management of haemorrhoids (piles)
DESCRIPTION
MANAGEMENT OF Haemorrhoids (piles). Presented by: Dr.Amar P. Dwivedi M.S. ( Ayu .) Ph.D.(Sch.) Associate professor & I/C, Shalya Tantra Dept. Dr.D.Y.Patil Medical ( Ayu .) college, Navi Mumbai Contact number: 09323097013/09757445151 Email: [email protected] - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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MANAGEMENT OF
Haemorrhoids (piles)
Presented by: Dr.Amar P. Dwivedi
M.S. (Ayu.) Ph.D.(Sch.)
Associate professor & I/C,Shalya Tantra Dept. Dr.D.Y.Patil Medical (Ayu.) college, Navi Mumbai
Contact number: 09323097013/09757445151
Email: [email protected] [email protected]
Website: www.amarayurved.com
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Attachments:
• Shri Sai Hospital, Thakkar House Castle Mill Naka,Thane-W
• Arogyadham Ayurved Hospital Manpada, Thane- W
• Deerghayu Ayurved Clinic Devarshi Garden, Majiwada, Nr. Rutu Park Soc. Thane- W
• Aashray Hospital, Gokuleshdham Sector 5, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai
• Asso.Prof. & In Charge Shalya Tantra Department Dr. D.Y.Patil College of Ayurved & Research Institute, Nerul, Navi Mumbai
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Haemorrhoids Presented by: Dr. Amar P. Dwivedi
Awarded with:•‘Aryabhatta Award’, Las Vegas, USA•‘Dhanvantari Award’, Rajkot, Gujrat•‘International Excellence Award’, Malaysia•‘Panacea Excellence Award’, SriLanka•‘Best Scientific Research Paper ’ winner at 5th World Ayurved Congress, Bhopal-India & National Conference-Anusandhan 2010. • Vice President,NIMA- Thane Branch
Profile :
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VARIOUS CONDITIONS IN ANO RECTAL REGION
• Imperforate Anus• Piles• Fistula• Fissure• Ischio- rectal Abscess• Proctitis• Enlarged Pappila• Rectal Polyps / Warts• Pilo Nidal sinus• Carcinoma • Pruritis
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Any Problem Around The
Anus Is Called As..
Piles
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HAEMORROIDS (PILES) Definition : 1.These are the dilated veins within the anal canal in the sub-epithelial region formed by radicals of Superior, Middle and Inferior rectal veins. 2. Piles can be described as masses or clumps ("cushions") of tissue within the anal canal that contain blood vessels and the surrounding, supporting tissue (hemorrhoidal cushions).
Haemorrhoides Haima = blood Roos = flowing Piles Pila = ball
Anal cushions : These are submucus venous plexus containing arterial twigs, venules, smooth muscles, elastic tissue & connective tissue. Symptomatic anal cushions are called as piles / haemorrhoides.
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INTRODUCTION & INCIDENCE
• Humans suffer from piles as a disadvantage of their erect posture.
• 50% of people over 50 yrs age suffer from some degree of piles.
• 30% of pregnant females suffer from piles
• Asymptomatic piles are found in many patients on routine examination
• Sex ratio approx. 2M : 1F
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TYPES OF HAEMORRHOIDS • According to Symptoms- 1. Bleeding Piles 2. Non Bleeding Piles• According to Origin- 1. Hereditary – Pile mass is present by birth 2. Acquired – Pile mass developed after birth
• According to etiology- 1. Primary – Due to indulgence in unsalutary diets & habits 2. Secondary – Due to some other underlying disorders
• According to Location-
1. Internal Piles –It is covered with mucous membrane. It arise from Internal Hemorrhoidal plexus & above dentate line. 2. External piles – It is situated outside the anal orifice & is covered by skin. It arise from External Hemorrhoidal plexus & below dentate line 3. Internal + External – Combination variety can also co- exist & is known as Interno- External haemorrhoids.
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Degrees of Internal Piles
1st-degreeProjects into anal lumen internally
2nd-degreeProtrusion outside anal canal at defecation with spontaneous reduction
3rd-degreeProtrusion outside anal canal at defecation straining – needs digital repositioning
4th-degree Permanently prolapsedirreducible piles
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Positions of Piles
• PRIMARY Right anterior ( 11-o’clock) Right posterior ( 7-o’clock) Left lateral ( 3-o’clock)
• Accessory At every o’clock position
• DGHAL Arterial cushions at every odd o’clock position i.e. 1 / 3 / 5 / 7/ 9 / 11 o’clock
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ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS• Congenital – This is due to ‘ Shukra- Shonit beej dosh. Pile mass is present by birth.
