market oriented developmental changes in the ipms pilot learning woredas (plws)

Market Oriented Developmental Changes in the

IPMS PLWs

Berhanu Gebremedhin

IPMS Steering Committee Meeting

ILRI, Addis Ababa, 17 April 2012

The Key Message

Small-holder based market oriented agricultural development can be successfully achieved if participatory value chain development approach supported by innovation systems perspective is used.

Data

Nineteen “impact type” indicators were developed based on the project’s Performance Measurement Framework (PMF).

PA level survey conducted in all PAs of the ten PLWs and on all crop and livestock commodities on which IPMS made interventions.

Pertain to the production year of 2009/10.

Five-year time series data (2005/06 – 2009/10) were collected on the number of households producing, area covered, total production, prices and household market participation.

Secondary sources were also used to complement and/or verify the data collected from group interview.

Baseline data, diagnostic studies, and several specific case studies conducted by IPMS staff, students and partners, including gender analysis, were also used.

Analysis

Descriptive analysis of the data.

Growth rates computed (number of households producing the market oriented commodities, area under these commodities, total production, and real revenue obtained from the sale of the produce).

Comparisons of yield levels (for 2005/06 to 2009/10).

Qualitative analysis: for farmer perceptions of the changes in farmer attitudes towards

HIV/AIDS, expert opinions on the level of adoption of the IPMS approach within

and beyond the PLWs.

Teff

IPMS sites: Ada’a and Alaba

Promoting improved varieties of Kuncho (DZ Cr-387), DZ-196, and DZ Cr-37

Farmer-based seed system established for Kuncho

All market oriented development indicators consistent and indicated significant change

Ada’a: Improved teff production replaced wheat and local teff

Alaba: improved teff production replaced local teff

Introduction of minimum tillage in Metema triggered teff production; yield of local varieties, 6qt/ha

Yield (qt/ha)

Local varieties

Improved varieties

Ada’a 11 19 -21

Alaba 5 13-17

Proportion of produce sold (%)

84

Proportion of households selling (%)

>95%

Teff

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

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4000

6000

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10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

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No. of male headed householdsNo. of female headed householdsNo. of total householdsTotal area covered (ha)Total production (qt.)

To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %

Number of households producing

1, 209 16, 249 1, 244

Number of female-headed households

134 1, 543 1, 051

Total area covered (ha)

669 12, 833 1, 818

Real revenue (million Birr)

7.34 156 2, 027

Wheat

IPMS sites: Ada’a, Alaba and Bure

Market oriented developmental changes consistent but less dramatic than that of teff

Slight decrease in market orientation in wheat in Ada’a, but significant increase in Alaba and Bure

Yield (qt/ha)

local improved

Ada’a 16 35

Alaba 9 26-30

Bure 19 36-40

Proportion sold (%)

Overall : 61 Ada’a: 47 Alaba: 70 Bure: 60

Proportion of households selling (%)

96

Wheat

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

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100000

200000

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400000

500000

600000

700000

800000


To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10

%


12, 644 25, 378 100


1, 180 2, 830 140


15, 090 18, 723 24


149.2 182.3 22

Rice

IPMS sites: Fogera and Metema

Fogera: Most popular paddy rice in Fogera: X-jigna Paddy rice triggered interest in growing upland rice by highlanders IPMS and partners conducted trials on NERICA-3, NERICA-4, SUPERICA-1

and PAWE-1. NERICA-4 became prefeArred highland variety X-jigna is also grown in the highlands, 6000 ha in 2010/11 (from nothing in

2004/05); whereas NERICA-3 covered just over 50 ha. Farmer-based seed multiplication introduced Average yield of 44qt/ha (cf. 39qt/ha in 2004/05). IPMS and partners introduced parboiling technology to hotels and

restaurants in Woreta and Bahir Dar.

In Metema, number of rice farmers reached 207 in 2009/10 (cf. nothing in 2004/05).

