maruthamalai hills of western ghats, coimbatore district, tamil nadu - a potential ecosystem for...
DESCRIPTION
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants. Article Citation: Paulsamy S. Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu – A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants. Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026. Full Text: http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdfTRANSCRIPT
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Keywords: Maruthamali, Western Ghats, Medicinal plants.
ABSTRACT: The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
012-026 | JRPS | 2011 | Vol 1 | No 1
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution, and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.plantsciences.info
Authors:
Paulsamy S.
Institution: Department of Botany
Kongunadu Arts and Science
College, Coimbatore-
641 029, India.
Corresponding author:
Paulsamy S.
Email:
Web Address: http://plantsciences.info/
documents/PS0005.pdf.
Dates: Received: 10 Nov 2011 /Accepted: 15 Nov 2011 /Published: 28 Nov 2011
Article Citation: Paulsamy S. Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu – A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants. Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
Original Research Paper
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences Jou
rn
al of R
esearch
in
Plan
t Scien
ces
Journal of Research in
Plant Sciences An International Scientific
Research Journal
An International Scientific Research Journal
INTRODUCTION Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats
harbour rich number of plant species in their
forests. Species composition is varied considerably
according to the altitude in that region. They belong to different life-forms and many of the
species are recognized as medicinally or important.
Owing to this fact, these bioresources are exploited by the local public and herb gatherers. In addition
the existence of the temple for the Lord Muruga is a
pilgrimage attraction, due to which thousands of people are visiting every day and disturb the
vegetation considerably. Easy accessibility and high
transport facility are also encouraging the public to
disturb the vegetation and hence the species distraction in this region. Hence for management
and conservation, knowledge on ecological features
of the species of the ecosystem is most essential. In the present study, an attempt has been made to
know the species composition, proportion of
medicinal plants and perpetuation level in terms of ecological importance in the vegetations at three
different altitudes of Maruthamalai.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Maruthamalai hills, part of Western Ghats in
Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu lies between 76º 45' and 76º 55' E and 11º 0' and 11º 5' N. The forest
type of this region is dry deciduous (Champion and
Seth, 1968). Annual rainfall is around 450mm and
temperature in an year is varying between 17ºC and 38ºC. The hills occupy the altitudinal range
between 450 and 975m above msl. The soil is
generally shallow with sandy loam texture. Rocky substratum is available at steepy areas.
Vegetation analysis
Three experimental plots (1ha each), each one at the altitudes viz., 450, 750 and 950m above
msl were established in Maruthamalai hills. In the
month of August, 2005 (middle of the south-west
monsoon period) phytosociological analysis was carried out to know the ecological importance of all
species through determining frequency, density and
basal area following Curtis and McIntosh (1950), Philips (1959) and Curtis (1959). For sampling
purpose, each plot was divided into 25 number of
20x20m workable units.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The floristic list, all over the Maruthamalai
hills contains a total number of 201 species which comes under 153 genera and 51 families (Table 1).
Among these species, 50 were trees 41 were shrubs, 79 were herbs and 31 were climbers. This rich
diversity of taxa may be attributed to the suitable
microclimatic conditions available in the study area
through out the hill ranges from foot hills to top. In addition, the adaptive features developed by many
constituent species to resist the dry conditions may
aid to survive them in this ecosystem. John Britto et al., (2001) enumerated a high number of over
150 species in a dry deciduous forest at Pudukottai
district of Tamil Nadu. Similarly, Kadamban and Balachandran (2005) identified a high diversity of
178 species included in 78 genera and 39 families
in the deciduous forests of Pondicherry. The
members of the families such as Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae were dominating
the Maruthamalai ecosystem by contributing higher
number of 19, 18, 13 and 12 species respectively to the community. It is of common fact that the
members of these families are most common in dry
tropical forests in comparison to other families (Pandit, 2003). Perez-Garcian and Meave (2004)
and Fa-Hu Chen et al., (2006) pointed out that the
members of Poaceae, Leguminosae and
Euphorbiaceae generally possessed higher ecological amplitude by having many adoptive
features at morphological, anatomical and
physiological levels to resist xeric conditions. This fact may be attributed to the predominance of the
members of these families in the study area. The
frequency of higher distribution of these species in
the adjoining Velliangiri hills (Murugasen, 2005) may also be a factor for the supply of propagules to
the study area, Maruthamalai hills, in addition to
the self supply by the Maruthamalai habitats. The results of the study report that out of
201 species, a greater number of 165 (83%) were
recognized as medicinally important and the detailed account on the aspects such as ecological
importance in terms of importance value index
(IVI) secured by the individual species, parts used,
medicinal uses and mode of administration are given in Table 2. The existence of rich number of
medicinal plants may be explained due to the
prevalence of longer period of drought in the ecosystem which may induce the plants to produce
more varieties of secondary metabolites as defense
mechanism for their survival and establishment (Baldizan et al., 2006). Paulsamy et al., (2006,
2007) also identified a high number of medicinally
important species in the nearby vegetations of
Nilgiri hills. The perpetuation level in terms of ecological importance was generally appreciable for
Paulsamy.,2011
013 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
all the medicinal species. It indicates that the medicinal plant species adequately defend the
drought stress by producing secondary metabolites
and hence established well in Maruthamalai forests
as explained by Hua Yu et al. (2010) for the distribution of medicinal plants in the southern
Chinese vegetations. The study further revealed that the altitude is an important factor which limits the distribution and
importance of several species in Maruthamalai. Among the medicinal plants, the species viz., Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta
indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum, Syzigium cumini and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be
ecologically well established in the low hills of Maruthamalai (Plot I-450m above msl). Similarly, in plots II (750m above msl) and III (950m above msl) the medicinal species viz., Acacia torta, Albizzia
amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Holoptelea integrifolia and Syzigium cumini, and Acacia torta, Commiphora
caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini were respectively determined as ecologically important due to their
high perpetuation level. The variation in local climate at different altitudes may cause this difference in structural organization of communities. However a sizeable number of 15 medicinal herbs
out of 54 species (28%), 9 medicinal shrubs out of 38 species (24%), 8 medicinal trees out of 44 species (18%) and 5 medicinal climbers out of 29 species (17%) were determined to be present in all the study
plots through out the altitudinal range of Maruthamalai hills (Table 2). All these species were perpetuated and established well in all habitats as they derived generally higher IVI values. It indicates
that all these species are well acclimatized in all microclimatic conditions of Maruthamalai hills by producing more amount of secondary metabolites as
defense mechanism. The findings of the present investigation showed that the general macroclimate and local microclimate are favourable for rich diversity of
plant species with respect to medicinal flora. Hence to meet the demand and to conserve the wilds, cultivation of medicinal plants particularly the common species recorded in all the three plots (Table
2) is suggested in the open forests and other open lands of Maruthamalai. The high IVI value secured by them confirms the suitability at all areas of Maruthamalai hills.
Paulsamy.,2011
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026 014
S.
No Family
No. of
genera
No. of
species
1 Acanthaceae 6 8
2 Agavaceae 1 1
3 Aizoaceae 1 1
4 Amaranthaceae 6 6
5 Apocyanaceae 4 5
6 Aristolochiaceae 1 1
7 Asclepiadaceae 7 7
8 Asparagaceae 1 1
9 Asteraceae 5 5
10 Bignoniaceae 1 1
11 Boraginaceae 1 1
12 Burseraceae 1 2
13 Cactaceae 1 1
14 Caesalpiniaceae 5 8
15 Capparidaceae 4 7
16 Caryophyllaceae 1 1
17 Celastraceae 2 2
18 Colchicaceae 1 1
19 Combretaceae 1 1
20 Convolvulaceae 4 6
21 Cucurbitaceae 3 3
22 Cyperaceae 3 4
23 Drasaenaceae 1 1
24 Ebenaceae 1 1
25 Erythroxylaceae 1 1
26 Euphorbiaceae 8 12
27 Fabaceae 13 18
28 Lamiaceae 2 2
29 Malvaceae 5 9
30 Meliaceae 1 1
31 Menispermaceae 4 5
32 Mimosaceae 7 13
33 Moraceae 2 3
34 Myrtaceae 2 2
35 Nyctaginaceae 2 2
36 Oleaceae 1 1
37 Passifloraceae 1 1
38 Poaceae 14 19
39 Polygalaceae 1 2
40 Portulacaceae 1 1
41 Rhamnaceae 2 4
42 Rubiaceae 7 9
43 Rutaceae 4 5
44 Santalaceae 1 1
45 Sapindaceae 3 4
46 Solanaceae 1 1
47 Sterculiaceae 1 1
48 Tiliaceae 2 4
49 Ulmaceae 1 1
50 Verbenaceae 3 3
51 Vitaceae 1 1
Table 1. Family-wise contribution of genera and
included species in Maruthamalai.
