marketing principles 1411 1
TRANSCRIPT
Developing Marketing Strategies.
Nov 13th, 2009
This section covers:
•Segmentation, Targeting and Market Positioning
•Developing new products
•Brand Management
•Managing products over the lifecycle
Chaps 7 & 8 of book
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Learning Objectives
Know how both B2B and consumer markets can be broken down into smaller, more manageable groups of similar customers.
Understand the effects on the marketing mix of pursuing specific segments. – 4 Ps
Understand the potential benefits and risks of segmentation.
Review New Product Development and the Product Lifecycle
Understand why branding is important for product success
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Segmentation Defined
Segmentation is the art of discerning and defining meaningful differences
between groups of customers to form the foundations of a
more focused marketing effort.
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Mass MarketNiche MicroMarkets The individual
Segmentation Continuum
Market Segmentation
Market segmentation is the top down process of grouping customers in markets with some similarities into smaller, more homogenous segments. But what are the benefits of segmentation?
better customer analysis and service; better competitor analysis; more effective resource allocation; better strategic marketing planning.
What market segment is Red Bull aimed at? See Pg 197 book – they knew their customers before designing marketing mix – what if you get it wrong?
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Stages of Segmentation for B2B Markets
Identify subgroups within the whole market that share common general characteristics (macro segments).
Select target segments from macro segments based on differences in specific buying characteristics (micro segments).
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B2B Segmentation Bases
Macro Size
Location Usage rate
Micro Product
Applications Technology
Purchasing and decision-making
processes Buyer-seller
relationships
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Consumer Segmentation Bases
1. Geographic
3.Geo-demographic
6. Multi-variable
5. Behaviour 4. Psychographic
2. Demographic
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Consumer Segmentation Similar to B2B segmentation, except:
Consumer segments tend to be larger; More difficult to get close to buyer; More emphasis on lifestyle and context.
1. Geographic Segmentation Example: Instant Hot Chocolate
Ideal for UK market (homes equipped with kettles, nice bedtime drink, or substitute for tea.
Less good for French market (kettles uncommon, norm of making hot chocolate is with milk rather than with water).
Wine Sales – North or South of England?
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2. Demographic SegmentationOn the basis of: Age Gender Race Income Occupation Social status Family structure
Also: 3. Geo-demographic SegmentationGeo-demographic Segmentation exists. It combines geographic and demographic analysis. Example – targetting teenagers in a specific location
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4. Psychographic Segmentation
This is Lifestyle segmentation
Categories are: Activities Interests Opinions Demographics
Example: Quorn targets vegetarians with meat substitutesThe Green Movement
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Lifestyle Orientations in the US
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Why Use Psychographic Segmentation?
To define a target market; To create a new view of the market; To position the product; To better communicate product
attributes; To develop overall strategy; To market social and political issues.
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5. Behaviour Segmentation
On the basis of: End use Benefits sought Usage rate Loyalty Attitude Buyer readiness
Example. Usage Segmentation in the Soup Market:Dinner party starterWarming snackMeal replacementRecipe ingredientEasy office lunch
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6. Multivariable Segmentation It is unlikely that any one segmentation variable
will be used absolutely on its own. It is more common to use a multivariable
segmentation approach. This includes defining a portfolio of relevant
segmentation variables depending on the market in question. What would you suggest for garden centres and /or
golf courses?
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Segmentation
1. Defines the market for further analysis
2. Allows creation of a customised marketing mix
3. Aids in assessing potential demand
4. Aids in identifying competitors
5. Aids in positioning6. Aids in identifying
opportunities
1. Increased costs2. Increased number of
products3. False segmentation4. Collecting & storing
personal data may violate privacy
5. May decrease brand loyalty
6. Some practices considered unethical
7. Danger of Stereotyping
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Principles of Marketing and Best Practice (2005) Czionkta et al
E
X
A
M
P
L
e
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Post-Segmentation Targeting
Undifferen-tiated
Targeting
Differen-tiated
Targeting
Concen-trated
Targeting
Three main Targeting Strategies
After segmenting your market, you will have to decide which and how many segments should be targeted.