Chickpea

IPMS site: Ada’a Improved chickpea varieties of Ararti, Chefe, Habru and Teji were

promoted All indicators show consistent development in market oriented

improved chickpea production Yield: improved varieties, 29 - 32qt/ha; local variety, 15qt/ha. 88% of produce was sold by 95% of producers

Chickpea

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

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3500

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000


To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %


700 2, 992 327


33 279 745


392 2, 610 566


7.4 53.8 631

Haricot bean

IPMS sites: Alaba, Dale and Mieso Improved varieties of Awash I, Dimtu, Awash Melka and Mexican Farmer-based seed supply system was also promoted All indicators show significant development Decline in yield was observed, more pronounced in Dale. Total production grew at a lower rate than total number of

households producing or area covered, reinforcing the result that yield declined.

About 61% of produce was sold by 88% of producers during 2009/10, but the proportion of households who sold produce dropped sharply to 54% in 2009/10, perhaps because of the drought

Yield levels in 2005/06 were 8 qt/ha in Dale, and 6qt/ha in Alaba, which were higher than yield levels of 2009/10.

Haricot bean

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

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15000

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30000

35000

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000


To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %


13, 239 32, 855 148


1, 862 4, 825 159


4, 148 11, 832 185


10.74 21.9 104

Lentils

IPMS sites: Ada’a and Atsbi Was not in the initial list of market oriented commodities in Ada’a, but

was triggered by the expansion of Alemaya variety in neighboring woredas, and IPMS and partners responded by capacitating extension agents and farmers in agronomic practices, variety demonstration, and capacity building on lentil processing to Yerer farmer Cooperative Union.

Development was much more dramatic in Ada’a than in Atsbi. About 86% of produce was sold by more than 90% of producers in

2009/10. Nearly all producers in Ada’a and more than 80% in Atsbi sold their

produce

Lentils

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %


927 4, 744 411


134 492 267


517 3, 433 566


9.7 73.4 657

Banana

IPMS sites: Alamata, Metema, Bure, Ada’a and Mieso IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of William I,

Poyo, Dwarf and Giant Cavendish Heavy emphasis was given to the establishment of farmer-based

sucker supply Interventions also included supply of initial planting material,

capacity building in sucker and tree management, harvesting and ripening techniques.

Only one harvest per year was reported About 63% of banana produce was sold Development of banana production was much more dramatic in

Metema which started with 7 farmers in 2005/06, but grew to a business of 596 farmers by 2009/10, growing about 68460 trees.

Banana

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

No. of male headed households

No. of female headed households

No. of total households

2005/06 2009/10

%


16 924 5, 675


0 165 --

Total number of trees

na 71, 601 --


na 5.8 --

Banana

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1000000

No. of producing fruit trees Total production (qt.)

No

. o

f p

rod

uci

ng

fru

it t

rees

To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt/

year

)

Papaya

IPMS sites: Bure, Ada’a, Alamata, Metema, and Mieso Unlike other fruits, papaya was already in the farming systems when

IPMS started IPMS and partners tried to promote especially solo papaya. Average harvest of twice per year was reported About 60% of produce was sold in 2009/10 by about 89% of

producers

Papaya

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

10000

20000

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70000

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No. of male headed householdsNo. of female headed householdsNo. of total householdsNo. of producing fruit treesTotal production (qt.)

To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

kg/y

ear)

2005/06 2009/10 %


1, 926 8, 243 328


151 960 536


na 87, 307 --


na 10.2 --

Mango

IPMS sites: Alamata, Metema, Bure, Ada’a, Dale, Mieso, and Goma.

Mango production was new in many of the PLWs in 2005/06.

IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Apple mango, Kent, Keitt and Tommy Atkins

Interventions included promoting short-seasoned varieties, (3-4 years compared with 7-10), supply of initial mother trees and grafting materials, establishment of farmer-based seedling supply, and others.

Mango production expanded relatively better in Alamata and Dale, followed by Metema.

An average of one harvest per year was reported

Mango

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0

2000

4000

6000

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10000

12000

14000


To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

kg/y

ear)

2005/06 2009/10 %


90 1, 136 1, 162


21 170 709


na 6, 287 --


na 0.14 --

Avocado

IPMS sites: Bure, Ada’a, Mieso, Dale, Goma, and Alamata

Improved avocado production relatively new in the PLWS

IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Pinkerton, Ettinger, Bacon and Hass.