Paulsamy.,2011
015 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
S.
No.
Na
me o
f th
e s
pecie
s F
am
ily
IV
I D
istr
ibu
tio
n
Pa
rts
use
d
Med
icin
al
an
d o
ther
econ
om
ic
imp
orta
nce #
Mod
e o
f
ad
min
istr
ati
on
1
Her
bs
Aca
lyph
a i
nd
ica L
.
Eu
ph
orb
iace
ae
1.2
1
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
An
tidia
bet
ic a
ctiv
ity,
dia
bet
es,
ulc
ers,
bro
nch
itis
, lo
cal
app
lica
tion
s
of
cen
tip
ede
stin
gs
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te,
po
wd
er
2
Aca
nth
osp
erm
um
his
pid
um
DC
. A
ster
acea
e 1
.01
L
eav
es
Cure
yel
low
fev
er
Lea
f ju
ice
3
Ach
yra
nth
es a
sper
a L
. A
mar
anth
acea
e 1
.18
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
An
tid
ote
, p
iles
, boil
s, s
kin
eru
pti
on
s,
abort
ifac
ien
t, p
iles
, as
thm
a, k
idn
ey
dis
ease
s, d
ysen
tery
Dec
oct
ion
of
pla
nt
(or)
pla
nt
juic
e, l
eaf
pas
te, ro
ot
pas
te,
po
wd
er
4
Aer
va l
an
ata
Ju
ss.
Am
aran
thac
eae
0.7
9
W
hole
pla
nt
Diu
reti
c, d
iabet
es,
appli
ed o
n f
resh
cuts
-bu
rns
Dec
oct
ion
of
pla
nt,
pas
te
5
Alt
ern
anth
era p
ung
ens
Ku
nth
. A
mar
anth
acea
e 0
.91
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Diu
reti
c, g
on
orr
hoea
D
ecoct
ion
of
her
b
6
Aly
sica
rpu
s m
onil
ifer
DC
. F
abac
eae
1.1
2
R
oots
F
ever
P
ow
der
7
A. r
ugo
sus
DC
. F
abac
eae
4.2
5
R
oots
F
ever
P
ow
der
8
Am
ara
nth
us
viri
dis
L.
Am
aran
thac
eae
1.3
0
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
An
tid
ote
, sn
akeb
ite,
diu
reti
c,
infl
amm
atio
ns,
boil
s, a
bsc
esse
s
Juic
e, p
aste
9
Ba
rler
ia b
uxi
foli
a L
. A
can
thac
eae
1.1
1
L
eav
es,
roots
C
ou
gh
, in
flam
mat
ion
s D
ecoct
ion
of
leav
es,
po
wd
er
10
B. p
rio
nit
is L
. A
can
thac
eae
0.7
2
L
eav
es,
roots
Lea
ves
ch
ewed
rel
ieve
tooth
ach
e,
cou
gh
, fe
ver
, boil
s, g
lan
dula
r
swel
lin
g
Lea
f ju
ice,
root
pas
te
11
Ble
ph
ari
s m
ad
era
spate
nsi
s
(L.)
B.
Hen
yne
ex R
oth
. A
can
thac
eae
1.2
8
W
hole
pla
nt
Ven
erea
l dis
ease
s P
ow
der
12
Bo
erh
aa
via
dif
fusa
L.
Nyc
tag
inac
eae
2.0
6
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Ast
hm
a, j
aun
dic
e, a
nti
dote
, sp
leen
enla
rgem
ent,
abd
om
inal
pai
n,
scan
ty
uri
ne,
in
tern
al i
nfl
amm
atio
ns
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te,
po
wd
er
13
Bo
rrer
ia h
ispid
a K
. S
ch.
Ru
bia
ceae
1
.13
*
Lea
ves
,
roots
T
ooth
worm
, , al
tern
atic
sca
rcit
y
Vap
ou
r of
the
pla
nt
inh
ale,
Dec
oct
ion
of
root
14
B. o
cym
oid
es D
C.
Ru
bia
ceae
1
.59
R
oots
T
ooth
war
m
Dec
oct
ion
of
root
15
Cass
ia o
ccid
enta
lis
L.
Cae
salp
inia
ceae
1
.43
L
eav
es,
roots
, fr
uit
s
Rh
eum
atis
m, d
iges
tive,
dia
bet
es,
wh
eezi
ng, ri
ng
worm
, sa
liva
secr
etio
n, sc
orp
ion
sti
ng
Dec
oct
ion
of
leav
es,
leaf
pas
te, ro
ot
pas
te
16
Cle
om
e vi
sco
sa L
. C
appar
idac
eae
1.1
0
W
hole
pla
nt
Dia
rrh
oea
, st
imu
lan
t, a
nti
dote
,
card
iac
dis
ord
ers
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te,
po
wd
er
Tab
le 2
. T
he s
pec
ies
of
med
icin
al
imp
orta
nce
in d
ry d
ecid
uo
us
forest
of
the M
aru
tha
ma
lai
hil
ls w
ith
th
eir
imp
orta
nce
va
lue i
nd
ex (
IVI)
.
Paulsamy.,2011
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026 016
17
Cro
tola
ria v
erru
cosa
L.
Fab
acea
e 1
.09
L
eav
es
Blo
od
pu
rifi
cati
on
, d
ysp
epsi
a,
fev
er, bil
iou
snes
s, s
cabie
s an
d
imp
etig
o i
nte
rnal
an
d e
xte
rnal
Lea
f ju
ice,
lea
f
pas
te
18
Cro
ton b
onpla
ndia
num
Bai
ll
Eu
ph
orb
iace
ae
1.0
2
S
eed
s D
ysp
epsi
a P
ow
der
19
Cyn
odon
dact
ylo
n P
ers.
P
oac
eae
2.0
5
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Diu
reti
c, a
nti
dote
, st
om
ach
tro
uble
,
vom
itin
g, sk
in d
isea
ses
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te
20
Des
mo
diu
m t
rifl
oru
m D
C.
Fab
acea
e 2
.31
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Cou
gh
, an
tid
ote
, d
ysen
tery
,
bro
nch
itis
, d
iarr
hea
, ab
sces
s L
eaf
juic
e, p
aste
21
Eu
pho
rbia
hir
ta L
. E
uph
orb
iace
ae
3.2
2
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
An
tid
ote
, as
thm
a, d
iarr
hea
,
bro
nch
itis
, k
idn
ey d
isord
ers,
bo
wel
com
pla
ints
stem
ex
trac
t, r
oot
extr
act,
pas
te
22
Evo
lvulu
s als
inoid
es L
. C
on
volv
ula
ceae
2
.51
W
hole
pla
nt
Ast
hm
a, a
nth
elm
inti
c, b
ron
chit
is
Pla
nt
juic
e, p
ow
der
23
Glo
rio
sa s
up
erb
a L
. L
ilac
eae
0.6
1
T
uber
s
Ton
ic, st
om
ach
ic, an
thel
min
tic,
skin
dis
ease
s, n
eura
lgic
pai
ns,
dru
g
vom
itin
g, d
ysp
epsi
a, d
iges
tive,
ulc
ers,
gas
tro i
nte
stin
al irr
itan
t
abort
ifac
tion
Po
wd
er,
ton
ic
24
Het
ero
po
gon c
on
tort
us
Bea
uv.
