MASONRYMASONRYSemester 3 – Academic Year

2010/2011

Prepared by:Prepared by: Essy Arijoeni

DTS-FTUIDTS FTUI

Masonry y• Introduction and Historyy• Masonry Unit

M t d Oth C t• Mortar and Other Component• Structural Designg• Non Structural Aspect of Design• Masonry wall Construction• Defect in Masonry WallDefect in Masonry Wall• Repairs and Improvement to Masonry

W llWalls

Introduction and HistoryIntroduction and History

• Masonry has been used since 2700 BC• Egyptian constructed the famous steppedEgyptian constructed the famous stepped

pyramid of SakkaraF ll i ith th t t ti f• Following with the stone construction of Palace in Babylon (600 BC)

• Bridges, domes and walls in Germany (300 AD)(300 AD)

Ancient MasonryAncient Masonry

Definition of MasonryDefinition of Masonry

• Masonry is a Structures constructed by connected the Unit Bricks together with gmortar bonding.

• The Unit Brick can be made of Stone• The Unit Brick can be made of Stone, Rock, Lime Stone, Hard Clay, Clay, Mud etc.

Clay Brick Wall Bounded With Mortar

Masonry UnitMasonry Unit

• Masonry Unit is a single brick that can be made of Stone, Clay, Concrete and/or , y,Composite Materials

• Process of brick making can be• Process of brick making can be standardized-fabricated or traditionally non engineered production in local area.

Type of Unit BrickType of Unit Brick

Sizes of Bricks

The characteristics of clay brick masonryf y yDesign developer: Characteristics of clay bricksSven Sahlin (1971) Compressive strength 28 – 70 MPa( ) p g

Modulus of ruptureModulus of elasticity

2.5 – 15 MPa300 fb’

Hendry A W (1990) Compressive strength 42 60 MPaHendry A.W (1990) Compressive strengthModulus of ruptureModulus of elasticity

42 – 60 MPa3.36 – 6.30 MPa

700 fb’Hendry A.W., SinhaB.P., Davies S.R. (1997)

Compressive strengthModulus of ruptureModulus of elasticity

60 - 80 MPa4.60 – 7.20 MPa

700 fb’( ) Modulus of elasticity 700 fbAustralian Standard AS3700-2001

Compressive strengthModulus of ruptureB d h h

30 MPa0

0 15 0 35 MPBond shear strengthModulus of elasticity:- short term loading

0.15 – 0.35 MPa700 fb’450 fb’g

- long term loadingfb

Structural Design

Non Structural Aspect of DesignNon Structural Aspect of Design

• Quality of Raw Materials• Method of DryingMethod of Drying• Method of Burning• Workmanship Error

Brick Making MachineBrick Making Machine

Open Aired Drying ProcessOpen Aired Drying Process

Half Dry and Dried BrickHalf Dry and Dried Brick

Hollow Clay BricksHollow Clay Bricks

Machine Pressed Clay BrickMachine Pressed Clay Brick

Traditional Storage of Clay Bricks ProductsTraditional Storage of Clay Bricks Products

Clay Bricks - Ready to UseClay Bricks - Ready to Use

Clay Brick Wall ArrangementClay Brick Wall Arrangement

Arrangement ofArrangement of Construction

for Single Masonry Wall

B i kBrick Masonry WallMasonry Wall Arrangement

Single WallSingle Wall

StoneStone MasonryMasonry

Wall

Batako BricksBatako Bricks

• Batako bricks are made of Cement Mortar containing the mix of Portland Cement, g ,natural sand (fine aggregates) and water, molded in a rectangular box shapemolded in a rectangular box shape

• The unit bricks are made and fabricated by f (S )following the guidelines standard. (SNI)

Machine forMachine for Batako

Production

Machine for Making Batako

Batako Bricks Drying Processy g

Product of Batako BricksProduct of Batako Bricks

Construction of Batako BricksConstruction of Batako Bricks

Application of Masonry for Rural HHouses

Cabangbungin BEKASI, 2010

Clay Brick Housey

Combination of Clay Brick and yBamboo House

Masonry wall ConstructionMasonry wall Construction

Type of Construction• Type of Construction• Development in Construction• Development in Construction• Masonry ConstructionMasonry Construction

Defect in Masonry WallDefect in Masonry Wall

• CrackingCracking• Rain and Damp Penetrationp• Other visible defects• Workmanship factors affecting

t thstrength

Repairs and Improvement to Masonry

• Maintenance and repairI d l i• Improvement and alteration

E l tiEvaluation on Compressive Strength ofCompressive Strength of

Local Clay Bricksoca C ay c s

Essy ArijoeniEssy ArijoeniDepartemen Teknik Sipil

FTUIFTUIessy@eng.ui.ac.id

Content of Presentation :