• Anatomical – The haemoroidal veins are situated in anal sub-mucosa in longitudinal direction & does not have support of any other surrounding tissue. So, being valve less structure (either due to any pressure/ obstruction on portal vein or due to gravity) they are always filled with blood which results in its dilatation, elongation & torsion.
• Alcohol – Excessive alcohol intake can cause Hepatitis resulting in portal hypertension which ultimately exert pressure on the haemoroidal veins resulting in protrusion of pile pedicle .
• Sedentary lifestyle – Long term sitting job, daily traveling for long distance, engaged in driving or abstinence from any kind of physical exercise may result in overfilling in the haemoroidal veins.
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• Suppression of urge of daefication/ micturation: Suppression of urge of daefication vitiates vat which may result in constipation & further straining while daefication, exerting pressure on the haemoroidal veins. Similarly, frequent IBS or diarrhea may cause mucosal irritation & inflammation resulting in protrusion of pile mass.
• Asthma: Asthma or COPD is associated with vigorous & frequent coughing which increases the intra abdominal pressure, thus ultimately exerts pressure on the haemoroidal veins. Similarly, lifting heavy weight can also cause pressure on anal veins.
• Enlargement of Prostate: The male suffering from BPH usually strains while micturation & this forceful micturation exerts pressure on the haemoroidal veins. Similarly, patients suffering from urinary calculus & frequent UTI are also prone to such conditions.
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• Other factors causing Piles:
In females-
1) During pregnancy the intra abdominal pressure is increased (due to the foetus) resulting in portal
hypertension. 2) At the time of labour (delivery) there is tremendous pressure on the anal canal causing anal fissure and prolapsed piles. 3) Fibroid in uterus may cause pressure on anal veins.
Some other factors mentioned in Sushrut samhita –
1) Straineous work (Balvad vigrah) 2) Anger or sorrowful emotions (Shok) 3) Contradictory food consumption (Adhyashan) 4) Over sex indulgence (Stri prasang) 5) Squatting posture (Utkatasan) 6) Horse riding (or long drive) 7) Suppression of natural urge (veg dharan) 8) Diminished Appetite (Mandagni)
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SYMPTOMS
• Bleeding • Swelling / Prolapse• Straining / Pain / Discomfort• Constipation• Itching, Irritation• Incomplete evacuation• Digital evacuation /
instrumentation• Abdominal bloating = GAS
TROUBLE• Lethargy/ Wt. Loss• Black-out episodes• Symptoms of ANAEMIA
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Pathogenesis of BleedingHard stools
Straining at defecation
Bruising of engorged venous cushions
De epithelization
Ulceration
Bleeding
Disruption of sinusoids by straining / irritation
Bleeding from pre-sinusoidal arteries
Constipation+Straining+IAS spasm
Venous back flow
Mucosal strech
Tear & Bleed
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Bleeding
• Occasional to regular / recurrent
• Bright red ( from presinusoidal arterial twigs)
• Initally Streaks specially with hard stools
• Later Steady drip
• Advanced Squirts / stream / drip with defecation &
Also apart from defecation (blood spotting on undergarments)
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Examination
• Gain the Confidence of the Patient
• Position
• Light (Angle- Poise Lamp)
• Instruments required like- Gloves, Jelly, Torch, Guaze,
Proctoscopes ,Forecep
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Position of patient
• SIM’S position• Lithotomy position• Knee-Chest position• Prone position
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What else is to be kept ready??
• Ears open• Eyes open• MIND open• Gentleness• Respect towards patient• Soft words & politeness• Understanding the patient
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What thing to keep away
• Arrogance• Mobile phones• Sharp instruments• Ego
Foul thoughts
Wicked eyes
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Inspection • Spread buttocks apart gently• Focus the light source• Observe the peri-anal region & anal verge
Skin discoloration Scars, Pruritus, Sinuses, Soiling, Discharge = Pus, Blood etc.
