WHITEPAPER

Managing mobile data of�oading securely

over WLAN access networks with I-WLAN

www.greenpacket.com

Abstract

Cellular operators are increasingly shifting their focus for alternative wireless access methods to

manage data offload. Legacy cellular networks were designed for low bandwidth consumption and

insufficient to cope with the growth of data requirements today. Although operators continuously

upgrade their networks with greater capacity and advanced technologies, heavy investments for cell

build is not an economical approach in the longer term.

The availability of WiFi hotspots are highly accessible and appropriate for data offloading. Taking

advantage of the unlicensed spectrum and better bandwidth utilization, data offloading can be

achieved with lower cost per bit. In this paper, we present I-WLAN to effectively manage data

offloading securely between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. We will also be exploring the different

network use scenarios of I-WLAN in enabling simple unified EAP authentication and subscriber

policies. Operators can now continue to flexibly implement new IMS services in the likes of VoIP,

video sharing and applications all within a unified billing and charging platform for the improvement

of service experience and service extension.

WHITEPAPER

Contents

Overview 01

Handling Mobile Data Traffic Efficiently 02

Enhancing WiFi Offloading with I-WLAN 04

Use Cases of i-WLAN 07

(A) Accessing 3G Services from a WIFI Network 07

(B) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Roamed WIFI network 07

(C) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Home WIFI network with Mobility 08

i-WLAN and Smart Client, How it Works 09

Green Packet’s i-WLAN Implementation 11

Greenpacket Components 11

Interworking between Smart Client, MIP and iWLAN 12

Secure and Seamless Data Offloading for Enhanced Network and Service Quality 13

Shaping Your Network for Fitnes 14

References 15

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01WHITEPAPER

Overview

The advent of laptops and smart devices are driving data traffic and the fundamental shift in the way people

communicate. Findings reveal that average amount of traffic per smart phone in 2010 was 79MB per month, up from

35MB per month in 2009. Mobile data, video and TV is increasingly becoming an essential part of consumer lives.

Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) driven by economic sense to deliver access to IP data and interactive communication

services over wireline, wireless and blended broadband connections look towards deploying wireless LAN (WLAN) as

alternative access portfolios to complement existing cellular access and services.

Realizing the advantage of offering packet based services to subscribers on networks other than its own 3GPP network,

MNOs are focusing today on how to converge existing 3G experiences into WIFI for existing subscribers. An important

factor that many are considering is how transparently and invisible can the WIFI offload experience be to end users.

Among multiple of organizations and bodies that are embarking on projects to marry both 3GPP and non 3GPP

experiences together, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined specifications that focuses on the

interworking of WLAN and existing cellular networks with projects like I-WLAN (Interworking Wireless LAN).

This paper will examine the pressing issues of MNO’s network coverage, capacity, service experience and the potential

benefits from offloading in the framework of the I-WLAN Solution. This paper talks about how the I-WLAN concept

primarily addresses the ability to handle operator roaming; i.e. roaming from GSM/3G to WIFI and vice-versa, for

widespread adoption without affecting the existing network architecture. I-WLAN also addresses the issues related to

authentication between 3GPP networks and non 3GPP network, unified billing & charging, service extension (wherever

cellular coverage is lacking), application mobility and session persistence across interworking networks.

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Handling Mobile Data Traffic Efficiently The accessibility of high speed wireless data has affected the consumer choices dramatically in terms of the way we

work, and play, incorporating Internet services that complement users’ lifestyles. In a recent forecast report by Cisco®

Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2011, mobile data traffic grew by a factor of

2.6 in 2010 from 2009. The Global mobile data traffic forecast estimates the increase by a factor of 26 by 2015. Overall

mobile data traffic will grow at CAGR of 92% from 2010 – 2015.