Poac
eae
2.8
2
*
Culm
s, r
oots
T
hat
chin
g,
stim
ula
nt,
diu
reti
c,
rheu
mat
ism
P
ow
der
25
Hib
iscu
s m
icra
nth
us
L.f
. M
alvac
eae
2.3
9
F
ruit
s F
ebri
fug
e P
ow
der
26
Ind
igofe
ra e
nn
eaph
ylla
L.
Fab
acea
e 0
.80
W
hole
pla
nt
Dir
uet
ic, an
tisc
orb
uti
c, b
oil
ed,
oil
app
lied
burn
s
Dec
oct
ion
of
pla
nt,
juic
e, p
ow
der
27
Just
icia
tra
nq
ueb
ari
ensi
s L
.
f.
Aca
nth
acea
e 1
.24
*
Lea
ves
C
ooli
ng
aper
ien
ts,
smal
l p
ox
in
chil
dre
n
Lea
f ju
ice
28
Leu
cas
asp
era (
Spr.
) L
amin
acea
e
W
hole
pla
nt
Hea
d a
che,
cou
gh
, co
ld,
eye
com
pla
ints
, ch
ron
ic r
heu
mat
ism
L
eaf
juic
e, p
aste
29
Ma
lva
stru
m
coro
ma
ndel
ian
um
(G
arck
e)
Mal
vac
eae
0.7
7
L
eav
es,
flo
wer
s D
ysen
tery
, in
flam
ed s
ores
, an
tid
ote
,
pec
tora
l d
iaph
ore
tic
Dec
oct
ion
of
pla
nt
30
Mo
llug
o p
enta
phyl
la L
. A
zoac
eae
3.1
7
*
Lea
ves
A
nti
sep
tic,
sto
mac
hic
, an
tip
erio
dia
,
eara
che
Lea
f ju
ice
31
Old
enla
ndia
um
bel
lata
L.
Ru
bia
ceae
1
.82
L
eav
es,
roots
A
sth
ma,
bro
nch
itis
, re
spir
atory
tra
ct
pro
ble
ms,
was
h o
f p
ois
on
ou
s bit
es
Dec
oct
ion
of
leav
es,
pas
te
32
Ort
ho
sip
hon t
hym
iflo
rus
(Roth
.) S
lees
en.
Lam
iace
ae
0.7
3
W
hole
pla
nt
Dia
rrh
oea
, sc
abie
s, a
nti
dote
, u
lcer
,
fev
er
Po
wd
er
33
Pa
rth
eniu
m h
yste
roph
oru
s
L.
Ast
erac
eae
1.0
7
W
hole
pla
nt
Dys
ente
ry,
liver
pai
n, ab
ort
ion
,
amen
orr
hoea
, d
ebil
ity,
feb
rifu
ge
Dec
oct
ion
of
root
34
Pa
von
ia z
eyla
nic
a C
av.
Mal
vac
eae
2.0
8
R
oots
H
ern
ia, fe
bri
fug
e, a
nth
elm
init
ic
Po
wd
er
35
Per
istr
op
he
bic
aly
cula
ta
Nee
s.
Aca
nth
acea
e 1
.74
W
hole
pla
nt
Eye
ailm
ents
, bon
e fr
actu
re-s
pra
ins
Lea
f ju
ice,
pow
der
Paulsamy.,2011
017 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
36
Ph
ylla
nth
us
ma
der
asp
ate
nsi
s L
. E
uph
orb
iace
ae
2.4
7
L
eav
es
Hea
dac
he,
diu
reti
c, d
iarr
hea
,
dys
ente
ry,
jau
ndic
e L
eaf
juic
e
37
Po
lyca
rpaea
co
rym
bo
sa
Lam
. C
aryop
hyl
lace
ae
1.0
3
L
eav
es,
flo
wer
s,
stem
s
Pou
ltic
e, c
old
, over
boil
s,
infl
amm
atory
sw
elli
ng
s, j
aun
dic
e,
dem
ulc
ent
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te
38
Po
lyg
ala
bu
lboth
rix
Dun
n.
Poly
gal
acea
e 0
.99
L
eav
es,
roots
A
sth
ma,
ch
ron
ic b
ron
chit
is,
cata
rrh
al a
ffec
tion
s, f
ever
D
ecoct
ion
of
root
39
P.
ja
cob
i C
han
dra
b.
Poly
gal
acea
e 0
.61
R
oots
P
urg
ativ
e, c
old
, co
ug
h, h
ead
ach
e D
ecoct
ion
of
root
40
Po
rtu
laca
qu
ad
rifi
da L
. P
ort
ula
ceae
0
.49
L
eav
es
Cooli
ng
an
d a
nti
scorb
uti
c, u
lcer
D
ecoct
ion
of
leav
es
41
Pse
ud
art
hri
a v
isci
da
W.
&
A.
Fab
acea
e 0
.82
R
oots
Rh
eum
atis
m, as
thm
a, h
eart
dis
ease
s,
dys
pep
sia,
dia
bet
es,
diu
reti
c,
dig
esti
ve,
dia
rrh
ea
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
po
wd
er
42
Rh
ynch
osi
a d
ensi
flo
ra D
C.
Fab
acea
e 0
.66
R
oots
R
ing w
orm
R
oot
pas
te
43
Ro
thia
indic
a (
L.)
Dru
ce.
Fab
acea
e 0
.78
L
eav
es,
pod
s S
carc
ity
Boil
ed l
eaves
44
Ru
elli
a p
atu
la J
acq
. A
can
thac
eae
0.6
0
W
hole
pla
nt
Pso
riosi
s D
ried
pow
der
45
Sa
nse
vier
a r
oxb
urg
hia
na
(Sch
ult
.f)
Ag
avac
eae
2.9
9
T
end
er s
hoots
E
arac
he
Sh
oot
juic
e
46
Sid
a a
cuta
Bu
rm.
F.
Mal
vac
eae
1.4
9
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Dem
ulc
ent,
diu
reti
c, r
heu
mat
ic
affe
ctio
ns,
sel
lin
gs,
sore
s, c
hes
t
pai
n, an
thel
min
tic,
sto
mac
hic
,
dia
ph
oret
ic, u
lcer
an
tid
ote
.
Lea
f ju
ice,
root
juic
e, d
eco
ctio
n o
f
root,
pas
te
47
S. co
rdata
(B
urm
.f.)
Bors
s.
Mal
avac
eae
1.6
5
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Fev
er, ar
thri
tis,
hyp
er d
iure
sis,
dia
rrh
ea
Po
wd
er
48
S. co
rdif
oli
a L
. M
alav
acea
e 1
.29
L
eav
es,
roots
, bar
k,
seed
s
An
tid
ote
, el
eph
anti
asis
, d
ysen
tery
,
diu
reti
c, d
emulc
ent, b
ow
el
com
pla
ints
, p
iles
, co
lic
Pla
nt
juic
e, r
oot
po
wd
er
49
S.
rho
mb
oid
ea R
ox
b,
Mal
avac
eae
0.4
1
L
eav
es,
roots
,ste
m
Rh
eum
atis
m, d
emu
lcen
t, e
ph
edri
ne,
emoll
ien
t, d
iure
tic,
feb
rifu
ge
Po
wd
er
50
Tep
hro
sia p
urp
ure
a P
ers.
F
abac
eae
3.1
0
W
hole
pla
nt
Liv
er d
isea
ses,
dia
rrh
ea,
rheu
mat
ism
, vom
itin
g,
uri
nar
y
dis
ord
ers,
ast
hm
a, s
ple
en
enla
rgem
ent,
coli
c st
om
ach
ach
e
Dec
oct
ion
of
pla
nt,
dec
oct
ion
of
root,
pas
te, to
nic
51
T. vi
llo
sa W
. &
A.
