mark w. newman university of michigan school of information @ mobile...

Mark W. Newman University of Michigan School of Information

@ Mobile Monday Detroit

November 11, 2013

A Long View of Context-Awareness How Context-Awareness Works How Context-Awareness Doesn’t Work (yet),

And a look to the future

Practitioner viewpoint: what can we do now?

What technology exists?

How can we employ it?

What applications should we be thinking about at this point?

Researcher viewpoint: what can we do in the future?

What capabilities ought to be achievable?

What applications will those enable?

What can we do now to bring the future closer?

Director of Xerox PARC Computer Science Lab

The “father of ubiquitous computing” (SciAm 1991)

Forecast an era of multiple devices per person

Predicted mobile, embedded, and context-aware computing

The inverse of Moore’s Law

The cost of computing (and storage, and networking, and displays, etc.) goes to zero

As computing becomes “free,” how will computing change?

Devices will “fade into the woodwork”

Carried, worn, embedded into the environment

Interaction will become less conscious, explicit

Analogy: the electric motor

First viable person-tracking system

Used infrared communication to track within buildings

Applications

Person-finder

Reroute phone calls

Active Maps

Applications • People finder & call/video routing • Dynamic remote controls • Adaptive lighting, heating, cooling • Collaboration (file sharing and group

pointing) • Life-logging

Significance to Mobile • The first mobile computing devices • Context-awareness has been part of

mobile from Day 1

Significance • Among the first outdoor mobile systems • Among the first used by non-researchers

• Explored Push vs Pull interaction • Influenced numerous other projects • Chose NOT to use GPS for positioning

• Required custom hardware • Concerned about performance in urban

settings

1973: Conceived 1989-1994: Launched 1983: Ronald Reagan

mandated civilian access 2000: Bill Clinton

removed “Selective Availability”

2004: aGPS for mobile demonstrated by Qualcomm

2008: iPhone 3G 2000-2013:

Improvements in accuracy

Albrecht Schmidt. 1999. There is More to Context than Location.

In Linguistics

Context is the “hidden” information you need to interpret a statement

▪ “He was becoming increasingly angry with her.”

▪ “Put it there. No, behind that one.”

▪ “It should be the same as last time.”

In Computing

(Roughly) Information outside the application that could affect the behavior inside the application

Schilit, Adams, and Want (‘94) A Context-Aware system can “examine the

computing environment and react to changes to the environment”

Important aspects of context ▪ Where you are

▪ Who you are with

▪ What resources are nearby

Not just location: light, noise, connectivity, social situation

Dey and Abowd (2001)

"any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity.”

Key dimensions

▪ location

▪ identity

▪ activity

▪ time



Key dimensions

▪ location

▪ identity

▪ activity

▪ time

We can do these now (mostly)



Key dimensions

▪ location

▪ identity

▪ activity

▪ time

We can do a simple version of this



Key dimensions

▪ location

▪ identity

▪ activity

▪ time

We can only scratch the surface of this

Social situation Human intent Internal state (attention, mood, emotion)

We’ll come back to “what makes context hard”

Manual Automatic

Information

Command

Schilit, Adams, and Want (‘94)

Manual Automatic

Information Show information relevant to context

Reconfigure app/device based on context

Command Change behavior of command based on context

Take action based on changes in context


Manual Automatic

Information Most existing apps (Yelp, GMaps, etc.)

Adding GeoTags to tweets & photos (push notifications?)

Command Print to “nearest printer”

Motion-sensitive lights; Contextual reminders


Context-awareness’ “next frontier” Activity: common sense notion of “what

someone is doing”

Sleeping, cooking, running, doing yoga, watching TV, playing Angry Birds

Closely related: transportation mode

Driving, walking, cycling, taking a bus

Map my run Nike+ Fitbit Phone-based

pedometers (e.g., Pacer)

… but these only detect movement Also steps and fuel

(generalized activity)

Map My Run

Nike Fuel Band

Walking Running Cycling Elliptical trainer Stair machine

Mobile Sensing

Platform

3-axis accelerometer

barometer

Walking Cycling Train Bus Driving (+ carpooling)

Mobile Sensing

Platform GSM-based mobility

GPS Accelerometer Gyroscope Magnetometer Light sensor Proximity sensor NFC Bluetooth WiFi Camera Microphone System state (on, off, current app, on phone) Ignoring: touch screen, buttons

Sensing Inference

Actuation

Logging

Sensing Inference

Actuation

Logging

Note: for Location, GPS does this for you!

