masonry (basic define ti on)

TYPES

OF

BRICK, STONE AND BLOCK MASONRY

BASIC DEFINITIONSBASIC DEFINITIONS

STONE MASONRYSTONE MASONRYThe art of building structures using stones and The art of building structures using stones and binding materials like cement is called stone masonry.binding materials like cement is called stone masonry.

BRICK MASONRYBRICK MASONRYThe art of building structures using bricks and binding The art of building structures using bricks and binding materials like cement is called brick masonry.materials like cement is called brick masonry.

BLOCK MASONRYBLOCK MASONRYThe art of building structures using concrete blocks The art of building structures using concrete blocks with binding materials like cement is called block with binding materials like cement is called block masonry.masonry.

Brick Brick British Specification British Specification RecommendsRecommendsLENGTH (L)LENGTH (L)Minimum Length = 8Minimum Length = 8--5/85/8””Maximum Length = 8Maximum Length = 8--7/87/8 ””WIDTH (W)WIDTH (W)Minimum Width = 4Minimum Width = 4--1/81/8 ””Maximum Width = 4Maximum Width = 4--1/41/4 ””DEPTH (D)DEPTH (D)Minimum Depth = 1Minimum Depth = 1--15/1615/16 ””Maximum Depth = 2Maximum Depth = 2--15/1615/16 ””

L

W

D

TOPICSTOPICSBrick Masonry Brick Masonry

DefinitionsDefinitionsClassification of Brick MasonryClassification of Brick MasonryBond in brick masonryBond in brick masonryTypes of bondsTypes of bondsWall JunctionsWall JunctionsMasons tools in Bick masonryMasons tools in Bick masonryGeneral Principles and precautions in Brick MasonryGeneral Principles and precautions in Brick MasonryReinforced brick MasonryReinforced brick MasonryConstructions of Brick MasonryConstructions of Brick MasonryDefects and Maintenance of Brick MasonryDefects and Maintenance of Brick Masonry

DefinitionsDefinitionsMasonry Masonry & Masonry Units& Masonry UnitsArrisesArrisesFrogFrog or kickor kickCourseCourseHeader & Stretcher Header & Stretcher QuoinsQuoinsPerpendsPerpendsClosure and brick batsClosure and brick batsFacing Backing & HeartingFacing Backing & HeartingReveals, Jamb, Reveals, Jamb, SoffitSoffit & Sill& SillColumn, Pillar, Pier, Pilaster and StanchionColumn, Pillar, Pier, Pilaster and StanchionMortar and GroutMortar and GroutLintelLintelCoppingCopping

DefinitionsDefinitions

MasonryMasonryIt is used for the work of a mason.It is used for the work of a mason.Mason is a person who built structures with construction Mason is a person who built structures with construction materials.materials.In In frenchfrench term free mason is used to indicate a natural term free mason is used to indicate a natural fellowship between people of same interest.fellowship between people of same interest.

Masonry UnitsMasonry UnitsIt is an It is an artificalyartificaly prepared regular shape block used in the prepared regular shape block used in the masonry works.masonry works.

Like Like ……. . Brick in brick masonryBrick in brick masonryStone block in stone masonryStone block in stone masonryConcrete block in Block masonryConcrete block in Block masonry

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DefinitionsDefinitionsArrisesArrises

The edges formed by the The edges formed by the intersection of plane surfaces intersection of plane surfaces of a brick are called arises.of a brick are called arises.

FrogFrogThe depression provided in the The depression provided in the face of a brick during its face of a brick during its manufacturing is called the manufacturing is called the frog.frog.

CourseCourseeach horizontal layer of bricks each horizontal layer of bricks laid in mortar is called course.laid in mortar is called course.


Arises

Frog

Courses

DefinitionsDefinitions

QuoinsQuoinsThe external corners of a wall The external corners of a wall

are called Quoins. And the are called Quoins. And the bricks forming quoins are bricks forming quoins are called quoin bricks. E.g quoin called quoin bricks. E.g quoin header or quoins stretcher.header or quoins stretcher.