Fab
acea
e 1
.43
L
eav
es,
roots
D
ryop
sy,
hyp
og
lyca
emic
pro
per
ties
P
aste
52
Tri
da
x p
rocu
mben
s L
. A
ster
acea
e 2
.85
*
Lea
ves
D
ysen
tery
, d
iarr
hea
, an
tid
ote
L
eaf
juic
e
53
Ver
no
nia
cin
erea
Ess
. A
ster
acea
e 1
.88
W
hole
pla
nt
Indig
esti
on, p
iles
, m
alar
ial
fever
,
skin
tro
uble
s L
eaf
juic
e, p
aste
54
Wa
lth
eria
in
dic
a L
. S
terc
uli
acea
e 0
.71
R
oot,
flo
wer
s,
leav
es,
root
bar
k
Sk
in e
rupti
on
s, c
lean
ing w
ou
nd
s,
cou
gh
, as
trin
gen
t, f
ebri
fug
e,
emoll
ien
t
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
resi
nou
s p
ow
der
Paulsamy.,2011
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026 018
55
Sh
ru
bs
Aca
cia t
ort
a C
raib
.
Mim
osa
ceae
8.2
5
*
Fre
sh l
eaves
, bar
k
Men
stru
al d
isord
ers
Dec
oct
ion
56
Aca
lyph
a f
ruit
ico
sa F
ross
k.
Eu
ph
orb
iace
ae
2.9
2
L
eav
es,
roots
A
nti
dote
, at
ten
uan
t, s
tom
ach
ic,
op
thal
mia
, g
on
orr
hoea
L
eaf
juic
e, p
ow
der
57
Asp
ara
gus
race
mo
sus
Wil
ld.
Asp
arag
acea
e 0
.64
T
uber
ou
s ro
ots
Dys
ente
ry,
uri
nar
y d
isord
ers,
anti
dys
entr
ic, ap
hro
dis
iac,
gou
t,
rheu
mat
ism
, bod
y p
ain
, im
pote
ncy
Pas
te,
pow
der
58
Ba
rler
ia a
cum
ina
ta W
. A
can
thac
eae
0.9
6
R
oots
F
ever
P
ow
der
59
Bre
ynia
rh
am
noid
es M
.Arg
. E
uph
orb
iace
ae
1.1
1
D
ried
lea
ves
, bar
k
Ast
rin
gen
t, o
vu
la a
nd t
onsi
ls
Po
wd
er
60
Cad
aba i
ndic
a L
am.
Cap
par
idac
eae
1.2
8
L
eav
es,
roots
,
flo
wer
s
Em
men
agog
ue,
ute
rin
e obst
ruct
ion
s,
deo
bst
ren
t, a
nth
elm
inti
c an
d
aper
ien
t, f
emal
e st
eril
ity
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
po
wd
er
61
Calo
trop
is g
iga
nte
a R
.Br.
A
scle
pid
acea
e 0
.32
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Dog
bit
e, r
at b
ite,
sn
ake
bit
e,
scorp
ion
sti
ng,
cou
gh, as
thm
a,
hea
lin
g o
f w
ou
nd
s an
d b
oil
s,
elep
han
tias
is, an
tid
ote
, tu
mors
,
syp
hil
is, fe
ver
, h
and p
ain
.
Po
wd
er a
nd p
aste
62
Cap
pari
s b
revi
spin
a D
C.
Cap
par
idac
eae
1.7
5
F
ruit
s T
o r
edu
ce b
od
y te
mp
erat
ure
D
ecoct
ion
of
fru
it
63
C. g
ran
dis
L.
f.
Cap
par
idac
eae
1.1
7
L
eav
es,
bar
k
Inte
rnal
of
swel
lin
g e
rupti
ons
Pas
te
64
C.
zeyl
an
ica L
. C
appar
idac
eae
1.6
8
L
eav
es,
root
bar
k
Sto
mac
hic
, fe
ver
, bod
y ac
he,
pil
es,
swel
lin
gs
of
test
icle
s P
aste
of
root
bar
k
65
Cari
ssa
ca
ran
da
s L
. A
pocy
nac
eae
1.3
9
F
ruit
s, r
oots
Sto
mac
hic
, an
t sc
orb
uti
c, d
iges
tive,
hyp
ote
nsi
ve
blo
od
pre
ssure
, sc
abie
s,
anth
elm
inti
c
Pas
te a
nd p
ow
der
66
C.
spin
aru
m L
. A
pocy
nac
eae
1.1
7
L
eav
es,
roots
, st
em
Pu
rgat
ive,
cord
ioto
nic
act
ivit
y
Ex
trac
t of
leav
es,
ton
ic
67
Carm
on
a r
etu
sa (
Vah
l.)
Mas
. B
org
inac
eae
3.3
8
R
ipe
fru
its,
bar
k,
fres
h r
oots
, le
aves
A
nti
dote
, co
ugh
, st
om
ach
tro
uble
s,
skel
etal
fra
cture
s D
ecoct
ion
of
leav
es,
po
wd
er
68
Cass
ia a
uri
cula
ta L
. C
asel
pin
acea
e 1
.75
R
oots
, bar
k, le
aves
,
flo
wer
s, s
eed
s
Dia
bet
es,
dys
ente
ry,
abd
om
inal
dis
ord
ers,
tum
ors
, sk
in d
isea
ses,
anth
elm
inti
c
Lea
f ju
ice,
flo
wer
juic
e, p
ow
der
, p
aste
69
Chro
mo
laen
a o
dora
ta (
L.)
R
. M
. K
ing &
H.
Rox
b.
Ast
erac
eae
4.5
6
*
Lea
ves
A
nti
sep
tic
agen
t, c
ure
dee
p c
uts
an
d
wou
nd
s L
eaf
juic
e, l
eaf
pas
te
70
Do
don
aea
vis
cosa
(L
.) J
acq.
Sap
indac
eae
1.6
4
*
Lea
ves
, ro
ots
, bar
k,
seed
s
Rh
eum
atis
m, sw
elli
ng
s, c
ou
gh
,
bac
kac
he,
spra
in, fi
sh p
ois
on
,
wou
nd
s an
d s
wel
lin
gs
Boil
ed l
eaves
, ro
ot
pas
te, p
ow
der
71
Ery
thro
xylo
n m
on
ogyn
um
Rox
b,
Ery
thro
xyl
acea
e 1
3.0
0
*
Wo
od
, bar
k
Fev
er,
dys
pep
sia,
skin
dis
ease
s A
sh o
f th
e pla
nt
Paulsamy.,2011
019 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
72
Flu
ggea
leu
cop
yru
s W
illd
. E
uph
orb
iace
ae
6.4
9
*
Lea
ves
T
o d
estr
oy
worm
s, i
nso
res
Lea
f ju
ice
73
Gre
wia
hir
suta
(V
ahl.
) T
ilia
ceae
1
.22
L
eav
es,
fru
its,
roots
D
iarr
hoea
, d
ysen
tery
, co
ld,
fever
,
chro
nic
, co
ug
h, w
ou
nd
s P
aste
an
d p
ow
der
74
G. fl
ave
scen
s Ju
ss.
Til
iace
ae
1.4
1
D
rup
e F
ever
D
ecoct
ion
of
dru
pe
75
G. vi
llo
sa (
Wil
ld.)
T
ilia
ceae
0
.97
R
oots
, fr
esh
bar
k
Dia
rrh
oea
, ir
rita
bil
ity
of
bla
dd
er,
gon
orr
hoea
, su
gar
an
d w
ater
uri
nar
y
com
pla
ints
. In
Afr
ica,
use
d f
or
smal
l p
ox
, sy
ph
ilis
.
Fre
sh b
ark j
uic
e,
root
juic
e
76
Jasm
inu
m a
uri
cula
tum
(Vah
l.)
Ole
acea
e 1
.49
R
oots
, fl
ow
ers
Sk
in d
isea
ses,
rin
g w
orm
, burn
ing
sen
sati
on
, dep
ura
tive,
car
dio
ton
ic,
diu
reti
c, u
lcer
s
Pas
te a
nd p
ow
der
77
Jatr
op
ha
gla
nduli
fera
Rox
b.
Eu
ph
orb
iace
ae
1.3
9
R
oots
, fr
esh
bar
k,
oil
Sk
in d
isea
ses,
cold
sap
onif
icat
ion
,
rheu
mat
ism
, p
ou
nd
ed c
hil
dre
n
abd
om
inal
en
larg
emen
t, p
aras
itic
in
fect
ion
s, g
lan
du
lar
swel
lin
gs
Pas
te,
oil
78
La
nta
na c
am
ara
L.
