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Assessment of CO2 emission performance of individual ships: The IMO CO2 index

Øyvind Buhaug

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Contents

Why IMO developed the CO2 index A description of the CO2 index Trial results and interpretations Future developments Closing remarks

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Why IMO developed the CO2 index

(1997) MEPC invited to consider CO2 reduction strategies

(2000) IMO study on GHG emissions from ships

(2003) Assebly resolution A.963(23) urges MEPC to identify and develop the mechanism or mechanisms needed to achieve the limitation or reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping

CO2 not part of MARPOL Annex VI

List of policy instrument in executive summary

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Basic concept of the environmental index

IncentivesIncentives

Index

Incentives

Guidelines for indexcalculations

Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental

account

IMO Ship

Governments, ports, others

IncentivesIncentives

Index

Incentives

Guidelines for indexcalculations

Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental

account

IMO Ship

Governments, ports, others

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2005: Interim Guidelines for voluntary ship CO2 indexing for use in trials (MEPC circ. 471)

IncentivesIncentives

Index

Incentives

Guidelines for indexcalculations

Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental

account

IMO Ship

Governments, ports, others

IncentivesIncentives

Index

Incentives

Guidelines for indexcalculations

Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental

account

IMO Ship

Governments, ports, others

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Current status:

Guidelines for CO2 indexing are voluntary and temporary

MEPC has invited the industry to use the guidelines and report experiences

Based on reported experience, the interim guidelines will be discussed / developed further at MEPC 58, 2008

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About the IMO index

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What to measure?

IncentivesIncentives

Index

Incentives

Guidelines for indexcalculations

Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental

account

IMO Ship

Governments, ports, others

IncentivesIncentives

Index

Incentives

Guidelines for indexcalculations

Standards, algorithms Ship data,Environmental

account

IMO Ship

Governments, ports, others

Index (design)Promote better design

Index (operation)Promote improved operation

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Design index

Theoretical design efficiency of containerships

Source: MEPC 51/inf 2 (Germany)

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Design index

Developing a design index is complicated

Risk of sub-optimisation, questions about cost-effectiveness

Design element covered in an overall efficiency indicator utility

emissionactual _I

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Efficiency indicator: What should be considered?

Fuel consumption Include auxillaries? Include boilers? From fuel delivery notes? By mass or by volume?

Utility cargo * miles? How to measure cargo? (CWT, DWT, TEU, Passengers?) How to measure distance? Include speed?

utility

nconsumptiofuelcI

And in addition: Measure good/bad? One per shiptype? how to verify?

Other GHGs Which to include? When to include? How to include?

?

sGHGother

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CO2 index as per interim guidelines

Total fuel consumption Distance travelled over ground Cargo mass or alternative cargo unit

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Experience from trials using the IMO CO2 index

Results from Task 2: IMO CO2 indexEU Tender No. ENV.C.1/SER/2005/0077

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CO2 index Trial: Sources of data

Directly from ships (by excel form)

Via ship owner databases

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Trial results Average CO2 index and Average gross tonnage for ship groups and individual observations

LNG Tanker

Chemical Tanker

Crude oil tanker Bulk dry

Container

Refridgerated cargo

Ro Ro Cargo

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

GT

Ave

rag

e E

mis

sio

n [

g C

O2

/ to

n n

.mil

e]

Crude oil tankers

Trendline - volume intensive cargo

Trendline - dry and liquid bulk

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Trial results – single ship

Voyage leg CO2 index for Car Carrier

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Voyage leg number

CO

2 in

dex

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Reasons behind variation in index value

ship size cargo requirements utilization of cargo space speed length of ballast (repositioning) voyages ship condition (engine condition, hull and propeller

fouling, etc) weather and currents errors in measurement and registration

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Reference level

Average CO2 index and Average gross tonnage for ship groups and individual observations

LNG Tanker

Chemical Tanker

Crude oil tanker Bulk dry

Container

Refridgerated cargo

Ro Ro Cargo

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

GT

Av

era

ge

Em

iss

ion

[g

CO

2 /

to

n n

.mil

e]

Crude oil tankers

Trendline - volume intensive cargo

Trendline - dry and liquid bulk

Reference level (benchmark) is needed to evaluate performance

Establishing benchmark is key challenge to make use of index

Gap between performance and benchmark may be used for incentive schemes, to generate emission trade credits or other policy instruments

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Trials: Recommendations on use

Suitable for reporting specific emission levels (useful for cargo owners)

Other indexes more practical to identify improvement areas in daily operation

A reference level is needed to assess performance for use with incentive scemes, taxtation scemes etc.

Performance must be judged on basis of performance of other ships carrying comparable goods on comparable routes

A reference level must be regularily updated to stay relevant.

By ship operators By autorites

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Future developments

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IMO database for trial results

Web based reporting systems Scheduled to be in operation by end of October Data to be submitted by National administrations (or

someone acting on their behalf)

Database will be used to further develop the index and to identify baseline/benchmark values

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IMO database for trial results (GISIS)

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Closing remarks

The IMO CO2 index is an accurate measure of actual efficiency

To reduce emissions, it must be implemented it in emission reduction schemes. This is possible only when reference levels are established

The efficiency of a ship is constrained by external factors such as availability of goods

Further development is needed to develop suitable reference levels that take external factors into account

More data is needed to support development. The IMO database will support this activity, but ship owners and maritime administrations must cooperate to provide data

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Thank you for your attention