Figure 1 Forecast CAGR of data traffic growth from 2010 - 2015

Rather than capital expenditure spending for network upgrade on cell sites build-out or core network expansion,

coherent investments in its operational indexes are the driving force for a network’s sustainability as opposed to time

consuming expansions. The legacy infrastructure was largely designed for low bandwidth, simple, walled-garden

services. Since the onset of 3G data services, operator networks are at risk of experiencing congestion beyond capacity,

affecting its network service quality; while battling corrective efforts to satisfy consumers have proved to be a challenge

in its public relations.

MNOs are challenged with weighing the costs of upgrading TDM backhaul infrastructure with IP and hybrid IP backhaul

over the Iub interface and managing the packet data network (PDN) that interacts with the internet . The primary intention

is to reduce the pressure on the provider edge (PE) egress and ingress routers towards external IP networks along the

PDN axis. Instead of modernizing the legacy 3GPP SGSN/GGSN architecture, an intermediary functional element is

introduced to intercept the data traffic flow from congesting the backplane of the network. This is achieved with intelligent

control in the User equipment (UE) over the air interface. In a previous whitepaper “Operators Can Save $14 million Yearly

Through Data Offloading”, a TCO Study describes in detail how offloading congested networks can benefit the

operators.

2010Source : Cisco VNI Mobile,2011

0

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

0.24EB0.6EB

1.2EB

2.2EB

3.8EB

6.3EBTerabytes per Month

6,000.000

3,000.000

92% CAGR 2010-2015

03

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The transition of a mobile voice business model to mobile data business model has pushed operators to look closely

at alternative unlicensed spectrum and WIFI as part of the mobile strategy. Offloading the RAN and adopting

alternative wireless access networks are nothing new, albeit little attention was accorded in its early days, due to

skepticism in

• Security

• Inter-operability with existing mobile networks.

• Quality of Service (QoS)

Offloading data to WIFI hotspots is an economically attractive alternative, because many carriers already operate a

substantial number of hotspots. Mobile operators can provide a user experience on WIFI networks similar to that

provided on 3rd Generation networks with mutual authentication and link-layer security. WIFI offload must not degrade

but improve or enhance the overall service to the end user. To do so, WIFI offloading is to achieve:

• Seamless connectivity between cellular networks and WIFI

• Transparent/Automated authentication

• Application mobility

• Service mobility

04

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Enhancing WIFI Offloading with I-WLAN

Mobile Network Operators require WIFI to offer the same security, authentication, experience and services as what

they offer on their cellular networks. Interworking WLAN (3GPP TS23.234), is a defined standard for the interworking

between 3GPP networks and Wireless LAN.

I-WLAN allows scalability and flexibility in deploying secured, automatic and value added WIFI access both in trusted

and also in unmanaged or untrusted hotspots (hotspots that are operated by neither the carrier nor its roaming

partner). The interworking access mechanism discussed is not merely a remedy to the operator’s network congestion

but aims to provide a solution that effectively and securely offloads data from 3GPP systems to WLAN networks,

wherever it fits the overall Operator’s business objective. These business objectives may include providing native

operator service and content to WLAN hot spots and ensure the same subscriber provisioning, authentication, and

service authorization that are already in place for GSM/3G services with ease of integration towards backend systems.

Network authentication by a mobile device and authentication to the selected network should be carried out

autonomously by the device without the need for user intervention (for example, the user entering a username and

password every instance, it detects a WIFI network). With I-WLAN, GSM carriers will use the subscriber identity

module (SIM) credentials already carried in their subscribers’ mobile devices to perform WIFI Authentication using

EAP-SIM. Similarly, Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) carriers will use USIM credentials with

Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for EAP-AKA as a form of WIFI authentication.

Also, carriers that provide uninterrupted communications using dual-mode technologies are susceptible to common

Internet attacks that can compromise their systems, reducing availability and damaging their reputation. Thus, to

mitigate information privacy and security attacks, authentication method enhanced with IKEv2 over IPSec tunneling

is implemented between the end points of the user device and core network is provided by I-WLAN.