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1. Undifferentiated Strategy
Marketing mix The market
To have the same marketing mix for the whole mass market, e.g. washing powder.
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2. Differentiated Strategy
Marketing mix 1 Segment 1
Marketing mix 2
Marketing mix 3
Segment 2
Segment 3
To have a different marketing mix for each of the key customer segments that have been identified, e.g. Cadbury (immediate eat, home stock, kids, gifts, Easter, Christmas).
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3. Concentrated Strategy
Marketing mix 2 Segment 2
One marketing mix is developed & directed toward only one very profitable market segment.Suitable small company with limited resources: smarthomes.ie
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Important Criteria for Successful Segmentation
Distinctiveness
Accessibility
Defendability
Tangibility
Only if those factors can be satisfied, it is worthwhile to pursue a different segment.
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Is the segment distinguishableIs the segment distinguishable
Does the segment exist over time and can money be made
Can you reach it within budget?
Will competition react?
Age of the product General Company Profitability Market share vis-à-vis competitors The competition itself The product itself The general market
This reminds us of the importance to monitor continuously the Macro- and Micro-Business Environment.
External Factors Affecting Success of Segmentation
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Example: Positioning - Computers
Which consumer segment buys which type of computer?
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Positioning Strategies
On the basis of: • Specific features• Specific usage occasions• Specific user groups• Head to head with key competition• Service superiority
• Note: that you might have to engage in repositioning your product regularly.
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New Product Development
Remember what a Product is!
- A car isn’t just a mode of transport…it’s a lifestyle choice
- A restaurant isn’t just a place to visit if you’re hungry…why can some restaurants get away with charging so much?
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Product Classifications
Convenience Goods – unplanned
Shopping Goods
Speciality Goods
Unsought Goods
Business Products
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New Product Development Follows a Framework
Product Line Strategy
Product Strategy
Identify Consumer
needs
Generate Ideas
Feasibility
Concept Study•Generation •Screening•Business Case
Development•Specifications •Prototype•Product Test•ManufacturingDevelopment•Pilot Production
CommercializationMaintenancePostdevelopment
Review
Knowledge
Source: Czinkota et al. Marketing Best Practices, pg.253
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Phases in NDP
1. Idea Generation2. Screening3. Concept Development & Testing4. Marketing Strategy Development5. Business Analysis6. Product Development7. Test Marketing8. Commercialisation
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Brand Management
Attributes that make up a brand can be real or illusory, rational or emotional, tangible or intangible
A brand is a word or group of letters which can be vocalised (3M, U2)
The symbol or design is the brand mark
Can you think of any examples of brands that have been abused by copycat companies?
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Branding Decisions
Good brandname, trademark or logo has 4 important characteristics.
1. Attract Attention2. Be memorable3. Help communicate the positioning of the
product4. Distinguish the product from competing
brands
Good brand should also develop brand equity (a monetary value that can be put on the brand)
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Brand Strategies
Individual vs. Family Branding
Individual – Lever Brothers:
Family - Coke
Note: Increasing success of retailers’ own brand. Now over 5% of Irish grocery market and growing.
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Managing Products over the lifecycle
Already touched on this in previous lectures – Page 264 of book
Introduction, Growth, Maturity & Decline
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How do customers react at different lifecycle stages?
Innovators: - 2.5% tend to be younger & higher in social status and better educated – iPhone??
Early Adopters: 13.5% of potential adopters, enjoy the prestige & respect of owning new product
Early Majority: 34% seek the opinions of the aforementioned and spend time deciding whether to try or not
Late Majority: 34% is less cosmopolitan and responive to change than any of the previous
Laggards: 16% - laggards tend to be older, conservative, low socioeconomic status and suspicious of change.
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Next Week
Marketing Management