PerpendsPerpendsThe imaginary The imaginary verticleverticle lines lines which includes which includes verticleverticle joints joints called called PerpendsPerpends. They should . They should be plumb.be plumb.


Perpends

Quoin

Header

Quoin Stretcher

DefinitionsDefinitionsHeader Header

Brick laid with its width in elevation is called Brick laid with its width in elevation is called header. In a course in which all bricks are header. In a course in which all bricks are header is called heading or header course. header is called heading or header course.

Stretcher Stretcher Brick laid with its length in elevation is called Brick laid with its length in elevation is called stretcher. In a course in which all bricks are stretcher. In a course in which all bricks are stretcher is called stretcher or stretching stretcher is called stretcher or stretching course.course.


DefinitionsDefinitionsClosure Closure

Closure bricks are prepared by cutting standard Closure bricks are prepared by cutting standard brick across length or in different ways to fulfill brick across length or in different ways to fulfill the requirements of bond in straight walls, the requirements of bond in straight walls, corners, junctions or crosses is called closures.corners, junctions or crosses is called closures.

They are of four typesThey are of four typesQueen closureQueen closureKing closureKing closureBevelledBevelled closureclosureMitered closureMitered closure

Brick batsBrick batsBrick bats are prepared by cutting standard brick Brick bats are prepared by cutting standard brick across width.across width.

They are of four typesThey are of four typesThree quarter batThree quarter batHalf or square batHalf or square batQuarter batQuarter batBevelledBevelled batbat


DefinitionsDefinitionsFacingFacing

The external face of wall is called facing.The external face of wall is called facing.

BackingBackingThe unexposed or internal face of wall is The unexposed or internal face of wall is called backing.called backing.

HeartingHeartingThe interior portion between facing and The interior portion between facing and backing is called hearting.backing is called hearting.


DefinitionsDefinitionsRevealsReveals

It is the It is the verticleverticle sides of door or window opening sides of door or window opening from outside is called reveals.from outside is called reveals.

JambsJambsIt is the It is the verticleverticle sides of door or window opening sides of door or window opening from inside is called jambs.from inside is called jambs.

SoffitSoffitThe under surface of a lintel is called The under surface of a lintel is called SoffitSoffit. It. It’’s the s the horizontal surface.horizontal surface.

SillSillThe horizontal surface at the bottom side of a door or The horizontal surface at the bottom side of a door or window opening is called sill. window opening is called sill.


DefinitionsDefinitionsColumnColumn

The isolated vertical load bearing member whose cross sectional The isolated vertical load bearing member whose cross sectional dimensions are much lesser then its length is called column.dimensions are much lesser then its length is called column.

PillarPillarThe isolated vertical non load bearing member used for The isolated vertical non load bearing member used for ornamental purpose or as memorial is called pillar.ornamental purpose or as memorial is called pillar.

PierPierThe isolated vertical load bearing members used as an The isolated vertical load bearing members used as an intermediate support of a series of arches is called pier.intermediate support of a series of arches is called pier.

PilasterPilasterThe thickened vertical load bearing member strengthening a wall The thickened vertical load bearing member strengthening a wall is called pilaster.is called pilaster.

StanchionStanchionThe vertical load bearing member constructed of rolled steel The vertical load bearing member constructed of rolled steel section is called stanchion.section is called stanchion.


DefinitionsDefinitionsMortar Mortar

The mixture of binding material and fine aggregate The mixture of binding material and fine aggregate forming a workable past is called mortar.forming a workable past is called mortar.

Grout or slurryGrout or slurryThe thin paste of cement is called grout or slurry. It is The thin paste of cement is called grout or slurry. It is used to fill the joints.used to fill the joints.

LintelLintelA small horizontal member to span up small opening A small horizontal member to span up small opening is called lintel.is called lintel.

CoppingCoppingIt is provided at the top of a wall to avoid dampness.It is provided at the top of a wall to avoid dampness.