Access to 3GPP PS based services (eg: SMS, MMS, ringtones) can also be provided via the WLAN interworking

architecture. By identifying the type of service authorization allowed from the access layer (subscriber aware) and

network layer (service aware) early on gives clues as to how best to address the problem of potential congestion,

coverage or service experience with added policy control and enforcement in place.

In order to fully capitalize on the effectiveness of the I-WLAN, it is necessary for the operator to examine the aspect

of profiling or dissecting the network to address any inadequacies.

05

Security

Security threats can occur in tampering of IDs and credentials, bill shock due to lack of service aware alerts and violation

of data protection from a user’s perspective. Likewise, an operator is susceptible to fraudulent billing; possible DoS

attacks on its systems due to open access over public IP network, potential data mining from 3rd parties, all of which

indirectly affects the quality of user experience.

Security in WLAN environment should have the same resiliency with cellular networks to prevent unauthorized access.

Thus, a strong encryption and tunneling protocols enforced in I-WLAN facilitates the exchange of IP packets securely

over trusted networks.

Authentication

Common authentication architecture (EAP-SIM/ EAP-AKA/EAP-TLS)

Operators want subscribers to use the same credentials that are used for WIFI networks as this ensures that the

switching between 3G and WIFI requires no user intervention and remains transparent to the end user.

Mobility Experience

The Mobility Experience for I-WLAN and 3GPP systems is defined in 3GPP TS 23.237. IP Session persistence is

maintained for mobile users using Mobile IP for a better handover experience.

Services

IWLAN tethers WIFI traffic back to the 3G Packet core. With this, the 3G operator regains visibility on subscribe

provisioning and service authorization when the user is offloaded to a WIFI network. At the same time, extend 3GPP

services and functionality to the W-LAN access environment, continuity of VAS (traditional wall garden services and

internet service) over operator network such as SMS, ringtones, videos, news, sports by streamlining apps and content

based on user segmentation.

Operators deploying enterprise services such as IP telephony, hosted applications, multi-media and e-commerce

services can deploy the same service quality with the security of a 3G network.

Roaming

Roaming* between 3GPP and WIFI is also further improved with IWLAN. Users can still enjoy operator services via the

visited network, with unified charging and billing of the home network.

*pre-requisite for roaming agreement in place between operator and partner WIFI operator

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All these functionalities are deployed with deploying an iWLAN Client on UE side. The iWLAN Client manages end to end

access authentication and authorization relationship between the UE and the PDG that sits on the Operator’s Core

network.

Combined with Green Packet’s Connection Management solution and Mobility Solutions, MNOs would be able to rollout

the following functionalities to the subscribers

• Connectivity experience for multi-access network switching without user intervention

• Service and Applications mobility for a better WIFI experience during network transitions via Mobile IP to ensure

session persistence for all IP-based applications during Soft and Hard Handovers.

• Operator-Initiated network selection policies

• Automated location based, network selection, alerts and notifications of roaming to prevent bill shock

• Active connection tracking for easy retrieval of usage and balance

Figure 2 Macro 2.5G/3G coverage and WIFI hotspot overlay

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Use Cases of iWLANBelow are some examples of use cases that illustrate the relationships of 3GPP and non 3GPP access networks.

(A) Accessing 3G Services from a WIFI Network

A 3GPP network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability with corporate voice and data plan. The user

subscribes to the native 3GPP hosted intranet service and also regularly accesses internet content via YouTube on WIFI

hotspots like airports, cafes and train terminals as a regular traveler.

The user accesses its 3GPP network for mobile TV (eg: live football match results) where there exists cellular coverage

in the shopping mall with a smartphone. While waiting for his friends to arrive, the user enters into a café, where WIFI hot

spot is available (this assumes the WIFI network is operator managed). The Green Packet Connection Manager (also

known as the Smart Client) detects a WIFI network with stronger signal strength and performs a handover of the 3GPP

network to WIFI. After successfully connecting to the WIFI network the iWLAN Client is triggered to establish a

connection back to the 3G network. The iWLAN Client authenticates the user onto the WIFI network with the USIM

identity via the iWLAN Client.