1. Introduction2. General theory3 E i t l P d3. Experimental Procedure4 Data Collecting and 4. Data Collecting and

Analysis5. Conclusion and

recommendationrecommendation

Key Words

Cl b i k• Clay brickC i t th• Compressive strengthCompressive load• Compressive load

• Cement mortar• Cement mortar

IntroductionIntroduction• Masonry is a well known• Masonry is a well-known

composite building material p gconstructed by bonding b i k l t d tbrick elements and mortar

• bricks are solid and generally made of clay ingenerally made of clay in home-based factories

INTRODUCTION (continued)INTRODUCTION (continued)

• can be found easilycan be found easily • the cost is relatively low.• clay bricks are locally produced

in home factoriesin home factories• commonly used as buildingcommonly used as building

materials for constructing rural h d l i b ildihouses and low rise buildings

INTRODUCTION (continued)

• The quality of bricks are considered to be widelyconsidered to be widely vary

• Produced under limited technical supervisiontechnical supervision

• Burned by using traditionalBurned by using traditional wood-fired oven

• Need partial improvement in Indonesian StandardIndonesian Standard

M f W JMap of West Java

KarawangJakarta

MajalengkaMay 2001

Bandung

Jakarta – Cikarang – Karawang- Bandung

Cikarang

University of Indonesia

The Production of Local Bricks

(a) (b)(a) (b)

(c) (d)(c)

The Production of Local Bricks

(e) (f)(e) (f)

(h)(g)

Damage on masonry houses

(a) (b)

Damage on masonry housings during Bengkulu Earthquake, June 2000( ) P ti l d (b) T t l ll d ti l d(a) Partial damage, (b) Total collapse and partial damage

(c) (d)

Damage on masonry housings during Majalengka Earthquake, May 2001(a) Severe damage, (b) Partial damage on mortared walls

G l thGeneral theory• compressive pressure (Fig. 1)

per unit area is formulated asper unit area is formulated as fb = PV / Afb PV / A

• The axial strain is formulated as = V / h

• Modulus of Elasticity E is• Modulus of Elasticity Eb is formulated as Eb = fb /

Figure 1 Compressive pressureFigure 1. Compressive pressure acting on the specimeng p

PPV

Area A

hV

h

Experimental ProcedureExperimental Procedure(Standard SNI 15 – 2094 – 1991)( )

Evaluation of brick’s physical - Evaluation of brick’s physical properties (Table 1 and Table 2)C f f ( )- Clasificasion of bricks (in color)

- Preparation of brick specimensp p- Preparation of mortar mix

Specimen coding- Specimen coding- Crushing test

T bl 1 A Siunit brickWidth

(mm)Table 1. Average Size

and Density of Brick

(mm)

Thickness (mm)

y

Brick Size ( mm ) Mass Density

Length (mm)

ColorThick-ness

Width Length (gram) (ton/m3)ness

Yellow 46.63 90.28 190.59 1339.63 1.672

Dark Red

45.61 90.08 188.03 1325.23 1.719

R d 46 10 90 94 190 45 1342 67 1 678Red 46.10 90.94 190.45 1342.67 1.678

Average 46.11 90.44 189.69g

Table 2. Surface Absorption Index ( S.R.) of Bricks

Brick Color S.R. ( gram/dm2/sec)

Single Brick Double Bricks Triple Bricks

Yellow 19.74 17.92 18.43

Dark Red 26.68 29.48 27.51

Red 17.75 15.44 17.33

Table 3. The Composition of Mortar Mix.

Type of Mortar Composition

Masonry ClassificaMortar Classifica

tionCement Chalk Sand Pozzolan

1 (A) 1 - 3 - I

2 (B) 1 - 4 - I( )

M l ifi ti I f St t l MMasonry classification = I, for Structural Masonry

Tabel 4Tabel 4. Water cement ratio of mortar.Water cement ratio of mortar.

