MapsMaps

Three sources of map Three sources of map distortiondistortion

Map scaleMap scale – most maps are smaller – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller.scales tell us how much smaller.

Map projectionMap projection – this occurs because – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane.of the earth on a flat plane.

Map typeMap type – you can display the same – you can display the same information on different types of maps.information on different types of maps.

Map scale – tells us relationship Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and between distance on map and

distance on earth’s surfacedistance on earth’s surface Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth

distance.distance. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals

10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet.10,000 feet.

Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.

A A large-scalelarge-scale map depicts a small area with map depicts a small area with great great detail.detail.

A A small-scalesmall-scale map depicts a larger area with map depicts a larger area with little little detail.detail. Distortion is especially severe here. Distortion is especially severe here.

Which Which is the is the large-large-scale scale map?map?

A.

B.

C.

D.

1.1. Which map scale shows the most detail?Which map scale shows the most detail?a. 1:250,000a. 1:250,000 b. 1:24,000b. 1:24,000c. 1:100,000c. 1:100,000 d. 1:62,500d. 1:62,500

2.2. A map with a large scale usually showsA map with a large scale usually showsa. a large amount of land spacea. a large amount of land spaceb. a small amount of land spaceb. a small amount of land spacec. physical features only of a land spacec. physical features only of a land spaced. the local-global continuumd. the local-global continuume. political boundaries between countries e. political boundaries between countries

onlyonly

Map scale – tells us relationship Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and between distance on map and

distance on earth’s surfacedistance on earth’s surface Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth

distance.distance. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals

10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet.10,000 feet.

Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.

A A large-scalelarge-scale map depicts a small area with map depicts a small area with great great detail.detail.

A A small-scalesmall-scale map depicts a larger area with map depicts a larger area with little little detail.detail. Distortion is especially severe here. Distortion is especially severe here.

location, direction, distancelocation, direction, distancesite and situationsite and situation

The starting point for a The starting point for a geographergeographer

(After the map…)(After the map…)

Some Vocab:Some Vocab:

Absolute DirectionAbsolute Direction Absolute DistanceAbsolute Distance Absolute LocationAbsolute Location

Relative DirectionRelative Direction Relative DistanceRelative Distance Relative LocationRelative Location

SiteSite SituationSituation

ToponymToponym

ToponymToponym

Place Name!Place Name!

Absolute locationAbsolute locationmathematical locationmathematical location

Clemmons is:Clemmons is: 36o 01’ 17.30” N (longitude)36o 01’ 17.30” N (longitude) 80o 22’ 55.15” W (latitude)80o 22’ 55.15” W (latitude)

700 building700 building 36o 03’ 48.84” N36o 03’ 48.84” N 80o 22’ 55.15“ W80o 22’ 55.15“ W

SiteSiteinternal physical attributesinternal physical attributes

(includes absolute location, but (includes absolute location, but includes the physical setting; includes the physical setting; especially in urban geography)especially in urban geography)

Clemmons is bordered on the West Clemmons is bordered on the West by the Yadkin Riverby the Yadkin River

Relative locationRelative locationregional position relative to other placesregional position relative to other places

(general spatial interconnection and (general spatial interconnection and interdependence)interdependence)

Clemmons is in the northwest Clemmons is in the northwest piedmont section of Forsyth Countypiedmont section of Forsyth County

Davidson County is to the southDavidson County is to the south Davie County (Advance) is to the westDavie County (Advance) is to the west Winston-Salem is 10 miles to the eastWinston-Salem is 10 miles to the east Exit off I-40 & Hwy 421Exit off I-40 & Hwy 421

SituationSituationexternal location attributesexternal location attributes

(external relations, a type of relation location that (external relations, a type of relation location that refers to items of significance, especially in urban refers to items of significance, especially in urban geography)geography)

Suburb of Winston-Salem, a bedroom Suburb of Winston-Salem, a bedroom community for persons working in community for persons working in the medical, bio technical/medical the medical, bio technical/medical and aeronautical businesses in the and aeronautical businesses in the TriadTriad

I-40 and US 421, major I-40 and US 421, major transportationtransportation

Absolute directionAbsolute directioncardinal points N-S-E-Wcardinal points N-S-E-W

Clemmons is southwest of Winston-Clemmons is southwest of Winston-Salem.Salem.

