mars: fourth order landscapes
DESCRIPTION
Geography 441/541 S/14 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue. Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes. Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes. The “Orders of Relief” for Martian Landscapes The first order was the great crustal dichotomy: Northern lowlands: ~ 1/3 Southern highlands: ~2/3 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
Geography 441/541S/14
Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue
![Page 2: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• The “Orders of Relief” for Martian Landscapes– The first order was the great crustal dichotomy:
• Northern lowlands: ~ 1/3• Southern highlands: ~2/3
– The second order was the large regional features: • Tharsis and Elysium rises• The largest craters: Hellas, Argyre, Isidis, Utopia• Valles Marineris• The polar ice caps
![Page 3: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• The “Orders of Relief” for Martian Landscapes– The third order was the somewhat smaller major regions
associated with the araeological eras:• In many ways, this is a cross-cutting category• It addresses the “geological column” or relative ages of all
Martian landscapes in terms of the three regional units that gave the three-part sequences of Mars’ evolution their names:– The Noachian Era– The Hesperian Era– The Amazonian Era
![Page 4: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• The “Orders of Relief” for Martian Landscapes
– The fourth order is “in order” now:• These are smaller features (a few kilometers to a few hundred km):• They are landscapes dominated by one or two processes
– Fluvial valleys – Sapping alcoves– Outwash channels– Linear fossæ– Folded and faulted mountains of Thaumasia– Lava tubes – Layered mesas – Patterned ground – Wind abraded/etched landscapes– Dune fields – Evidence of mass wasting
![Page 5: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Valleys dominated by fluvial processes:– Possibly precipitation-fed overland and
channelized surface flow– Echus Chasma (Mars Odyssey Themis)– Echus Chasma (Mars Express)
![Page 6: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Valleys dominated by fluvial processes:– Possibly precipitation-fed
overland and channelized surface flow– Echus
![Page 7: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by
fluvial processes:– Possibly precipitation-fed
overland and channelized surface flow (L to R)
– Terra Sirenum
– Warrego Vallis, in Thaumasia Highlands
– Nanedi Vallis
![Page 8: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by fluvial processes:
– Possibly lake overflow channels– Ma’adim Vallis, pouring into Gusev Crater,
where Spirit landed– Elsewhere on Nanedi Vallis– Nirgal Vallis west of Chryse Trough
![Page 9: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by fluvial processes:
– Possibly alluvial fans and deltas– Melas
![Page 10: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Valleys dominated by fluvial processes:– Possibly alluvial fans and deltas
– Eberswalde Crater near Holden Crater
![Page 11: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by fluvial processes:
– Possibly lake overflow channels: non-equilibrium systems– Argyre, Holden, Aram craters, Ares Vallis– Ma'adim upland lakes to Gusev?
![Page 12: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by fluvial
processes:– Possibly jökulhlaup-like outflows
– Kasei Vallis– Ares Vallis
![Page 13: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by fluvial
processes:– Possibly jökulhlaup-like outflows
– Ares Vallis– Aram Chaos and collapsed terrain
![Page 14: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by fluvial
processes:– Possibly jökulhlaup-like outflows
– Dao, Niger, and Harmakhis valles in Hellas Planitia
![Page 15: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes• Valleys dominated by fluvial
processes:– Possibly jökulhlaup-like outflows
– Chasma Borealis– Kathryn Fischbaugh and James
Head created a topographic map and profiles and used them to estimate volume of a catastrophic melt (perhaps subsurface vulcanism): 26,000 km3!
– Picked out deposits from such an event: could fill lowest portion of north polar basin to a few 10s of m!
![Page 16: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Alcoves, channels, aprons:– Groundwater sapping
– Earth on right: Mt. St. Helens– Martian crater gully on left: MGS’ Mars Orbital Camera (~-55 at 18)
![Page 17: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Alcoves, channels, aprons:– Groundwater sapping
– Earth on top: sides of Houghton Crater, Devon Island, Canada – North of Baffin Island– Only Earth crater on a
polar desert surface– Site of NASA-
Houghton Project– Martian crater gully on left:
MGS’ Mars Orbital Camera (where?)
![Page 18: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Alcoves, channels, aprons:– Groundwater sapping
– Fresh gullying– MGS’ Mars Orbital Camera
![Page 19: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Alcoves, channels, aprons:– Groundwater sapping
– The triple point of water – Ways around that little
issue:– Deep elevations– Fluids with lower freezing
![Page 20: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Linear fossæ and catenæ:– Extensional stress, faulting, downdropping of terrain between
faults– Cerberus Fossæ
![Page 21: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Linear fossæ and catenæ:– Extensional stress, faulting, downdropping of terrain between faults
– Claritas Fossæ
![Page 22: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Linear fossæ and catenæ:– Extensional stress, faulting,
downdropping of terrain between faults– Alba Patera Fossæ
![Page 23: Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/568132a2550346895d9944cb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
C.M. Rodrigue, 2014Geography, CSULB
Mars: Fourth Order Landscapes
• Linear fossæ and catenæ:– Extensional stress, possibly with fluid extraction and subsidence
– Tithonium Catenæ– Coprates Catenæ