Ver
bin
acea
e 2
.98
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Dia
ph
ore
tic,
dys
ente
ry,
tum
ors
,
pil
es a
nd
rh
eum
atis
m, fe
ver
, u
lcer
,
swel
lin
gs
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
root
juic
e, p
aste
79
Mu
nd
ule
a s
eric
ea (
Wil
ld.)
A.
Ch
eval
. F
abac
eae
1.0
9
R
oot
bar
k
Am
orp
hou
s fr
acti
on
s E
xtr
act
of
root
bar
k
80
Nari
ng
i cr
enula
ta (
Rox
b.)
Nic
ols
on
R
uta
ceae
0
.11
F
ruit
s, r
oots
A
nti
dote
to i
nse
ct, co
lic
Dec
oct
ion
of
fru
it,
po
wd
er
81
Op
unti
a s
tric
ta (
Haw
.) H
aw.
Cac
tace
ae
0.0
9
F
ruit
s In
dole
nt
ulc
ers,
wh
oop
ing
cou
gh
,
infl
amm
atio
n
Fru
it j
uic
e
82
Pa
vett
a i
ndic
a L
. R
ubia
ceae
0
.94
L
eav
es,
wo
od
, ro
ots
R
heu
mat
ism
, la
xat
ive,
ton
ic, h
ern
ia,
dys
ente
ry,
hae
morr
hoid
pai
n
Boil
ed l
eaves
, ro
ot,
po
wd
er
83
Ph
ylla
nth
us
reti
cula
tes
Poir
E
uph
orb
iace
ae
1.9
8
W
hole
pla
nt
Diu
reti
c, d
iarr
hea
, st
om
ach
ic, so
res,
bu
rns,
sk
in e
rup
tion
s, o
bes
ity
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te
84
Pte
rolo
biu
m i
nd
icu
m A
.
Ric
h
Fab
acea
e 5
.67
D
ried
flo
wer
F
ever
P
ow
der
85
Ra
ndia
du
met
oru
m L
am
Ru
bia
ceae
2
.05
B
ark,
pu
lp o
f th
e
fru
its,
roots
Dia
rrh
oea
, d
ysen
tery
, em
etic
,
abort
ific
ien
t, r
heu
mat
ism
, pai
n o
f
bru
ises
, bon
e-ac
he,
fev
er,
dia
ph
oret
ic, as
thm
a, u
lcer
s, t
um
ors
Ex
trac
ts o
f ro
ot
and
bar
k,
pas
te
86
R. m
ala
ba
rica
Lam
. R
ubia
ceae
0
.87
*
Fru
its
Ulc
er
Fru
it j
uic
e
87
So
lan
um
torv
um
SW
. S
ola
nac
eae
0.2
3
L
eav
es,
fru
its,
roots
Dig
esti
ve,
cold
, co
ug
h, li
ver
an
d
sple
en e
nla
rgem
ent,
diu
reti
c, b
lood
pre
ssure
, cr
ack
s in
th
e fe
et
hae
most
atic
Dec
oct
ion
of
fru
it,
leaf
ex
trac
t, r
oot
pas
te
88
Ta
ren
na a
sia
tica
(L
.) A
lsto
n
Ru
bia
ceae
3
.13
F
ruit
s, l
eaves
B
oil
s, s
kin
dis
ease
s P
aste
Paulsamy.,2011
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026 020
89
Tec
om
a s
tan
s (L
.) K
un
th.
Big
non
iace
ae
0.4
7
R
oots
D
iure
tic,
an
tid
ote
, ver
mif
ug
e P
ow
der
an
d p
aste
90
To
dda
lia a
sia
tica
Lam
. R
ubia
ceae
1
.94
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Dig
esti
ve,
sti
mu
lan
t, v
uln
ery
ton
ic,
inte
rmit
ten
t, f
ever
, co
ugh
, co
ld,
mal
aria
, dia
rrh
ea, bro
nch
itis
,
wou
nd
s, u
lcer
s, c
oli
c, w
asp
sti
ng
s,
boil
s on
th
e to
ng
ue
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te,
flo
wer
ju
ice
91
Ven
tila
go m
ad
era
spata
na
Gae
rtn
. R
uta
ceae
1
.05
B
ark
D
ysp
epsi
a, s
tim
ula
nt,
sto
mac
h p
ain
,
fev
er, sk
in d
isea
ses,
coli
c P
ow
der
an
d p
aste
92
Ziz
yph
us
oen
op
lia
Mil
l.
Ram
nac
eae
5.3
0
R
oot
bar
k, fr
uit
s
Dig
esti
ve,
an
tise
pti
c, h
eali
ng o
f
wou
nd
s, m
usc
ula
r p
ain
, so
res,
st
om
ach
ach
e
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
p
aste
93
Tree
s A
caci
a l
euco
phlo
ea W
illd
. R
amn
acea
e
1.9
6
L
eav
es,
bar
k, g
um
Sto
mac
h a
che,
fev
er,
den
tal
cari
es,
ora
l u
lcer
s, s
kin
dis
ease
s, w
ou
nd
s,
dys
ente
ry,
dia
rrh
ea, d
emulc
ent
Lea
f ju
ice,
dec
oct
ion
of
bar
k
94
A. n
ilo
tica
(L
.) D
el.
Mim
osa
ceae
3
.12
*
Bar
k,
gu
m
Sk
in d
isea
ses,
ora
l u
lcer
s, l
iver
ton
ic
Ex
trac
t of
bar
k,
bar
k
95
Ag
ave
am
eric
an
a L
. A
gav
acea
e 0
.54
L
eav
es,
roots
, dri
ed
flo
wer
sta
lks
Lax
ativ
e, e
mm
enag
og
ue,
diu
reti
c,
dia
ph
oret
ic, an
ti s
yph
ilit
ic,
anti
sep
tic,
dys
ente
ry,
mal
aria
an
d
oth
er f
ever
s, s
ore
s, s
yph
ilis
,
febri
fug
e, f
ish
pois
on
Root
juic
e, p
aste
96
Alb
izzi
a a
ma
ra (
Boir
.)
Mim
osa
ceae
1
2.7
9
*
Lea
ves
, fl
ow
ers,
seed
s, g
um
Eye
dis
ease
s, i
nfl
amm
atio
ns,
ulc
ers,
op
thal
mia
, co
oli
ng
, ex
tern
ally
eru
pti
on
s, s
wel
lin
gs,
pil
es, d
iarr
hea
,
lep
rosy
Po
wd
er
97
A. le
bbec
k (B
enth
.)
Mim
osa
ceae
7
.86
Flo
wer
s, p
od
s, r
oot
bar
k, ro
ot
gum
, st
em
bar
k,
seed
s
An
tica
nce
r, o
ph
thal
mic
, w
ou
nd
s,
spra
ins,
in
flam
mat
ion
s,
hyp
og
lyca
emic
Po
wd
er
98
Ata
lan
tia m
on
op
hyl
la C
orr
. R
uta
ceae
0
.23
L
eav
es,
ber
ries
oil
R
heu
mat
ism
, p
aral
ysis
, h
emip
leg
ia
Lea
f ju
ice,
oil
99
Aza
dir
ach
ta i
nd
ica
A.
Juss
. M
elia
ceae
8
.41
*
All
par
ts
Blo
od
pu
rifi
er, sk
in d
isea
ses,
op
thal
mia
, co
ug
h, as
thm
a, u
lcer
s,
tum
or,
ecz
ema,
liv
er t
on
ic
Root
ton
ic,
bar
k
pas
te, se
ed p
ow
der
, to
nic
100
Ba
mb
usa
aru
ndin
ace
a
Wil
ld.
