION
RETENTION
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Positive None Negative
DEPARTMENT - Indust ry
CHAIR-Indust ry
RECRUITMENT
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Positive None Negative
DEPARTMENT - Indust ry
CHAIR-Indust ry
Campbell, E. G. et al.JAMA 2007;298:1779
Minimal
Perceived Impact Department-Industry on Independent, Unbiased Education and Training
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0 $20,000 $40000 $60000 $80000 $100000
+U+R
-U
-R
+U
+R
-U
-R
Campbell, E. G. et al. JAMA 2007;298:1779-1786.
RestrictedUnrestricted
Copyright restrictions may apply.Campbell, E. G. et al. JAMA 2007;298:1779-1786.
Respondents' Views of Chairs' Personal Relationship With Industry on Providing Independent Unbiased Research
ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving ForceElectrocardiogram
1895
Univ
of Leiden
X-radiography
1895
Univ
of Wurzburg
Insulin
1921
Univ
of Toronto
Vaccines
18th
–
present
Oxford Univ
–
U PittAntibiotics
1940
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy
Contraceptives
Pacemakers, Defibrillators
1930-1960Implantable Defibrillators
1969
Johns Hopkins
Coronary Angiography
1929Coronary Angioplasty
1974
Emery University
Thrombolytics
Human Genome
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: InterdisciplinaryElectrocardiogram Echocardiogram
X-radiography CT, MRI, OCT
Insulin Inhaled insulin RISK REALIZEDVaccines AIDS RESEARCH RISKAntibiotics Antivirals
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy
Contraceptives
Pacemakers, Defibrillators
RISK REALIZEDImplantable Defibrillators
Coronary AngiographyCoronary Angioplasty Stents, DES RISK REALIZEDThrombolytics
Human Genome Personalized Medicine RISK
Electrocardiogram Echocardiogram
X-radiography CT, MRI, OCT
Insulin Inhaled insulin
Vaccines AIDS RESEARCHAntibiotics Antivirals
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy
Contraceptives
Pacemakers, DefibrillatorsImplantable Defibrillators
Coronary AngiographyCoronary Angioplasty Stents, DESThrombolytics
Human Genome Personalized Medicine
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: InterdisciplinaryElectrocardiogram Echocardiogram
X-radiography CT, MRI, OCT
Insulin Inhaled insulin RISK REALIZEDVaccines AIDS RESEARCH RISKAntibiotics Antivirals
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy
Contraceptives
Pacemakers, Defibrillators
RISK REALIZEDImplantable Defibrillators
Coronary AngiographyCoronary Angioplasty Stents, DES RISK REALIZEDThrombolytics
Human Genome Personalized Medicine RISK
ACADEMIA
INDUSTRY
•
RESEARCH FREEDOM•
PROCESS & DATA INTEGRITY
•
PERSONAL GROWTH
•
INNOVATION & DEVELOPMENT•
INTEGRITY & SAFETY
•
SELF-SUFFICIENCY & GROWTH•
ABSORB RISK