Rules

if user1 is near user2, issue alert

if sensor.value() > threshhold then state = X

Machine learning

System learns when a pattern of sensor values indicate a particular state

▪ E.g., detecting “walking” based on accelerometer

“Walk” “Run”

Need lots of examples • Sensor could change position • Different walking and running speeds • Different individuals

Image credit: https://wiki.engr.illinois.edu/display/ae498mpa/Run-Walk+differentiator+---+2-axis+Accelerometer

EASY

Coarse location (~10m) Device orientation Motion Time Date Proximity (~10cm) Proximity (~10m) (Light) (Noise)

HARD

Precise location Indoor location User orientation Activity Social setting User emotion/mood User intent User attention

Indirect mapping GPS -> location : direct mapping (more or less)

Accelerometer -> activity: indirect Limitations of Sensing Light sensor useless when phone in pocket/bag

Magnetometer and GPS unreliable indoors

Accelerometer readings not unique for different motions, may be different for same motions

Un-sensable aspects of context Social nuance

Intent

Attention

Active sensing (e.g., take a picture)

Training recognizers (e.g., labeling input data or contextual states)

Correcting errors (e.g., providing negative feedback)

Compensating for shortcomings (e.g., manual entry of ‘I’m busy’)

Soliciting user input

Providing training data and/or corrections can be burdensome

Maintaining user trust

Conveying uncertainty of inferences

Explaining system actions

Privacy and disclosure

What data is being tracked? Who owns it? Who can access it?

As part of a personalized learning process, we need users to “label” events and states

Intille, et al. CHI ’03. A Context-Aware Experience Sampling Tool.

Lim, et al. MobileHCI 2011. Design of an intelligible mobile context-aware application

Tsai, et al. CHI 2009. Who’s viewed you? Location-sharing app that lets you review access log

Goal: Provide an effective user experience Best practices: iterate (rapidly)

Identify Needs

(Re)Design

Prototype / Build

Evaluate

Start

End

Best practice for all interactive systems

You’ll never get it right the first time

Especially for context

Does the system notion of “context” match the user’s notion?

User interaction/personalization

Confidence, accuracy, trust

Privacy and disclosure

Expensive and time-consuming

Very difficult to replicate contextual conditions in the lab

Two basic approaches to support context-aware prototyping

Make deployment easier

Support simulation

credit: Damon Hart-Davis

credit: the-ark.org

Talking Points field study (Yang et al. ASSETS 2011)

Field testing lo-fi prototypes (WOz)

Topiary (Li, Hong, and Landay 2004)

Activity Designer (Li and Landay 2008)

Momento (Carter and Mankoff 2007)

Topiary

credit: Damon Hart-Davis

credit: the-ark.org

credit: http://www.akworld.net/webblog/tag/centro/page/3/

Simulation

UBIWISE (Barton 2001)

TATUS (O’Niell et al. 2005)

UBIWISE

Capture Probes RePlay System Application under development

49

50

Episodes & Clips

World State

Player

Transforms

Preview

70 Clips 12 Episodes 3 weeks Team members &

friends

10 Java Developers 7 sessions

2 hours each Demo of RePlay + H&N

2 tasks

Qualitative Analysis: System Logs Think Aloud

Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)

Arrival Detection (AD)

57

Only one participant “solved” both tasks

Others improved understanding, e.g.,

What happens if the signal is lost?

AD distance threshold needs to be larger than average GPS error

58

Why?

Selecting examples

Manipulating the data

Controlling playback during iterative testing

Clip Browser

Clip Editor

Annotation-Based Playback

Extensions

Selection brushes

Dynamic Queries

Attribute-based Filtering Attribute-based

Markup

Raw data editing

Transforms (attribute-based editing)

Automatic Annotations

Manual Annotations

Annotation-based Control


Manual Annotations

Annotation-based Control


Manual Annotations

Synchronized Pop-ups

10 Java Developers 10 sessions

2 hours each Demo of RePlay + H&N

2 tasks

Qualitative Analysis: System Logs Think Aloud

200 Clips No Episodes Several months Team members &

friends

Seven developers succeeded in both tasks One succeeded in one task Two failed in part because they didn’t

understand the study setup (relationship between the system-under-test and the RePlay tool)

Extensive use of the Clip Browser, including annotations

Little use of Clip Editor and Annotations Severald usability problems

Context-aware mobile computing has a long history (kinda)

Current mobile systems mainly focus on location

Location is not easy, but other forms of context are even harder

HCI issues will play a big role in user adoption even after technical issues get worked out

It is still too hard to prototype and iterate on context-aware systems

Contributors • http://inteco.groups.si.umich.edu

• Stanley (Yung-Ju) Chang

• Perry (Pei-Yao) Hung

• Rayoung Yang

• Manchul Han

• I-Chun Hsiao

• Gaurav Paruthi

• Jeff (Chuan-che) Huang

• Jungwoo Kim • Ben Congleton • Mark Ackerman • Atul Prakash

Helpful comments • Jason Hong • Jeffrey Heer • Eytan Adar • Paul Resnick • Members of MISC • Friendly reviewers

Funding • National Science Foundation

(0705672 and 0905460) • Intel Research

mark w. newman university of michigan school of information @ mobile...

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