Poac
eae
0.6
8
L
eav
es,
roots
D
iure
tic,
sk
in d
isea
ses,
gen
eral
dei
lity
, n
ause
a,
wou
nd
s, s
pro
uts
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
boil
ed
bar
k,
pas
te
Paulsamy.,2011
021 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
101
Ba
uhin
ia v
ari
ega
te L
. C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
1.0
7
Lea
ves
,
flo
wer
bu
ds,
root
bar
k
Cou
gh
, d
ysen
tery
, tu
mor
s, i
nfl
amm
atio
ns
dia
bet
es,
pil
es,
skin
dis
ease
s, f
latu
len
cy,
dys
pep
sia
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
boil
ed b
ark, p
aste
102
Cass
ia f
istu
la L
. C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
0.8
8
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Diu
reti
c, d
ysp
epsi
a, f
ever
, dia
bet
es,
card
iop
ath
y, s
kin
dis
ease
s, u
lcer
s,
diu
reti
c, j
aun
dic
e, c
ou
gh,
stom
ach
ic,
sore
s, g
astr
ic d
isord
er
Lea
f ju
ice,
bar
k p
ow
der
,
root
pas
te
103
C.
sia
mea
Lam
. C
aesa
lpin
iace
ae
2.9
7
Aer
ial
par
ts,
roots
Diu
reti
c, i
nte
stin
al w
orm
s an
d f
or
pre
ven
tin
g c
on
vu
lsio
ns
in c
hil
dre
n
Po
wd
er
104
Cass
ine
gla
uca
Lam
. C
elas
trac
eae
4.4
8
L
eav
es,
roots
An
tid
ote
, sw
elli
ngs,
hea
d a
che
ster
nuta
tory
act
ion
Po
wd
ered
lea
ves
, ro
ot
pas
te
105
Chlo
roxy
lon
sw
iete
nia
DC
. R
uta
ceae
3
.55
Lea
ves
,
you
ng
twig
s, r
oot
bar
k
Rh
eum
atis
m, w
ou
nd
s, j
oin
t pai
n, m
alar
ia
Juic
e o
f you
ng
tw
igs,
leaf
e p
aste
, d
ecoct
ion
of
bar
k
106
Com
mip
hora
ber
ryi
(En
gl.
) B
urs
erac
eae
1.7
7
L
atex
C
rack
s of
feet
L
atex
107
C. ca
udata
En
gl.
B
urs
erac
eae
11
.0
*
Fru
its
Pic
kle
s C
ook
ed
108
Cra
teava
ad
an
sonii
DC
,
Ssp
. O
dir
a (B
uch
-Ham
.)
M.
Jaco
bs.
Cap
par
idac
eae
1.1
5
S
tem
bar
k
Dia
bet
es,
lepro
sy o
edem
a
Po
wd
er
109
Del
onix
reg
ia R
af.
Cae
salp
inia
ceae
2
.88
Flo
wer
s,
gu
m,
seed
s
Rh
eum
atis
m, an
thel
min
tic
Po
wd
er
110
Dic
tro
sta
chys
cin
erea
W.
& A
. M
imosa
ceae
0
.35
Ten
der
shoots
,
roots
Op
thal
mia
, as
trin
gen
t, r
heu
mat
ism
,
uri
nar
y ca
lcu
li, re
nal
tro
uble
s P
ow
der
an
d p
aste
111
Dio
spyr
os
mon
tan
a
Rox
b.
Eben
acea
e 1
.14
Lea
ves
,
pu
lp o
f th
e
fru
its
Cra
cks
of
feet
, boil
s, s
tup
efyi
ng
fis
h
Pas
te
112
Eu
caly
ptu
s g
lobu
lus
Lab
ill.
M
yrta
ceae
0
.85
L
eav
es,
oil
Po
wer
ful
anti
sep
tic,
car
dio
ton
ic,
stim
ula
nt,
diu
reti
c, a
sth
ma,
dia
rrh
ea,
vom
itin
g, sp
rain
s, j
oin
t pai
n, h
ead
-bac
k
ach
e
Dis
till
ed e
ssen
tial
oil
of
leav
es
113
Eu
pho
rbia
an
tiq
uoru
m
L.
Eu
ph
orb
iace
ae
7.1
6
R
oots
C
ou
gh
, st
om
ach
ic, d
ysp
epsi
a, w
ou
nd
s,
ulc
ers,
rh
eum
atis
m
Root
juic
e, p
ow
der
Paulsamy.,2011
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026 022
114
Fic
us
ben
gale
nsi
s L
. M
ora
ceae
1
.45
Lea
ves
, bu
ds,
late
x, re
sin
,
gu
m,
stem
,
bar
k,
fru
it,
aeri
al r
oots
Dia
bet
es,
dia
ph
ore
tic,
an
thel
min
tic,
skin
dis
ease
s, a
nti
dote
, to
oth
ach
e, c
ou
gh
,
gen
ital
dis
ease
s, u
lcer
s, d
iarr
hea
,
dys
ente
ry,
astr
ing
ent,
an
tisy
ph
ilit
ic,
rheu
mat
ism
Bar
k j
uic
e, e
xtr
act
of
aeri
al r
oots
115
Ga
rden
ia g
um
mif
era L
.
f.
Ru
bia
ceae
2
.17
R
esin
Dig
esti
ve,
dia
ph
ore
tic,
an
thel
min
tic,
card
io t
on
ic, in
term
itte
nt
fever
, co
lic,
obes
ity,
sk
in d
isea
ses
Dec
oct
ion
of
resi
n
116
Hib
iscu
s ti
lia
ceu
s L
. M
alvac
eae
2.5
3
Lea
ves
,
flo
wer
s, b
ark,
root
Em
etic
, d
ysen
tery
, ea
rach
e, u
lcer
s,
wou
nd
s, d
iure
tic,
feb
rifu
ge,
rh
eum
atis
m
Boil
ed f
low
ers,
pow
der
117
Ho
lop
tele
a i
nte
gri
foli
a
Pl.
U
lmac
eae
5.5
1
L
eav
es,
bar
k
Dig
esti
ve,
sca
bie
s, h
ydro
cele
, ri
ng w
orm
, rh
eum
atis
m, d
iaber
es,
anti
-in
flam
mat
ory
Pas
te
118
Mo
rin
da t
inct
ori
a R
ox
b.
Ru
bia
ceae
0
.39
R
oots
A
stri
ng
ent,
sty
pti
c, a
lex
iter
ic
Po
wd
er
119
Pel
top
horu
m
pte
roca
rpu
m B
ack
er e
x
K.
Hey
ne
Fab
acea
e 3
.99
B
ark,
seed
s D
ysen
tery
, m
usc
ula
r pai
ns,
sore
s, a
nti
infl
amm
atory
, sp
asm
oly
tic
Po
wd
er
120
Ph
ylla
nth
us
embli
ca L
. E
uph
orb
iace
a
0.1
2
*
Fru
its,
bar
k
An
aem
ia, ja
un
dic
e, c
old
, ey
e
infl
amm
atio
n, d
ysp
epsi
a, b
acil
lary
dys
ente
ry,
inse
ct b
ite,
blo
od
pre
ssure
Dec
oct
ion
of
fru
its,
bar
k
pas
te
121
Pit
hec
ello
biu
m d
ulc
e
Ben
th.
Fab
acea
e 0
.70
L
eav
es,
bar
k,
seed
s
Ast
rin
gen
t, e
moll
ien
t, a
bort
ifac
ien
t,
insu
lin
der
mat
itis
, in
flam
mat
ion
of
the
eyes
, blo
od
clo
ttin
g, d
ysen
tery
, fe
bri
fug
e
Ex
trac
t of
seed
, p
ow
der
122
Po
nga
mia
pin
nata
(L
.)
Pie
rre
Fab
acea
e 2
.69
Lea
ves
,
flo
wer
s,
fru
its,
roots
,
stem
bar
k,
seed
s
Dys
pep
sia,
dia
rrh
ea, an
tise
pti
c, c
ou
gh,
lep
rosy
, rh
eum
atic
pai
ns,
sore
s, f
ou
l
ulc
ers
clea
nin
g,
ble
edin
g p
iles
, ber
iber
i,
dia
bet
es,
scab
ies,
leu
cod
erm
a, s
tom
ach
ic,
slu
ggis
h l
iver
, fi
sh p
ois
on
Lea
f ju
ice,
root
juic
e,
root
pas
te, d
ecoct
ion
of
bar
k,
dec
oct
ion
of
flo
wer
s, s
eed
s p
ow
der
123
Pre
mn
a t
om
ento
sa
Wil
ld.