Once the user is tethered back to the 3GPP Core network, the user continues to enjoy hosted 3GPP intranet services

(video call, SAP, email, database) provided by its home network, over a trusted IP network. When the user moves away

from the WIFI network, the Smart Client re-establishes connection back to the 3G network and the iWLAN Client will

terminate the IPSec tunnel thereby terminating the connection to the PDG.

(B) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Roamed WIFI network A 3GPP network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability. The user travels to neighboring country. When

the smartphone is powered on, it performs a network scan and attaches to the visited 3GPP network that has roaming

agreement with its home 3GPP network under normal roaming instances. Data packet and voice service are provided

by the visited PLMN (VPLMN).

If for example, the macro 3GPP visited network coverage is poor and a WIFI is in range; the smartphone will display the

pre-configured SSIDs of the WIFI roaming partner in the visited 3GPP network. The iWLAN Client can detect the

preferred WIFI access point and seamlessly authenticate the user.

The user attaches and authenticates to the WIFI roaming partner in the visited network by means of the SSIDs that it

identifies with USIM credentials. The Smart Client on the smartphone checks, if roaming agreement exists and operator

policies connecting to the new WIFI operator is allowed by its home 3GPP network. The smartphone establish a

connection to the visited WIFI operator and access 3GPP services via the visited network.

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(C) Accessing Home 3G Services while on a Home WIFI network with Mobility

Generally, the UE periodically scans to attach to its home 3GPP network. There may in instances, where home 3GPP

network coverage is poor or unavailable. As such, the UE will scan for the next available network to attach. A 3GPP

network user with smartphone handset also has WIFI capability. The user attempts to connect to its home WIFI network

which has stronger signal strength, as 3G network coverage is weak. The Smart Client triggers a connection to WIFI.

Once connected onto WIFI, the iWLAN Client with pre-set iWLAN settings will select the associated W-APN, SSID,

authentication mode etc. All iWLAN settings are configured by operators within the Smart Client.

The iWLAN Client authenticates the user based on the USIM credentials by establishing and IP Sec tunnel between the

UE and PDG endpoint. This pre-set iWLAN attributes allows operator to select selected WIFI connections to be tethered

to its home 3GPP Core network to push hosted services such as video messaging, voice calls and ringtones. The user

can simultaneously chat and stream mobile TV over the WIFI network on the smartphone seamlessly while being away

from its home 3GPP network. When the user moves back into a full 3GPP coverage area, the Smart Client will detect

stronger signal strength and perform a handover to the 3GPP network.

08WHITEPAPER

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i-WLAN and Smart Client, How it Works

Figure 3 Accessing 3GPP and non 3GPP networks with iWLAN

Step 1

Under normal network conditions and adequate 3GPP coverage, the user attaches to its home 3GPP network for both

data packet and voice services in the absence of iWLAN. With the implementation of iWLAN Client relationship on the

UE side, it allows operators to extend 3GPP based service experience over ubiquitous networks.

Step 2

Operators push 3GPP based service to the user such as IPTV, sports, news, SMS over the home network.

Step 3

Data offload can happen when the UE moves in and out of its home 3GPP coverage areas or when congestion occurs.

When a UE moves out of the home 3GPP coverage, the iWLAN Client in the UE triggers a scan for the closest WLAN

AN in range.

Step 4

Handover is triggered from 3G to WIFI. The user first connects to the WIFI over the internet connection.