Classification of Brick MasonryClassification of Brick MasonryAccording to type of MortarAccording to type of Mortar

PuccaPucca MasonryMasonryPuccaPucca & & KutchaKutcha MasonryMasonry

According to types of bricksAccording to types of bricksFirst class brick MasonryFirst class brick MasonrySecond class brick MasonrySecond class brick MasonryThird class brick MasonryThird class brick MasonryKutchaKutcha MasonryMasonry

According to type of ConstructionAccording to type of ConstructionJibbyJibby workworkGillaffiGillaffi workwork

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Bond in brick masonryBond in brick masonryIt is the arrangement of bricks in each layer to avoid the contiIt is the arrangement of bricks in each layer to avoid the continuity of nuity of vertical joints in any two adjacent courses.vertical joints in any two adjacent courses.NECESSITY OF BONDNECESSITY OF BOND

Bond in brickwork is provided for the following reasonsBond in brickwork is provided for the following reasonsTo break the continuity of vertical joints in consecutive courseTo break the continuity of vertical joints in consecutive courses.s.To ensure longitudinal and lateral strength of the masonry work.To ensure longitudinal and lateral strength of the masonry work.To distribute the load uniformly over the structural mass.To distribute the load uniformly over the structural mass.To ensure the quality of work.To ensure the quality of work.To ensure systematic workTo ensure systematic workTo provide good estheticsTo provide good estheticsTo economize the work.To economize the work.

REQUIRENMENTS OF GOOD BOND IN BRICK WORKREQUIRENMENTS OF GOOD BOND IN BRICK WORKBricks should be uniform in size.Bricks should be uniform in size.Mortar thickness should be less than 10mmMortar thickness should be less than 10mmVertical joints in alternate courses should be in a single plumbVertical joints in alternate courses should be in a single plumb line.line.Header should be exactly in the middle of stretcher in two conseHeader should be exactly in the middle of stretcher in two consecutive cutive courses.courses.Brick bats should be avoided.Brick bats should be avoided.

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Types of bondsTypes of bondsFollowing are the different types of bonds used in Following are the different types of bonds used in

brick masonry work.brick masonry work.BONDS IN MASONRY WALLS BONDS IN MASONRY WALLS

Header bondHeader bondStretcher bondStretcher bondEnglish bondEnglish bondFlemish bondFlemish bondFacing bondFacing bondDutch bond Monk bondDutch bond Monk bond

BONDS IN MASONRY COLUMNSBONDS IN MASONRY COLUMNSEnglish bondEnglish bondFlemish bondFlemish bond

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More Bonds

Wall JunctionsWall JunctionsThe places where the walls of same or different widths meets or The places where the walls of same or different widths meets or crosses each other are called wall junctions.crosses each other are called wall junctions.

TYPES OF WALL JUNCTIONSTYPES OF WALL JUNCTIONSTwo typesTwo types

Straight junctionsStraight junctionsSquint junctionsSquint junctions

Straight junctionsStraight junctionsThe junctions formed when two walls crossing each other at rightThe junctions formed when two walls crossing each other at rightangle.angle.

Corner junctionsCorner junctionsTee junctionsTee junctionsCross junctionsCross junctions

Squint quoinsSquint quoinsThe corner formed when two walls are meeting at some angle.The corner formed when two walls are meeting at some angle.

Obtuse quoinsObtuse quoinsAcute quoinsAcute quoins

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Masons tools in Bick masonryMasons tools in Bick masonry

TrowelTrowelBrick hammerBrick hammerLines and pinsLines and pinsSpirit level and water levelSpirit level and water levelStraight edgeStraight edgePlumb bobPlumb bobMason;s square or Mason;s square or guniyaguniyaTape (steel)Tape (steel)

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General Principles and precautions General Principles and precautions in Brick Masonryin Brick Masonry

English bond should be used if not specified.English bond should be used if not specified.Bricks used should be well burnt and should be uniform Bricks used should be well burnt and should be uniform in size, shape and in size, shape and colourcolour..For facing work selected bricks should be used.For facing work selected bricks should be used.Curing of bricks should be done for at least 2 hours.Curing of bricks should be done for at least 2 hours.Bricks should be laid with frogs pointing upward or as Bricks should be laid with frogs pointing upward or as specified by the Engineer In charge.specified by the Engineer In charge.Mortar used in brick masonry should be of good quality.Mortar used in brick masonry should be of good quality.In walls greater than 9In walls greater than 9”” or 0.225 m width hearting joints or 0.225 m width hearting joints should be filled properly.should be filled properly.Brick bats are avoided.Brick bats are avoided.