Relative directionRelative directionculturally based, not necessarily an accurate culturally based, not necessarily an accurate

cardinal pointcardinal point

Clemmons is in the “South”.Clemmons is in the “South”. Clemmons is …Clemmons is …

Absolute distanceAbsolute distancemathematical space between 2 pointsmathematical space between 2 points

Clemmons is 10 miles (16km) from Clemmons is 10 miles (16km) from Winston-Salem.Winston-Salem.

Relative distanceRelative distancemeaningful space meaningful space

measurementmeasurement Clemmons is about 15 minutes from Clemmons is about 15 minutes from

Winston-Salem.Winston-Salem. Clemmons is one hour from Mt. Airy.Clemmons is one hour from Mt. Airy.

““City of City of 2 2

Million”Million”articlearticle

Use the terms…Use the terms…

1. Describe the absolute location, 1. Describe the absolute location, absolute direction and absolute absolute direction and absolute distance of a place of your choice.distance of a place of your choice.

2. Describe the relative location, 2. Describe the relative location, relative direction and relative relative direction and relative distance of the same place.distance of the same place.

3. Describe the site.3. Describe the site.

4. Describe the situation.4. Describe the situation.

1.1. Which of the following is not a measure of Which of the following is not a measure of relative distance?relative distance?

a. 2,339 cma. 2,339 cm b. 35 secondsb. 35 seconds c. $2.50 c. $2.50 cab ridecab ride

d. 216 footstepsd. 216 footsteps e. 15 minutese. 15 minutes

2.2. Relative location is an important geographic Relative location is an important geographic concept mainly because it concept mainly because it

a. locates places according to longitude and a. locates places according to longitude and latitudelatitude

b. defines a place in terms of how central or b. defines a place in terms of how central or isolated it is to other placesisolated it is to other places

c. defines patterns of natural environmentc. defines patterns of natural environmentd. helps cartographers to develop more accurate d. helps cartographers to develop more accurate

mapsmapse. illustrates how local, regional and global factors e. illustrates how local, regional and global factors

interact within the local-global continuuminteract within the local-global continuum

1.1. Who demonstrated the Earth was Who demonstrated the Earth was round using maps?round using maps?

a. Ptolemya. Ptolemy b. Aristotleb. Aristotlec. Eratosthenes c. Eratosthenes d. Sauerd. Sauer

2.2. Who coined the word geography?Who coined the word geography?a. Ptolemya. Ptolemy b. Aristotleb. Aristotlec. Eratosthenes c. Eratosthenes d. Sauerd. Sauer

Evolution of MapmakingEvolution of Mapmaking Babylonians – 2300 BC earliest surviving Babylonians – 2300 BC earliest surviving

maps written on clay tablets.maps written on clay tablets. AristotleAristotle – 384-322 BC demonstrated earth – 384-322 BC demonstrated earth

was spherical through maps.was spherical through maps. EratosthenesEratosthenes – 276-194 BC first person to use – 276-194 BC first person to use

the word the word geography.geography. Also the first person to Also the first person to correctly divide earth into 5 climatic regions.correctly divide earth into 5 climatic regions.

Ptolemy – 100-170 AD Ptolemy – 100-170 AD Guide to GeographyGuide to Geography Age of Exploration – by the 17th century, Age of Exploration – by the 17th century,

most continents and oceans were accurately most continents and oceans were accurately displayed.displayed.

Contemporary MappingContemporary Mapping

GIS (geographic information GIS (geographic information systems)systems)

GPS (global positioning system)GPS (global positioning system) Remote Sensing SatellitesRemote Sensing Satellites

a. Remote Sensinga. Remote Sensing b. GPSb. GPS

c. GISc. GIS d. DTMd. DTM

1.1. Layers of geographical information Layers of geographical information that can be selected or deselected that can be selected or deselected when viewing a mapwhen viewing a map

2.2. Can immediately scan the Earth’s Can immediately scan the Earth’s surface to determine changes in surface to determine changes in geographygeography

GIS Layers GIS Layers

Use of GIS in EmergenciesUse of GIS in Emergencies

Remote SensingRemote Sensing The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface remotely The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface remotely

such as from an airplane or satellite orbiting the planet.such as from an airplane or satellite orbiting the planet. Primarily environmental mapping – vegetation, surface Primarily environmental mapping – vegetation, surface

cover, winter ice cover, deforestation cover, winter ice cover, deforestation

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html?_r=0 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html?_r=0

http://eijournal.com/2011/disaster-response-in-japan-2http://eijournal.com/2011/disaster-response-in-japan-2

Satellite images of the north-east coast of Japan before (left) and after the earthquake and tsunami. Water is black or dark blue and the thin green line in the 'after' image indicates the shoreline. Photograph: Nasa