Ver
bin
acea
e 0
.95
L
eav
es,
root,
bar
k
Diu
reti
c, d
iarr
hea
, st
om
ach
ach
e, s
tom
ach
dis
ord
ers
Dec
oct
ion
of
root,
extr
act
of
inn
er b
ark
124
Pro
sop
is j
uli
flo
ra (
Sw
.)
DC
. K
ern
. F
abac
eae
0.7
6
G
um
A
du
lter
ant,
em
uls
ifyi
ng a
gen
t A
s ra
w
Paulsamy.,2011
023 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
125
P.
spic
iger
a L
. F
abac
eae
1.8
3
B
ark, le
aves
,
seed
s
An
thel
imin
tic,
ast
rin
gen
t, d
emulc
ent,
dys
ente
ry,
lep
rosy
, bro
nch
itis
, as
thm
a,
pil
es,
eye
trou
ble
s
Pas
te a
nd p
ow
der
126
Sa
nta
lum
alb
um
L.
San
tala
ceae
2
.02
H
eart
wo
od
Cou
gh
, bro
nch
itis
, d
ysen
tery
, ja
un
dic
e,
inte
rmit
ten
t fe
ver
, sk
in b
oil
s, r
edu
ce h
eat
-str
ok
e of
bod
y, s
kin
dis
ease
s
Pas
te o
f h
eart
wo
od
127
Sch
leic
her
a t
riju
ga
Wil
ld.
& K
lein
. S
apin
dac
eae
0.7
2
Ari
l,
infl
ore
scen
ce,
un
rip
e fr
uit
,
bar
k o
il
Itch
, burn
s, s
kin
tro
uble
s, r
heu
mat
ism
,
snak
e bit
e, in
flam
mat
ion
s, u
lcer
s,
mal
aria
Po
wd
er,
pas
te,
oil
128
Str
ebulu
s a
sper
Lou
r.
Mora
ceae
1
.66
Lea
ves
, ro
ots
,
bar
k, la
tex
,
seed
s
Cou
gh
, bro
nch
itis
, d
iarr
hea
, d
ysen
tery
,
swel
lin
gs,
fev
er, an
tise
pti
c, s
cabie
s,
anem
ia a
fter
ch
ild b
irth
, u
lcer
s, c
uts
,
boil
s, s
yph
ilis
Lea
f ex
trac
t, j
uic
e, l
eaf
pas
te, ro
ot
po
wd
er,
dec
oct
ion
of
root
129
Syz
igiu
m c
um
ini
(L.)
Sk
eels
. M
yrta
ceae
6
.41
*
Lea
ves
, bu
d,
flo
wer
, fr
uit
s,
bar
k,
seed
Dig
esti
ve,
diu
reti
c, d
iarr
hea
, dia
bet
es,
dys
ente
ry o
f ch
ildre
n,
fev
er,
stre
ngth
enin
g t
eeth
, vom
itin
g, ri
ng
worm
,
hyp
og
lyca
emic
act
ivit
y
Ex
trac
t of
leav
es,
bu
ds,
flo
wer
s, b
ark, p
aste
d
leav
es,
po
wd
er
130
Ta
ma
rin
dus
ind
ica L
. F
abac
eae
2.1
2
L
eav
es,
fru
its,
seed
s, r
oots
Sore
th
roat
, ulc
ers,
wou
nd
s, c
ou
gh
,
worm
in
ch
ildre
n,
eye
dis
ord
ers,
dys
ente
ry,
bo
wel
com
pla
ints
, bil
ou
s
dis
ord
ers,
sw
elli
ngs,
an
tise
pti
c
Lea
f p
aste
, p
ow
der
131
Tec
ton
a g
ran
dis
L.f
. V
erban
acea
e 0
.42
W
hole
pla
nt
An
tise
pti
c, d
ysp
epsi
a, d
iabet
es,
lepro
sy,
bro
nch
itis
, p
iles
, dys
ente
ry,
uri
nar
y
trou
ble
s, h
eadac
he,
skin
dis
ease
s
Pas
te,
pow
der
132
Ter
min
ali
a a
rju
na W
. &
A.
Com
bre
tace
ae
0.9
2
*
Tw
igs,
leav
es,
fru
it,
bar
k
Bod
yach
e, c
ard
io t
on
ic, ea
rach
e,
frac
ture
s, u
lcer
s, d
emu
lcen
t, a
sth
ma,
bro
nch
itis
, tu
mors
, d
ysen
tery
,
infl
amm
atio
ns
Lea
f ju
ice,
pas
te, bar
k
po
wd
er
133
Th
esp
esia
po
pu
lnea
Cav
. M
alvac
eae
1.0
4
W
hole
pla
nt
Cou
gh
, as
thm
a, d
iabet
es,
ulc
ers,
ch
ole
ra,
scab
ies,
rin
gw
orm
, le
pro
sy,
wou
nd
s
Fru
it j
uic
e, d
ecoct
ion
of
bar
k
134
Th
evet
ia p
eru
via
na
(Per
s.)
Mer
r.
Ap
ocy
nac
eae
0.0
8
B
ark, ro
ots
,
seed
s
Em
etic
, purg
ativ
e, p
last
er a
ppli
ed t
o
tum
ors
, ab
ort
ifac
ien
t, r
heu
mat
ism
,
par
alys
is o
f h
eart
Dec
oct
ion
of
seed
, se
ed
pas
te, p
ow
der
Paulsamy.,2011
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026 024
135
Ziz
yph
us
rug
osa
Lam
. R
ham
nac
eae
2.1
9
Flo
wer
s,
pet
iole
of
bet
el l
eaf,
bar
k
Ast
rin
gen
t, d
iarr
hea
, sw
elli
ng
s, t
eeth
infe
ctio
n
Po
wd
er
136
Z.
trin
ervi
a R
ox
b.
Rh
amn
acea
e 0
.67
L
eav
es
Pu
rify
blo
od
, ca
chex
ia,
ven
erea
l
affe
ctio
n
Dec
oct
ion
of
leav
es
137
Cli
mb
ers
Ab
rus
pre
cato
riu
s L
. F
abac
eae
1.6
7
*
Lea
ves
, fr
uit
s,
roots
, se
eds
Cou
gh
, co
ld, co
lic,
bil
iou
snes
s,
leu
cod
erm
a, i
tch
ing,
skin
dis
ease
s,
wou
nd
s, a
sth
ma,
ulc
ers,
ph
eum
on
ia,
ner
vou
s d
isord
ers,
diu
reti
c, t
onic
,
jau
ndic
e, c
on
stit
uen
t of
liq
uori
ce
Lea
f ju
ice,
dec
oct
ion
of
leav
es,
root
pow
der
,
seed
pas
te
138
Arg
yrei
a a
ggre
ga
te
(Rox
b.)
Ch
ois
y
Con
volv
ula
ceae
1
.37
L
eav
es
Cou
gh
L
eaf
pas
te
139
A. p
om
ace
a C
hois
y C
on
volv
ula
ceae
1
.13
R
ipe
fru
its
Ulc
er
As
raw
140
Ari
stolo
chia
in
dic
a L
. A
rist
olo
chia
ceae
1
.20
*
Lea
ves
, ro
ots
Sto
mac
hac
he,
sn
ake
bit
e, l
epro
sy,
bod
y
itch
ing,
spra
ins,
leu
cod
erm
a, c
hole
ra,
bo
wel
com
pla
ints
Lea
f ju
ice,
lea
f p
aste
,
root
juic
e, r
oot
po
wd
er
141
Can
ava
lia g
lad
iata
DC
. F
abac
eae
0.7
7
F
ruit
s, s
eed
s B
urn
ing s
ensa
tion
, w
ou
nd
s, u
lcer
s,
anore
xia
, d
iges
tive
Pas
te
142
Can
ava
lia m
oll
is W
. &
A.
Fab
acea
e 0
.70
S
eed
s, y
ou
ng
leav
es
Wou
nd
hee
lin
g
Pas
te
143
Card
iosp
erm
um
can
esce
ns
Wal
l.