C di C iti W tCoding Composition of Mortar Mix

Water Cement

R tiRatio

A 1 : 3 0.67A 1 : 3 0.67

B 1 : 4 0.85

Table 5 Mortar specimens size ofTable 5. Mortar specimens, size of 50 x 50 x 50 mm3

Type of mortar

Coding Number of specimens

1 : 3 A 20

1 : 4 B 201 : 4 B 20

Figure 2. Method of Brick Cutting

Cut lineCoding Cut lineg

Coding

Table 6. Brick Specimen Coding

B i k C l Y ll D k R d TotalBrick Color Yellow Dark Red

Red Total number ofspecimens

Mortar Type1 : 3

A1 to A10

A11 to A20

A21 to A30 30

Mortar Type B1 to B11 to B21 to 1 : 4 B10 B20 B30 30

Figure 3. Compressive BrickFigure 3. Compressive Brick Specimens

Specimen Coding

mortar

A1

A1Space ±10 mm

Half part of brickHalf part of brick

Preparation for brick compression test

Brick specimens with sulphur cappingcapping

Compression test on a brick

Non-uniform shape and colour of brick cross section area test on a brick

specimenof brick cross section area

Figure 4.Compression Test on a Brick Specimen

Figure 5. Brick Specimens Before and Figure 5. Brick Specimens Before and After Tested

Data Collecting and Analysis

• Maximum compressive• Maximum compressive stressstress

• Modulus of elasticity

Maximum Compressive Stress

Mortar Type

Mortar Coding fb max fb max fb maxType Coding

Yellow Bricks[N/mm2]

Dark Red Bricks

Red Bricks[N/mm2]

[N/mm2]

1 : 3 A 15.04397 16.92766 14.55552

1 4 B 12 98479 15 27977 14 555021 : 4 B 12.98479 15.27977 14.55502

Modulus of Elasticity Eb , [N/mm2]

Specimen

Compressive Stress Range

Remark0 2 2 6 6 10 ≥10Specimen Remark0–2 N/mm2

2-6 N/mm2

6-10 N/mm2

≥10 N/mm2

A01 s/d A10 N D 7725.05 9541.73 5828.87 Mortar 1:3

B01 s/d B10 N D 5234.37 6177.96 5227.94 Mortar 1:4

A11 s/d A20 N D 10359.4 11180.1 9199.14 Mortar 1:3

B11 s/d B20 N D 5178.76 6298.79 6503.56 Mortar 1:4B11 s/d B20 N D 5178.76 6298.79 6503.56 Mortar 1:4

A21 s/d A30 N D 6768.76 7312.94 7069.76 Mortar 1:3

B21 s/d B30 N D 4632.30 5350.57 7399.27 Mortar 1:4

N D = non deterministic – fissure closing stage

Constitutive model of BricksConstitutive model of Bricks

G li d St St i C f Cik B i kGeneralised Stress - Strain Curve of Cikarang Bricks

14

y = 546.18x - 2.889910

12

Pa)

Averagey = 6299x-2.89

R2 = 0.9997

6

8

Stre

ss (M

P Average

PVFissure

R2 = 0.9997

y = 220 72x2

4

Fissure closing

y 220.72xR2 = 1

0

2

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035

Strain (mm/mm)

Modulus of rupture

One point load Two point loadsBending failure pattern

Bending Test 1 point 2 point AverageModulus of rupture

(MPa) 3.366 2.639 3.003( )S-Dev 1.560 1.188 1.384COV 0.463 0.45 0.461

Number of specimens 20 20 20

Conclusion• The average water absorption

index of yellow brick and red brick is 10 –20 gr/dm2/second

• The average water absorption index of dark red brick which is index of dark red brick which is > 10 –20 gr/dm2/second

• The over burned dark red bricks • The over burned dark red bricks have more surface cracks compare to red and yellow compare to red and yellow bricks.

CONCLUSION (continued …..)• The compressive strength of

mortar type A is about 1.6 higher fthan the compressive strength of

mortar type B• Brick compressive strength is

influenced by type, quality and the t f t i h amount of mortar in each

specimens. Hi h t t th ill • Higher mortar strength will produce higher brick compressive t thstrength

• Water cement ratio of mortar type A i l th t t ti A is lower than water cement ratio fo mortar type B.

CONCLUSION (continued …..)

• The value of Modulus of Elasticity f b i k i t t A > for brick using mortar type A > mortar type B.

• Crack pattern generally occurred across along the brick and mortar across along the brick and mortar with vertical crack pattern in the direction of compressive pressuredirection of compressive pressure.

• Brittle failure happened in most specimens and no ductility response seen during these tests.g

RecommendationRecommendation• Developing different type of p g yp

specimen model, either for brick assemblage compressive strength g p gor column compressive strength.C i b t diff t b i k • Concerning about different brick product from different region.

• Consideration of surface roughness of individual brick that roughness of individual brick that may affect the bonding between mortar and brickmortar and brick

Recommendation (cont…)

• Laboratory tests may be iterated as many tests as possible. y p

• To avoid a wide bias in test results • To avoid a wide bias in test results, the construction of specimens h ld b d i lshould be arranged more precisely.

Essy ABEssy AB