Map GridMap Grid

Latitude /LongitudeLatitude /Longitude Tropics Tropics EquatorEquator Prime Meridian /International Date Prime Meridian /International Date

LineLine

Gain a Day

Skip a Day

Immediately to the left of the International Date Line, the date is always Immediately to the left of the International Date Line, the date is always one one day aheadday ahead of the date immediately to the right of the International Date Line. of the date immediately to the right of the International Date Line. On the time and date codes shown below, note that Tonga and Samoa have the On the time and date codes shown below, note that Tonga and Samoa have the exact same time, but are actually one day apart, as Samoa is in the Western exact same time, but are actually one day apart, as Samoa is in the Western Hemisphere (to the east of the dateline) and Tonga is in the Eastern Hemisphere (to the east of the dateline) and Tonga is in the Eastern Hemisphere. Hemisphere.

In summary, travel west across the International Date Line and you will gain a In summary, travel west across the International Date Line and you will gain a day, travel east across it and you will lose a day. day, travel east across it and you will lose a day.

All Maps should HaveAll Maps should Have

CartographerCartographer TitleTitle ScaleScale KeyKey

How to Lie with mapsHow to Lie with maps A map is a generalization or A map is a generalization or

representation of the real world.representation of the real world. Cartography – the science of mapmakingCartography – the science of mapmaking.. All maps lie flatAll maps lie flat and all maps lie and all maps lie. They . They

contain distortions. You cannot represent contain distortions. You cannot represent the three-dimensional earth on a flat the three-dimensional earth on a flat surface without distorting reality.surface without distorting reality.

Any useful map is selectiveAny useful map is selective in what is put in what is put in and left out. Example: road or subway in and left out. Example: road or subway map.map.

Is this a correct map of Is this a correct map of London?London?

Is this a correct map of Is this a correct map of London?London?

Which map Which map would be would be

useful to tour useful to tour London?London?

Three sources of map Three sources of map distortiondistortion

Map scaleMap scale – most maps are smaller – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller.scales tell us how much smaller.

Map projectionMap projection – this occurs because – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane.of the earth on a flat plane.

Map typeMap type – you can display the same – you can display the same information on different types of maps.information on different types of maps.

Map Type – you can display the Map Type – you can display the same information on different same information on different

mapsmaps Types of maps:Types of maps:

DotDot – each dot represents some frequency – each dot represents some frequency IsolineIsoline – connects points of equal value – connects points of equal value ChoroplethChoropleth – puts features into classes and – puts features into classes and

then maps classes for each regionthen maps classes for each region CartogramCartogram – adjusts the size of the country – adjusts the size of the country

corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped featurefeature

Proportional symbolProportional symbol – size of the symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped featurefeature

Dot – each dot represents Dot – each dot represents some frequencysome frequency

ChartChartMapMap

Students applauding at Lecture

Cartographer: D. Troxell

Key:

desk

incidents of applaudingScale 1:9

Isoline – connects points of Isoline – connects points of equal valueequal value

Choropleth – puts features into Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes classes and then maps classes for each regionfor each region

Proportional symbol – size of the Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped magnitude of the mapped featurefeature

Cartogram – adjusts the size of Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the the country corresponds to the

magnitude of the mapped magnitude of the mapped featurefeature

http://www.worldmapper.org/

Other Thematic Maps- spatial Other Thematic Maps- spatial distribution of one or more distribution of one or more

specific themesspecific themes

What kind of map is this?What kind of map is this?

What kind of map is this?What kind of map is this?

What kind of map is this?What kind of map is this?

What kind of map is this?What kind of map is this?

Other types of visual Other types of visual images:images:

Mental map = map of an area in your Mental map = map of an area in your mindmind

A

E

DC

B

Proportional Symbol?

A

E

DC

B

Dot Map?

A

E

DC

B

Isoline?

A

E

DC

B

Cartogram?

A

E

DC

B

Choropleth?

A

E

DC

B

Good for showing points of equal value?

FRQ Practice – NO NotesFRQ Practice – NO Notes Define the followingDefine the following

Absolute LocationAbsolute Location Relative LocationRelative Location Absolute DistanceAbsolute Distance Relative DistanceRelative Distance ToponymToponym

Explain Clemmons using the following Explain Clemmons using the following terms Absolute Locationterms Absolute Location Relative LocationRelative Location Absolute DistanceAbsolute Distance Relative DistanceRelative Distance ToponymToponym