External Tag, Swellings (Boil/Induration) ? Sphincter Tone/Spasm (Refluxes)
Other Pathologies
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Physical examination
• INSPECTION:
1ST-degree = Nil evidence
2nd-degree = Bogginess at anal verge at affected side, gentle traction on bogginess reveals mucosa
3rd-degree = Inner red/purplish mucosa & outer skin covered bogginess with linear furrow in between
4th-degree = Evident irreducible prolapse
• White Pannus• Pruritic signs• Soiled perineum
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INSPECTION (Most neglected but most informative)
• Fissure• Hematoma• Wart• Pilonidal sinus• Pruritis ani• Prolapsed Piles• Sentinal pile / tag• Bleeding / Discharge
• External opening of fistula• Abscess• Sphincter tone• Soiling • Prolapse during valsalva• Stricture / Stenosis• Sphincter spasm• Worm infestations
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D.R.E(DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION)
P/R examination
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Physical examination
D.R.E. (Digital Rectal Examination)
• Ask patient to bear down & gently insert lubricated gloved finger inside
• Early piles = Soft, easily collapsible venous swellings
• Late piles = Fibrosis of connective tissue Piles are palpable as soft longitudinal folds
Also appreciate : Anal tone Ano-rectal sling level Anal canal length .Squeeze pressure Inspect the finger for blood / mucus / feces Exclusion of other diseases esp. Ca’
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PALPATION & DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION (DRE)
Anal Canal Sphincter tone Ano-rectal sling Fibrosis Internal opening of Fistula Induration Tenderness.
Rectum Collapsed , ballooned Loaded / empty Wall irregularity & nodularity Stenosis / stricture Polyp / mass Cervix & uterus in females Prostate & seminal vesicles in males Blummer shelf deposits Examine the finger after P/R for
blood/mucus/pus/stools P.V. examination with separate gloves
Peri anal Tenderness,Peri anal Tenderness,IndurationInduration
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ANOSCPOY / PROCTOSCOPY
• Proper instruments and lighting• Position• Technique• Many things can be diagnosed
Physical Examination –
With scope inside anal canal, ask patient to bear down & inspect while withdrawing the scope.
Look for = bulge – site / covering mucosa colourBleeding pointsRectal mucosa statusOther lesions
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MANAGEMENT• Acute stage Conservative Treatment: In Allopath, the line of treatment is as follows –
1. In Acute stage i.e. if the patient comes with symptoms like severe pain with haematoma, then Analgesics+ Anti inflammatory + Anaesthetic agent like Xylocaine oint. / jelly is prescribed.
Also, patient is asked to take Hot Seitz bath with KMNO4. Haemostatic drugs like Stredron or Ethamsilate can be given to arrest bleeding
Generally, the swelling resolves itself. But if the condition do not improved, then it may suppurate or may fibrose giving rise to cutaneous tag or may burst giving rise to bleeding.
2. If haematoma do not resolve, then it is Incised under local anesthesia & the wound is allowed to heal by granulation tissue.
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Conservative Management
• Diet – Fiber rich, balanced (easy to digest) diet
• Ointments - Hydrocortesone acetate,Heparin sodium, Aminobenzoate,Lignocaine hydrochloride, Zinc oxide
• Laxatives - Liquid paraffin, Lactulose, Isabgol, Senna,Castor oil, Bisacodyl
• Suppository- Bisacodyl,Glycerene
• Analgesics / Antibiotics / Prokinetics
• Oral preparations- Sodium picosulphate, Calcium dobesilate, Tranexamic acid
• Iron supplement
• Seitz’ Bath
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Ayurvedic Management
Sushruta has mentioned four fold regimen for piles:
1. Aushadhi Chikitsa i.e Internal medicine effective in I and II grade piles
2. Kshar chikitsa i.e application of kshar locally or internally effective in I and II grade piles
3. Agni Karma i.e Excision of pile pedicle by Cauterization 4. Shalya Karma i.e Ligation and Excision of Pile pedicle
effective in III grade and prolapsed pile mass.
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Ayurvedic Conservative treatment
– Deepan and pachan chikitsa The main objective is to restore the digestive power ( Jatharagni) by:
1. Ajmodadi churna or Hingavasthak churna2. Chitrakadi or ampachak vati3. Shankha vati ( form of mild kshar)
- Vata anuloman chikitsa For this purpose Avipatikar churna or Panchasakar churna can be prescribed
- Mal Sarak chikitsa-(To treat constipation) - Haritaki churna- Abhaya arishta - Triphala churna
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To arrest bleeding Nagkeshar Churna, Bolbaddha ras or Kutaj Churna can be given.
Bhalatak kalp in non bleeding piles and kutaj churnafor bleeding piles is choice of drug mentioned in Sushrut.
Various combination for local application is advocated for initial stage like :
a. Latex of snuhi+ turmeric powder b. Kasisadi tailac. Turmeric podwer + Pippli churna+ Gomutra d. Nimbadi malhara etc.