Interventions included promoting these short-seasoned varieties (2-4 years), supply of initial mother trees, establishment of farmer-based seedling system, and capacity building in grafting, and tree management.

Avocado

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000


To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

kg/y

ear)

2005/06 2009/10 %


0 935 --


0 167 --


na 5, 654 --


na 0.078 --

Farmer-based fruit nursery development

IPMS promoted farmer-based nurseries for avocado, banana, mango and apple.

Avocado: A total of 17 farmers operated avocado nurseries in Ada’a, Alaba, Bure, Dale, and Goma

PLWs in 2009, of which 4 were female-headed. A total of 7251 avocado seedlings were sold in 2009 for a total value of Birr 121, 000.

Mango: A total of 9 households operated mango nurseries in Dale, Alaba and Ada’a, all of which

were male-headed. A total of 3948 seedlings were sold in 2009 for a total value of Birr 73483.

Banana: A total of 15 households operated banana nurseries in Bure and Metema, of which 3 are

female-headed. A total of 7604 seedlings were sold in 2009 for a total value of Birr 58, 000.

Apple: In Bure, 4 households operated nurseries in 2012 and produced and supplied about 2500

seedlings. In Atsbi, 4 households operated apple nurseries in 2012 producing 1425 seedlings.

Onion

IPMS sites: Atsbi, Alamta, Metema, Fogera, Ada’a, and Mieso

IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Adama red and Bombay red, capacity building in nursery management and establishing seed systems

Development indicators show significant development during 2005/06 – 2009/10, with a sudden decline in 2008/09, followed by revival.

77% to 93% of onion is produced under irrigation

About 0.5 ha per household was under onion in 2009/10.

Onion yield under irrigation increased from 100qt/ha to 307qt/ha in Ada’a and from 118qt/ha to 248qt/ha in Fogera.

Yield in Atsbi remained constant at 150qt/ha.

Basiline yied was 72qt/ha (Fogera) or lower (in other PLWs).

Fogera farmer-based onion seed system

Farmer-based seed supply in Fogera: Remarkable success was achieved in farmer-based onion seed

supply in Fogera. In 2010/11:

About 146 onion seed producer farmers were reported in using 34 ha of land (cf. 0.75 ha in 2005/06).

About 205 qt of onion seed was produced. A revenue of more than 8 million Birr was reported. Fogera now supplies seed to Alamata, Kobo, Dembia, Bure,

and some woredas in Oromia.

Onion

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

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0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000


To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %


3, 833 5, 387 84


373 687 84


1, 255 2, 623 109


52.8 198.5 276

Tomato

IPMS sites: Atsbi, Alamata, Metema, Fogera and Mieso.

IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Roma VF, Sambarsna, Marglobe, Shanti, Melka Salsa, and Melka Shola.

Interventions include capacity in nursery management, irrigation agronomy, and post harvest management

Introduction of staggered planting buffered farmers from price collapse

88-94% of Tomato production is under irrigation

Tomato

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

1000

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To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %


1, 685 5, 082 202


225 621 176


321 1, 170 264


19 68.7 263

Pepper

IPMS sites: Alamata, Metema, Bure, Alaba, and Mieso.

IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Mareko Fana, and some selected local varieties.

Interventions include weighing scale calibration, improved cultural practices.

Pepper production was already popular in 2005/06, but consistent developments were also registered since then.

In sharp contrast to onion and tomato, more than 90% of pepper production was rain fed.

Pepper

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

5000

10000

15000

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40000

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0

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To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

qt.

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %


25, 055 45, 935 83


3, 523 6, 122 74


7, 038 11,734 67


83.2 192.2 131

Dairy production

IPMS Sites: Atsbi, Alamata, Fogera, Bure, and Ada’a IPMS and partners promoted Holestein/Fresian cross and Begait

About 62% of milk produce is sold

Milk yield increased from 4.48 lt/day/cow to 5.79lt/day/cow.