AC

theInternet

3GNetwork

Partner/Trusted/UntrustedWIFI Network

Roaming WIFI Network

HLR

PCRFAAA

PDG WAG

Billing

3G Network

HOME NETWORK

VISITED NETWORK

Mobile CM detects aWIFI hotspot in range,and initiates aswitchover withiWLAN client

3

HAVAS

GGSNSGSN

1

25

6Content continuesto be streamedover WIFI

Connectto PDG

7

HandoverBreak beforemake

ProxyAAA

9

10

4

Mobile CM detects aroaming networkand trigger ahandover to thevisited 3GPP network

Mobile CM detects aWIFI hotspot in range,and initiates aswitchover withiWLAN client

8

Make beforeBreak

Handover HandoverBreak before make

09

GGSN

SGSN

VAS

Proxy AAA

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Step 5

The iWLAN Client requests for Access Authentication via EAP-based messages to the Packet Data Gateway (PDG). An

IP Sec tunnel is established between the UE and PDG of trusted relationship. The MIP agent will setup a MIP tunnel

inside the IPSec tunnel. The Access Authentication procedure may include policies for user IP connectivity to PDG and

external IP networks. The subscription information of user is retrieved from the HLR/HSS and forwarded to the 3GPP

AAA Server to perform checking and authorization of service subscription. The 3GPP home network (HPLMN) will

resolve the DNS queries for the UE’s remote IP address and the requested W-APN. Once the IP address is allocated, the

user will have IP connectivity over the PDG and external IP networks, if it is authorized. (IP address allocation can

performed before or after access authentication).

Step 6

The 3GPP based service continues to be streamed over the WIFI network, without interruption of service. The operator

has full visibility and control of the user’s behavior after switching from 3GPP to WIFI. This allows operator to deliver all of

the 3GPP subscribed content to the user from the home network, while in WIFI and also push new IMS services in the

likes of VoIP, video sharing and applications all within a unified billing and charging platform.

Step 7

User exits the WIFI network range and signal strength is weak, as it moves ie roaming. The Smart Client triggers a

network scan for alternative network connection (if available). Upon detection of a 3G network, it requests for a handover

from WIFI to the visited 3G network. A break before make handover is initiated.

Step 8

UE attaches to visited 3GPP network. Access authentication and authorization is performed by the iWLAN Client in the

UE similar to step 5. The resolution of the IP address at the PDG providing access to the selected service will be

performed in visited PLMN. A mapping relationship between the PDG and WLAN Access Gateway (WAG) is established.

The WAG routes data to/from WLAN access network to the PLMN.

Step 9

The 3GPP AAA Proxy passes service subscription information to the home 3GPP AAA to check the authorized service

subscription information which is required by the Visited Network to perform the service together with charging

information. The home network decides whether visited service (external IP networks) is allowed or not based on

W-APN, the user subscription information, visited network capabilities and roaming agreement.

Step 10

The Smart Client detects WIFI with stronger signal and initiates a switchover attempt from 3G to WIFI. Similarly, the

iWLAN Client in the UE authenticates the over EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA onto WIFI with the contained subscriber provisioning,

authentication, and service authorization similar to steps 3, 4 and 5 in the VPLMN.

11WHITEPAPER

Greenpacket’s i-WLAN Implementation Greenpacket Components

Greenpacket Smart Client

The Smart Client component serves as an intelligent connection client on UE which manages access network

connections such as WIFI, WiMAX or 3G. It supports seamless mobility capability allowing ubiquitous network access

and ensuring uninterrupted subscribers connectivity experience. The Smart Client is equipped with several functional

attributes like the rule manager, profile manager to ensure real time control policies for switch decision making based on

priority, best performance, most economic and network policy. The Smart Client interworks with iWLAN Client on

establishing connection to the PDG and interworks with the Mobile IP (MIP) client to enable Mobility Functionality.