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• Specific guidelines mentioned in Sushrut Samhita
– In initial stage of piles local application of inform of lep is mentioned which may promote frbrosis and delay the protrusion of pile pedicle
• Snuhi latex + Turmeric powder can be tried • Turmeric + Pippali churna + Gomutra can be applied
– Specific instruction regarding Diet
• Shali, Shasti, Jau or wheat grain mixed with ghrit and milk and gruel is made.
This is to taken as diet regularly• Lot of green leafy vegetables• Shatavari mula kalka along with milk • Apamarga mula cooked with rice • Butter milk should be taken regularly
after food • Jaggery with haritaki
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Kshar Karma in Piles
• This is indicated for II Grade internal piles. The kshar is applied to the dilated pile pedicles with the help of specially designed probe known as “Jambaushatha shalaka” under the guidence of proctoscope (Arsho darshan yantra) having slit on its side.
• After mild kshar application the pile pedicle is washed with sour gruel (Dhanyaamla) or water and followed by local application of yashtimadu ghrita at the site.
• Each pile pedicle is treated differently at the interval of one week.
• This may cause fibrosis of the tissues which prevents the pile pedicle from protrusion. Also to some extend it works similar to sclerosing therapy
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Use of Kshar sutra in Piles• Some Ayurvedic surgeons prepare a separate kshar sutra which is mild in
nature and have less coatings for the ligation of internal pile pedicle. According to them this medicated Kshar sutra simultaneously necroses
the pile pedicle, and at the same time they promote fibrosis over the peripheral tissues.
• This technique is practiced in few places northern India and is not popular enough. • However this mild kshar sutra can be effectively used in external piles and external sentinel tags.
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TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PILES
NON-SURGICAL
(office procedures)
SURGICAL
BANDING SCLEROTHERAPY
I.R.C**
LASER**
HAL
STAPLERM.I.P.H
OPEN**
CLOSED**
Harmonic
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INJECTION SCLEROTHERAPY
HISTORY
1869= Jhon Morgan of Dublinintroduced this procedure using persulphate of iron
1871= Mitchell of Clinton-Illionis, USA, used carbolic acid (27–95%) & olive oil
HE SOLD THE SECRET TO QUACKS BEFORE HIS
DEATH
1879= Andrews of Chicago, discovered the secret from Quacks and gave it to the world.
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Principle of Sclerotherapy
Injection of irritant solution evokes inflammatoryreaction in submucosa where haemorrhoidal vessels lie.
This results in 1) Encasement, which prevents defecatory trauma & thus prevents bleed
2) Blockage of hemorrhoidal vessels, which do not bulge on straining
3) Fibrosis, which fixes mucosa to muscle & prevents prolapse.
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INDICATIONS FOR SCLEROTHERAPY
• INTERNAL PILES ONLY
BEST = for Grade – I, Bleeding Piles
GOOD = for Grade – II bleeding piles
PALLIATIVE = for Grade – III bleeding piles
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Contra – Indications for Sclerotherapy
• External Piles
• Associated Anal Lesions eg; fissure, fistula, skin tags
• Attack of thrombosed internal piles
• Pregnancy
• Crohn’s / Ulcerative colitis
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Solutions used for Injection:
PhenolVarious vegetable oils eg. Almond /
olive / coconut
STD (sodium tetradecyl sulphate)
Carbolic acid
Sodium morrhuate
Quinine & urea hydrochloride
Glycerine
Polidocanol
5 – 7ml (max = 10 ml)
1 – 2ml
Dosage per pile massper pile mass
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Site of Injection
-In submucosa
-Into pile mass
- At the pedicle of the pile mass at ano- rectal ring (ALBRIGHT’S method)
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Post-procedure Instructions
• Mild discomfort
• Tenesmus
• Follow – up after 3 wks
• Watch for fever / pain / bleeding.& inform sos
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Advantage of Sclerotherapy
• Easily learned procedure
• Stops bleeding in 24 - 48 hrs in majority of cases• Cost – effective
• Office procedure so early return to work
• Painless
• Can be repeated
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Complications of Sclerotherapy
• Fainting / Giddiness
• Necrosis
• Re-Bleed
• Abscess
• Stricture
• Urine retension
• Burning & itching
• Fistula formation
13/41
Injection Injection ulcerulcer
ParaffinomaParaffinoma
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Results after Sclerotherapy
• Grade – I piles == 98 %
• Grade – II piles == 68%
• Grade – III piles == 31%
• Overall 77% successful
• Especially in stopping bleeding
• But has less effect on prolapsing element of pile
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RUBBER BAND LIGATION (RBL)or
BANDING
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Principle of RBL
• Rubber ring ligature applied to the mucosal covered part of the Internal Pile through a proctoscope
• This strangulates the feeding vessel to the pile and gradually cuts through the mucosa
• The pile thus sloughs off after 7 – 14days
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Indication for RBL
• Ideal for Grade – II internal piles
• Early Grade -- III internal piles
Contra-indications• Bleeding diathesis (???)• Infection ( fistula / abscess)
• Fissure
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Post – procedure Instructions
• Dull ache / fullness of rectum may be present
• Urge to defecate may be there
• Bleeding may occur ----- clots = 1-2days ----- spots = 5 – 14days
Follow-up after 2 weeks
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Advantage of RBL
• No learning curve
• Effective symptomatic relief in 80 – 90% cases
• Safe procedure
• Virtually painless if done properly• Can band all 3 piles in one sitting
• Can be repeated after 3 weeks
• Cost – effectiveDISADVANTAGE OF RBL
Has no effect on skin covered componentComplications present ( avoidable )
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Complication of RBL
• Pain Immediate / delayed
• Bleeding Immediate / delayed
• Thrombosis
• Fissure
• Slippage of band
• Sepsis
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I.R.C.INFRA - RED COAGULATION
(Modified ‘Agnikarm’)
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INDICATION FOR I.R.C.