No female-headed households were involved in improved dairy in Bure and Fogera; in Atsbi and Alamata, about 20% of producers were female-headed

Note: development changes could be much higher if we consider

improvements in local breeds and the butter system. changes could also e higher if the urban system is considered

Dairy

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

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No. of male headed householdsNo. of female headed householdsNo. of total households

To

tal

mil

k p

rod

uct

ion

(lt

./ye

ar)

2005/06 2009/10 %


682 2, 156 216


104 352 238

Number of improved dairy cows producing milk

532 1879 253


2.2 6.5 195

Mass Insemination

Lack or shortage of genetically improved animals is a key constraint in the dairy and meat value chains. To address this bottleneck the IPMS project initiated the use of mass insemination in targeted production areas using hormones to regulate the estrus cycle as a possible alternative option in different milk sheds in Tigray, Amhara, Oromia and SNNPRS.

This mass AI intervention aims at improving the effectiveness of the AI service delivery (more inseminations/AI technician) and the efficiency of the insemination (increasing pregnancy rate/first insemination).

Effectiveness results of mass insemination in 2 milk sheds indicate that 200 and 175 animals were treated with hormones/inseminated over a 2 week period by 2 AI technicians per milk shed. This results in about 45 inseminations/AI technician/week – as compared to 6 insemination/AI technician/week in the existing system.

Efficiency results indicate that pregnancy rate of 62% which is a significant improvement compared to the current national average rate of 27%, mainly as a result of timely availability of well-trained AI technicians at the time of planned heat period.

A second round of action research on mass insemination has taken place in the past months based on i) an assessment of the initial results and lessons learned by the stakeholders and ii) new knowledge and technology including the use of sex fixer to increase the probability of birth of female calves.

So far, a total of 2097 (450 in Oromia, 572 cows in Tigray, 511 cows in SNNPR and 564 cows in Amhara) have been synchronized and about 1000 cows have been given sex fixer.

Preliminary results of the pregnancy rate from Tigray showed 77% pregnancy rate in Adigrat (out of 120 cows treated) and 73% in Wukro (out of 104 cows treated). The average pregnancy rate from the two locations was about 75%. Data from other sites are not yet available.

Small ruminant fattening

IPMS sites: Atsbi, Fogera, Bure, gomma, Alaba, Mieso.

Interventions include, improved feeding, improved use of crop residues, improved fodder production, and credit supply.

In Gomma innovative community-based insurance was used, where female-headed households involved were about 44%, indicating the importance of targeted approach to engender development.

More than half of fattened sheep are consumed by the households in Bure and Alaba, whereas about 95% of fattened shoats are sold in Atsbi.

Proportion of female-headed households involved in small ruminant fattening across the PLWs was 17%.An average of six animals were fattened per year.

An average of 2 fattening cycle per household per year was reported


2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

No. of male headed households

No. of female headed households

No. of total households

2005/06 2009/10 %


27, 523 54, 554 98


4, 657 9, 519 104

Total number of animals fattened

164, 296 314, 077 91


46 120 159


2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

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Total animals fattened per year Total animals sold per year Total revenue (Birr)

To

tal

reve

nu

e (B

irr)

Cattle fattening

IPMS sites: Atsbi, Alamata, Metema, Fogera, Bure, Ada’a, and Mieso

IPMS and partner interventions include improved feeding, improved forage development, and improved use of crop residues.

A household fattened 2 animals per year and sold both

An average of 1.5 fattening cycle per household was reported

Involvement of female-headed households was highest in Atsbi (15%), followed by Ada’a (11%), Mieso (9%), Fogera (5%), and Bure (2.5%).

Fattening cattle was new in Metema when IPMS introduced it.

Cattle fattening

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000


2005/06 2009/10 %


6, 157 24, 391 296


308 2, 121 587

Total number of fattened animals

9902 47, 524 380


44 207.5 867

Cattle fattening

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

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Total animals fattened per year Total animals sold per year Total revenue (Birr)

To

tal

Rev

enu

e (B

irr)

Poultry

IPMS sites: Atsbi, Bure, Goma, Alaba, Dale.

Interventions were delayed due to the outbreak of Avian Influenza

IPMS and partner interventions included promotion of exotic breeds, improved feeding and management options.

Egg productivity increased from 154/hen/yr to 199/hen/yr.

About 72% of eggs were sold by about 85% of producers.