Greenpacket i-WLAN Client

This component is an integrated client built to handle establishment of connection to the PDG. The iWLAN Client is

responsible for performing authentication of UE onto access network using EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA over an IP Sec tunnel

that is established between the UE and PDG endpoints. Upon successful authentication, signaling and traffic flow can

be securely exchanged between the UE and PDG. Tunnel security is ensured using IPSecIKEv2. Green Packet iWLAN

Client supports the following I-WLAN functionalities:

• UE Authentication on EAP-SIM

• UE Fast Re-authentication on EAP-SIM

• UE Authentication on EAP-AKA

• UE Fast Re-authentication on EAP-AKA

• IMS Emergency Call on EAP-SIM

• IMS Emergency Call on EAP-AKA

• IPSec Tunnel Disconnection

• IKEv2 Cryptographic Suite 1

• IKEv2 Cryptographic Suite 2

• DNS Resolution

Greenpacket Mobile IP Client

Mobile IP (MIP) is defined by IETF as a standard communication protocol to allow mobile node to move from one network

to another network and maintain a permanent IP address. Mobile IP (MIP) Client can be an optional component to handle

Mobility Functionality. It interworks with the Smart Client and Home Agent (HA) and is responsible for establishing the

Mobile IP tunnel within the WLAN IPSec Tunnel between the PDG-UE endpoints if Mobility Functionality is enabled.

12WHITEPAPER

Interworking between Smart Client, MIP and i-WLAN

The Smart Client acts as the main control point of both the MIP Client and the iWLAN Client. It contains all the settings

required for both clients to connect to the PDG and HA.

The iWLAN Client do not activate itself. The Smart Client contains settings to enable/disable iWLAN under its WIFI

Settings which the Smart Client allows certain WIFI connections to be tagged to certain iWLAN setting. This ensures

flexibility for operators to select which WIFI connection should be tethered back to the 3G network and which will remain

on the WIFI network. All iWLAN settings including IP address, authentication type, W-APN, ID, Emergency mode

settings etc are set within the Smart Client. In commercial deployments, these are usually preconfigured and transparent

to the end user.

Smart Client will first establish a WIFI connection based on its configured policy (can be operator configured or user

configured). When this option is turned on, Smart Client will automatically trigger the iWLAN Client to establish a connec-

tion to the PDG. Smart Client will only do so if the device contains a valid SIM card for EAP SIM/AKA authentication. If a

SIM card does not exist, the Smart Client will not establish the WLAN connection.

Upon successful WIFI network connection, Smart Client will invoke I-WLAN Module to initiate I-WLAN IKEv2 authentica-

tion (EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA) and establishment of IPSec tunnel to PDG/TTG. The I-WLAN Module will execute the

required PDG Call Flow establishment. The I-WLAN Module will indicate the success or failure to Smart Client on the

interaction status with PDG/ TTG. All notifications are displayed on the Smart Client.

In the case where WIFI network is disconnecting either via manual user disconnect or network handover based on avail-

ability, Smart Client will trigger a ‘Disconnect’ to the PDG to ensure that the tunnel tear down or terminated. All logs on

the iWLAN connection history are kept by the Smart Client. If Mobility settings are enabled by the Smart Client, the Smart

Client will trigger the MIP Client to establish the Mobile IP tunnel within the WLAN IPSec Tunnel.

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Secure and Seamless Data Offloading for Enhanced Network and Service QualityDeploying next generation networks require greater interoperability, portability and service availability. Many business

models and opportunities can emerge from advertising, application developers, content development and partnership

for service providers and operators. Operators can strategically incorporate new services by leveraging on the speed and

affordability provided by WIFI data offloading.

Addressing the issues of a simple and integrated legacy network is important to the operator’s service delivery without

affecting the backend systems. The controlled and managed data offloading with I-WLAN approach addresses the

operators concerns for

• unified charging & billing

• access security over trusted and non trusted IP networks

• seamless authentication

• service mobility

• applications session persistence

• service extension for indoor and outdoor coverage inadequacies

• quality of service

The seamless authentication and connectivity is assured with support for EAP-based authentication. The Smart Client

triggers network selection and the I-WLAN establishes a secure IP tunneling between the UE and PDG, mitigates the risk

of attacks from external IP networks over unsecured shared infrastructure. Operators have full visibility on the users IP

services over its home network and ease of a unified charging & billing mechanism.