• INTERNAL PILES ONLY
BEST = Bleeding Piles of Grade – I,
GOOD = Bleeding piles of Grade – II
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15volt tungsten- halogen lamp
24 K Gold Plated Reflector
Solid Quartz Light Guide
Trigger Contac
t teflon tip
Light energy Heat energy
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Principle of I.R.C.
• It causes actual burn upto the submucosa
• Light energy converted to heat energy
• Causes tissue destruction
• Evokes inflammatory reaction
• Results in scarring
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Site of application:
Above the pile mass, At or just below A/R sling
( same as for sclerotherapy)
Pre-op instruction
Patient may feel slight warmth
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ADVANTAGES• No operation• No bleeding• No pain• No anesthesia• No admission to hospital• No need to take leave from work• Safe for patients with Diabetes• Safe for patients with High Blood Pressure• Safe for patients with Heart Problems• Safe for Pregnant patients suffering from piles.
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Cryo - Therapy
Principle :
Freezing the pile mass with cryo-probe to subzero
temperature of upto -700C with Nitrous oxide /
-1800C with Liquid Nitrogen Causing thrombosis of micro-
circulation & gradual necrosis and sloughing off of the pile.
• When cryoprobe is placed on the tissue the ice ball forms a visible white area which will eventually slough
• The procedure usually takes 10-15 min. and the patient is observed for 30 min.
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Disadvantage of Cryo - Therapy
• Needs Local anesthesia / sedation
• Post-op pain present
• Copious foul smelling browny discharge for
wks till the would sloughs & heals
• Secondary haemorrhage
• Delayed return to work
Thus it use is abandoned in current era
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Procedures Recommended
Grade – I piles : I.R.C. / Sclerotherapy
Grade – II piles: I.R.C. / R.B.L. / scleroRx
Grade – III piles: Palliative Rx with
R.B.L. / scleroRx
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Important Instruction to Doctors
• Piles has a multifactorial causative etiology
• “CURE” should never be promised to any patient
• Just mention that this is the right treatment for your patient under his current circumstances.
• REMOVE FEAR
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Open Surgery for Piles
Pre-operative piles Post - operative
There are two established methods of haemorroidectomy
1. Open haemorroidectomy
2. Closed haemorroidectomy
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Haemorroidectomy
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Breakthrough in Haemorroid SurgeryStapler M.I.P.H
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DO’S & DON’T’S (Pathyapathya)
After Kshar sutra procedure patient is asked to follow the below mentioned instructions-
To have balanced (easy to digest) diet.
To avoid Heavy meals.
To avoid suppression of urge and Constipation.
To regularize the food and bowel habits.
To avoid cold beverages, Alcohol and Smoking
Note: All the above mentioned factors are Responsible for Agnimandya and can vitiate the vaat dosh..
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To avoid Ratri- jagaran & Day time sleep.
No heavy exercise.
No (over) sex indulgence.
No horse riding (or motor bike/ car- long drive).
To control anger or emotions.
To maintain the local hygiene.
To avoid long time or awkward sitting posture.
• Anal Exercises :- Contraction & relaxation of anus for 5 to 10 minutes in a day will give more strength to anal canal.
• Yogasanas :- Practise of specific yogasanas like Shirshasana, Uttanpadasan will reduce the pressure over the anal mucosa.
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Beware of these Quacks
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shri vyankateshwar Balaji