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Reinforced brick MasonryReinforced brick MasonryThe brick masonry done by embedding The brick masonry done by embedding reinforcement in rich cement mortar is reinforcement in rich cement mortar is called Reinforced brick masonry.called Reinforced brick masonry.

Reinforcement used may be in the form ofReinforcement used may be in the form ofSteel barsSteel barsHoop ironHoop ironWire mesh or XPM (expanded metal with Wire mesh or XPM (expanded metal with specified LWM and SWM)specified LWM and SWM)

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Constructions of Brick MasonryConstructions of Brick Masonry

It is the art of laying bricks in a proper bond It is the art of laying bricks in a proper bond with specified mortar to form a structure.with specified mortar to form a structure.

It involves the following activitiesIt involves the following activities……Selection of bricksSelection of bricksStacking of bricksStacking of bricksSoaking of bricksSoaking of bricksPreparation of mortarPreparation of mortarLaying of bricksLaying of bricks

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Defects and Maintenance of Brick Defects and Maintenance of Brick MasonryMasonry

DEFECTSDEFECTSDue to Substandard materialsDue to Substandard materialsDue to corrosion of metalsDue to corrosion of metalsDue to effect of Due to effect of sulphatessulphatesDue to frost actionDue to frost actionDue to efflorescenceDue to efflorescence

MAINTENANCEMAINTENANCECleaning brick masonryCleaning brick masonryRemoving efflorescenceRemoving efflorescenceReRe--conditioning the brick masonryconditioning the brick masonryRepainting the brick masonryRepainting the brick masonry

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More BondsMore Bonds1.1. Header bondHeader bond2.2. Stretcher bondStretcher bond3.3. English bondEnglish bond4.4. Flemish bondFlemish bond5.5. Raking bondRaking bond6.6. English Cross bondEnglish Cross bond7.7. Hoop Iron BondHoop Iron Bond8.8. Facing bondFacing bond9.9. Dutch bond Dutch bond 10.10. Monk bondMonk bond11.11. Brick on edge bondBrick on edge bond12.12. SilverlockSilverlock’’ss bondbond

3/4

3/4

Header Bond

First course or Odd courses

Second course or Even courses

English BondEnglish Bond

2 courses of English bond2 courses of English bond

Flemish BondFlemish Bond

Lintel and load distributionLintel and load distribution

Brick PilasterBrick Pilaster

Corner JunctionsCorner Junctions ((English Bond & Flemish BondEnglish Bond & Flemish Bond))

Tee JunctionsTee Junctions ((English Bond & Flemish BondEnglish Bond & Flemish Bond))

Cross Junction & Squint JunctionsCross Junction & Squint Junctions

Squint Quoins Squint Quoins (English Bond)*(English Bond)*

MasonMason’’s Toolss Tools

Use of Trowel & Lines and PinsUse of Trowel & Lines and Pins

Use of Use of Plumb bob Plumb bob and Edgeand Edge

RackingRacking

ToothingToothing

Reinforced Brick MasonryReinforced Brick Masonry

TOPICS TOPICS Stone MasonryStone Masonry

Definitions.Definitions.Classification of Stone Masonry.Classification of Stone Masonry.Specifications of Stone Masonry.Specifications of Stone Masonry.Lifting Appliances for Stone Masonry.Lifting Appliances for Stone Masonry.Cutting dressing of Stones.Cutting dressing of Stones.Comparison between Brick and Stone Comparison between Brick and Stone masonry.masonry.

Continued Continued ………………....

DefinitionsDefinitionsCutting & Dressing of StonesCutting & Dressing of StonesCorbelCorbelCorniceCorniceDrip StoneDrip StoneString CourseString CourseThroatingThroatingCopingCopingFriezeFriezeSpallsSpalls

DefinitionsDefinitionsCorbel Corbel

It is a piece of stone projected outside of a It is a piece of stone projected outside of a wall to provide support to a structural wall to provide support to a structural member of the Roof or Floor.member of the Roof or Floor.