Service and applications mobility can easily transition between networks 3GPP and non-3GPP, with a MIP client. The

handovers can be initiated by the device or the network, depending on operator implementation. Other consideration for

offload occurs in cases where indoor coverage fails. Offloading to WIFI is an affordable alternative to deploying femtocells

or cell build out. Likewise, in areas where outdoor coverage is weak on the 3GPP network, it can autonomously switch

to WIFI for service continuity.

Looking towards the future of delivering LTE services, the consideration of 3GPP I-WLAN approach delivered today can

have migration path towards LTE for inter-technology access. The 3GPP core network PDG will evolve to ePDG, with

backward compatibility; with minimal integration on the network interfaces. Given the 3GPP I-WLAN approach on the

RAN, the device will perform the network selection, access authentication and authorization between inter-access

technologies; closely coupled to the HSS/HLR architecture of the converged LTE core network. As with LTE networks,

quality of service (QoS) is a candidate feature in providing VoLTE and IMS services yet to be witnessed commercially.

Deploying the 3GPP-IWLAN solution today can resolve the immediate issues inherent in operator network in terms

improving service delivery, coverage and capacity in an economical manner, while strategizing future business objectives.

13

14WHITEPAPER

Shaping Your Network for FitnessGreenpacket welcomes you to embark on the offloading journey today with iWLAN for optimizing your network

operations and service quality. At Greenpacket, we understand the demands placed on Operators like you. That is why

our solutions are designed to give you the capacity to constantly deliver cutting-edge offerings without exhausting your

capital and operating expenditures.

With Greenpacket, limitless freedom begins now!

Free Consultation

If you would like a free consultation on how you can manage data offloading with iWLAN, feel free to contact us at

marketing.gp@greenpacket.com. (kindly quote the reference code, WPS042011 when you contact us).

15WHITEPAPER

References1. The Cisco® Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2011

2. 3GPP TS 23.234 V9.0.0 (2009-12)

3. GSMA Wi-Fi Offload Whitepaper version 1.0

About Green PacketGreenpacket is the international arm of the Green Packet Berhad group of companies which is listed on the Main Board

of the Malaysian Bourse. Founded in San Francisco’s Silicon Valley in 2000 and now headquartered in Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia, Greenpacket has a presence in 9 countries and is continuously expanding to be near its customers and in

readiness for new markets.

We are a leading developer of Next Generation Mobile Broadband and Networking Solutions for Telecommunications

Operators across the globe. Our mission is to provide seamless and unified platforms for the delivery of user-centric

multimedia communications services regardless of the nature and availability of backbone infrastructures.

At Greenpacket, we pride ourselves on being constantly at the forefront of technology. Our leading carrier-grade

solutions and award-winning consumer devices help Telecommunications Operators open new avenues, meet new

demands, and enrich the lifestyles of their subscribers, while forging new relationships. We see a future of limitless

freedom in wireless communications and continuously commit to meeting the needs of our customers with leading edge

solutions.

With product development centers in USA, Shanghai, and Taiwan, we are on the cutting edge of new developments in

4G (particularly WiMAX and LTE), as well as in software advancement. Our leadership position in the Telco industry is

further enhanced by our strategic alliances with leading industry players.

Additionally, our award-winning WiMAX modems have successfully completed interoperability tests with major WiMAX

players and are being used by the world’s largest WiMAX Operators. We are also the leading carrier solutions provider

in APAC catering to both 4G and 3G networks and aim to be No. 1 globally by the end of 2010.

For more information, visit: www.greenpacket.com.

Copyright © 2001-2011 Green Packet Berhad. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, in any form by any means, without the written permission of Green Packet Berhad. Green Packet Berhad reserves the right to modify or discontinue any product or piece of literature at anytime without prior notice.

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