Sap
indac
eae
0.7
1
L
eav
es
Red
uce
bu
lkin
ess,
sti
ffn
ess
in l
egs,
jau
ndic
e L
eaf
pas
te
144
C. h
ali
caca
bum
L.
Sap
indac
eae
1.8
1
A
eria
l ro
ots
,
leav
es,
seed
s
Rh
eum
atis
m, as
thm
a, d
iure
tic,
pil
es,
dia
ph
oret
ic, fe
ver
, to
nic
, lu
mbag
o-
neu
rop
ath
y
Lea
f ju
ice,
pow
der
145
Cel
ast
rus
pa
nic
ula
tus
Wil
ld.
Cel
astr
acea
e 0
.57
B
ark, le
aves
,
seed
s
Ab
ort
ifac
ien
t, l
epro
sy,
par
alys
is,
gou
t,
rheu
mat
ism
, em
men
agog
ue,
an
tivir
al,
pil
es,
fever
Po
wd
er
146
Cis
sam
pel
os
pa
reir
a L
. M
enis
per
mac
eae
0.9
6
R
oot,
ste
m,
leav
es
Cou
gh
, dia
rrh
oea
, d
ysp
epsi
a, u
rin
ary
trou
ble
s, s
kin
dis
ease
s, b
ow
el c
om
pla
ins,
sore
s, a
bsc
esse
s, m
alar
ial
fever
Boil
ed l
eaves
, ro
ot
po
wd
er
147
Cis
sus
qu
ad
ran
gula
ris
L.
Vit
acea
e 1
.17
*
Wh
ole
pla
nt
Bon
e fr
actu
re, as
thm
a, s
curv
y, e
pis
tax
is,
wou
nd
s, d
ysp
epsi
a, d
iges
tive,
men
stru
al
dis
ord
er
Lea
f ju
ice,
root
and
ste
m
pas
te
148
Cli
tori
a t
ern
ate
a L
. F
abac
eae
2.2
3
L
eav
es,
seed
s, r
oots
,
Diu
reti
c, a
sth
ma
ulc
ers,
fev
er,
rheu
mat
ism
, er
upti
ons
Lea
f ju
ice,
root
pas
te,
po
wd
er
Paulsamy.,2011
025 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026
149
Cocc
inia
indic
a W
ight &
A
rn.
Cucu
rbit
acea
e 1.6
8
W
hole
pla
nt
Sore
s, s
cab
ies,
sk
in d
isea
ses
Pas
te,
pow
der
150
Cocc
ulu
s hir
sutu
s
(Die
ls.)
M
enis
per
mac
eae
1.4
4
R
oots
, le
aves
C
hro
nic
rh
eum
atis
m,
gon
orr
ho
ea,
infl
amm
atio
n o
f u
rin
ary
pas
sag
es, ec
zem
a,
dia
bet
es,
skin
dis
ease
s
Lea
f ju
ice,
lea
f p
aste
, ro
ot
pas
te
151
C. p
endulo
us
Die
ls.
Men
isper
mac
eae
0.8
6
L
eav
es
Nose
ble
edin
g, an
titu
mou
r, a
nti
can
cer
Extr
act
of
leav
es
152
Daem
ia e
xten
sa R
. B
r.
Asc
lepia
dac
eae
1.8
3
W
hole
pla
nt
Cold
, co
ug
h,
fever
, as
thm
a, d
iges
tive,
m
enst
rual
dis
ord
ers
Lea
f ju
ice,
lea
f p
aste
, p
ow
der
153
Gym
nem
a s
ylve
stre
R.
Br.
A
scle
pia
dac
eae
2.2
1
W
hole
pla
nt
Dia
bet
es,
dig
esti
ve,
fev
er,
liver
ton
ic,
jau
ndic
e, s
tim
ula
nt
Dec
oct
ion
of
leav
es,
Pow
der
154
Hem
ides
mus
indic
us
R.
Br.
A
scle
pia
dac
eae
0.8
2
R
oots
, le
aves
, st
em
Dia
bet
es,
asth
ma,
bro
nch
itis
, fe
ver
,
dys
ente
ry,
coli
c p
ain
, ulc
ers,
ach
ing
bon
es,
bli
ster
s p
ain
, dia
rrh
oea
, d
ysen
tery
,
vom
itin
g
Extr
act
of
root,
root
pas
te,
leaf
pas
te
155
Ichnoca
rpus
frute
scen
s
R. B
r.
Apocy
nac
eae
0.6
6
Roots
, le
aves
,
shoots
, st
em,
gum
Sto
mac
h p
ain
, to
oth
ach
e, s
wel
lin
gs,
d
iure
tic,
dia
tbet
es,
dys
pep
sia,
vom
itin
g,
ston
e in
th
e b
lad
der
, b
lood
pu
rifi
er,
hea
dac
he,
fev
er
Lea
ves
boil
ed,
dec
oct
ion
of
sho
ot,
ro
ot
pow
der
156
Ipom
oea
nil
l (L
.) R
oth
. C
onvolv
ula
ceae
1.6
6
S
eed
s A
nti
infl
amm
atory
, purg
ativ
e, s
kin
dis
ease
s,
dys
pep
sia,
bro
nch
itis
, sc
abie
s, l
euco
der
ma,
fever
Extr
act
of
seed
s
157
I. s
taphyl
ina R
. &
S.
Convolv
ula
ceae
1.5
6
L
atex
W
ou
nd h
eeli
ng
Lat
ex
158
Ked
rost
is foet
idis
sim
a
(Jac
q.)
Cogn.
Cucu
rbit
acea
e 0.5
7
*
Roots
, le
aves
, fr
uit
s D
emu
lcen
t, p
iles
, as
thm
a
Pow
der
159
Lep
taden
ia r
etic
ula
ta
Eet
v.
Asc
lepia
dac
eae
0.2
2
W
hole
pla
nt
Lep
rosy
, to
nic
an
d s
tim
ula
nt
Pla
nt
extr
act
160
Pass
iflo
ra foet
ida L
. P
assi
flora
ceae
0.8
7
*
Aer
ial
par
ts,
fru
its,
ro
ots
A
nti
can
cer,
mem
ory
pow
er,
asth
ma,
b
ilio
usn
ess,
hys
teri
a, i
tch
es
Dec
oct
ion
of
fru
it a
nd
ro
ot
pas
te,
pow
der
161
Riv
ea h
ypocr
ate
rifo
rmis
C
hois
y.
Convolv
ula
ceae
0.6
4
L
eav
es,
shoots
E
dib
le f
rag
ran
t P
ow
der
162
Sarc
ost
emm
a
inte
rmed
ium
Dcn
e.
Asc
lepia
dac
eae
1.2
9
D
ried
ste
m,
root
Em
etic
, an
tid
ote
, h
aem
orr
hag
e P
aste
163
Sec
am
one
emet
ica R
. B
r.
Apocy
nac
eae
1.0
9
R
oots
E
met
ic,
acri
d
Pow
der
164
Sole
na a
mple
xcauli
s
(Lam
.) G
andhi.
C
ucu
rbit
acea
e 0.9
8
T
ub
erou
s ro
ots
, le
aves
,
seed
s
Dig
esti
ve,
sti
mu
lan
t, d
iure
tic,
ast
hm
a,
bro
nch
itis
, v
om
itin
g, al
lerg
ic
infl
amm
atio
ns,
coli
c
Pas
te
165
Til
iaco
ra a
cum
inate
M
iers
. M
enis
per
mac
eae
1.2
1
R
oots
R
ub
bed
sto
nes
to v
enom
ou
s an
tid
ote
R
oot
juic
e
# A
non
ym
ou
s (1
940
-19
76
); J
ain
, (1
996
); M
ah
esh
wari,
(200
0);
Sin
gh
(2
004
); V
isw
an
ath
an
, (2
004
).
* S
peci
es
of
com
mon
occu
rren
ce i
n a
ll t
he
thre
e p
lots
at
dif
feren
t a
ltit
ud
es
of
Maru
tha
ma
lai
hil
ls.
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Paulsamy.,2011
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1: 012-026 026
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