More than 50% of improved poultry producers in Atsbi are female-headed; while only 19% in Bure.

Poultry

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

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No. of male headed householdsNo. of female headed householdsNo. of total householdsNumber improved hens producing egg

To

tal

egg

spro

du

ced

2005/06 2009/10 %


6, 602 17, 126 159


1, 950 5585 186

Number of improved hens producing eggs

10091 26611 163

Number of eggs produced/year (million)

1.55 5.3 242


1.0 3.9 291

Apiculture

IPMS sites: Atsbi, fogera, bure, ada’a, goma, and Alaba. Rehabilitation of degraded hillsides has boosted the potential of

modern apiculture- potential for new families, especially landless. IPMS and partner interventions include promoting box hives, input

supply (wax and accessories) by helping establish input supply shops, capacity building in modern hive management, bee forage development.

Average honey yield during the first harvest was 27kg/hive, and yield from second harvest was about 17 kg.

An average of 34kg/household was sold (highest in Atsbi at 60 kg). Note:

IPMS interventions were not limited to box hives; so impact could be higher.

Proportion of female-headed households involved in modern apiculture in Atsbi was 27% (up from 19% in 2005/06), but below 4% in Alaba, Bure and Fogera.

Apiculture

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/100

1000

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350000

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To

tal

ho

ney

pro

du

ced

(kg

/yea

r)

2005/06 2009/10 %


1, 745 5, 074 191


271 861 218

Number of box beehives occupied with colonies

2, 644 7, 676 190


4.94 11.19 127

Changes in attitude towards HIV-AIDS

IPMS and its partners promoted voluntary testing, protection from unsafe sex, protection from non-sexual transmission methods, pre-marital HIV testing, and providing support to infected individuals.

Changes in attitude: The change in attitude with regard to voluntary testing was rated either significantly improved or

moderately improved more than 95% of the time. The change in attitude with regard to protection from unsafe sex was also rated significantly or

moderately improved more than 90% of the time in nine of the ten PLWs. In Alaba PLW, significantly or moderate improvement was rated only 72% of the time.

Farmer view that attitude towards protection from non-sexual methods of protection has improved either significantly or moderately more than 90% of the time across all PLWs.

With regard to pre-marital HIV testing, farmers in 7 of the PLWs rated the improvement in attitude to be significant or moderately significant more than 90% of the time. Significant or moderate improvement in attitude was also reported 80% of the time in Dale. However, farmers in Mieso and Alaba reported that there was no change in behavior 69% of the time.

Farmer ratings regarding improvements in behavior in providing support to HIV-infected was reported as moderate improvement more than 74% of the time in only five of the PLWs. Farmers in Dale viewed moderate improvement about 66% of the time. Four of the PLWs (Bure, Meiso, Goma and Alaba) reported that there had not been improvement in behavior in providing support to infected people more than 63% of the time.

Extent of institutionalization of the IPMS approach

The survey collected information on the extent to which the IPMS approach (participatory value chain development, bottom-up extension, and mainstreaming HIV/AIDs and gender in agricultural development) on a three-point scale (high, moderate, nil). District level partners were asked to respond to these questions. Results show that the IPMS approaches have been

institutionalized either highly or moderately. The one exception is the Mieso PLW, due to various reasons

including security problems and frequent staff turnover.

Extent to which the IPMS approach has spread to neighboring woredas

District level partners of IPMS were also asked to evaluate the extent to which the IPMS approach has spread to neighboring districts. While the participatory value chain development approach was

reported to have spread to neighboring woredas in 8 of the PLWs, 2 of the PLWS (Mieso and Alaba) reported no spread.

The spread of bottom-up approach to extension was lower, where only five of the PLWS (Atsbi, Alamata, Ada’a, Goma and Alaba) reported spread to neighboring woredas.

Similarly, the spread of mainstreaming HIV/AIDS and gender in agricultural development was low, where only five PLWs (Alamata, Ada’a, Alaba, Goma, and Dale) reported spread.

Thank You!

market oriented developmental changes in the ipms pilot learning woredas (plws)

Technology

total households total

total households hatotal

ha ha total production

qtha of households

total householdstotal

total area66912

teff ipms sites

rice ipms sites