CorniceCorniceItIt’’s a large course of stone masonry provided s a large course of stone masonry provided at the ceiling level of roof, projected outside at the ceiling level of roof, projected outside of wall.of wall.

Drip StoneDrip StoneA projected stone with A projected stone with toothingtoothing at at undersurface. It is provided to through the undersurface. It is provided to through the rain water off the wall.rain water off the wall.

DIAGRAM

DefinitionsDefinitionsThroatingThroating

The process of cutting groves in The process of cutting groves in SoffitsSoffits of sillsof sillsDrip stonesDrip stonesCopingCopingString course etc.String course etc.Its purpose is to avoid the entry of rain water.Its purpose is to avoid the entry of rain water.

CopingCopingIt is a special course provided at the top of a It is a special course provided at the top of a wall to avoid entry of rain water in wall.wall to avoid entry of rain water in wall.

FriezeFriezeThe stone course provided below the cornice The stone course provided below the cornice is called friezeis called frieze

Classification of Stone MasonryClassification of Stone MasonryStone masonry can be classified into two Stone masonry can be classified into two main typesmain types1.1. Rubble MasonryRubble Masonry2.2. AshlarAshlar MasonryMasonry

Rubble MasonryRubble MasonryIn this type undressed or roughly dressed In this type undressed or roughly dressed stones are usedstones are used1.1. UncoarsedUncoarsed Rubble MasonryRubble Masonry2.2. Random Rubble MasonryRandom Rubble Masonry3.3. Coursed Rubble MasonryCoursed Rubble Masonry4.4. Dry Rubble MasonryDry Rubble Masonry

AshlarAshlar MasonryMasonryIn this type properly dressed stones are In this type properly dressed stones are used.used.

1.1. AshlarAshlar fine or course fine or course ashlarashlar masonrymasonry2.2. Random coursed Random coursed ashlarashlar masonrymasonry3.3. Rough tooled or bastard Rough tooled or bastard ashlarashlar masonrymasonry4.4. Rock or quarry faced Rock or quarry faced ashlarashlar masonrymasonry5.5. Chamfered Chamfered ashlarashlar masonrymasonry6.6. Block in course masonryBlock in course masonry7.7. AshlarAshlar facingfacing

Specifications of Stone MasonrySpecifications of Stone Masonry

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For Random Rubble Stone MasonryFor Random Rubble Stone MasonryFor Coursed Rubble Stone MasonryFor Coursed Rubble Stone MasonryFor Dry Rubble Stone MasonryFor Dry Rubble Stone MasonryFor For AshlarAshlar Stone MasonryStone Masonry

Pin LewisPin LewisChain DogsChain DogsChain LewisChain LewisThree Legged LewisThree Legged Lewis

Cutting & Dressing of StonesCutting & Dressing of StonesProcess of Cutting and converting stones to the required Process of Cutting and converting stones to the required shape and size by using hammer and chisel is called shape and size by using hammer and chisel is called cutting & dressing of stones.cutting & dressing of stones.TYPESTYPESFollowing are the common types of dressingFollowing are the common types of dressingScabblingScabbling dressingdressingHammer dressingHammer dressingRough tooled dressingRough tooled dressingTooled dressingTooled dressingFine tooled dressingFine tooled dressingFine punched dressingFine punched dressingCut stone dressingCut stone dressingRubbed dressingRubbed dressingPolished dressingPolished dressing

Comparison between Brick and Comparison between Brick and Stone masonryStone masonry

P 124P 124Comparison can be made forComparison can be made forMaterialsMaterialsDressingDressingBondingBondingSkill and careSkill and careLifting and layingLifting and layingMortarMortar

Block MasonryBlock Masonry

Types of blocksTypes of blocksSolid block masonrySolid block masonryHollow block masonryHollow block masonry

The art of building structures using The art of building structures using concrete blocks with binding materials concrete blocks with binding materials like cement is called block masonry.like cement is called block masonry.

masonry (basic define ti on)

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