management and planning tools
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Management and Planning Tools. Lecture 11. Management & Planning Tools. Help Plan and Organize Complex Group Activities. 1) Affinity Diagram 2) Interrelationship Digraph 3) Tree Diagram 4) Prioritization Matrix 5) Matrix Diagram 6) Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design1
Management and Planning Tools
Lecture 11
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design2
Management & Planning Tools
1) Affinity Diagram2) Interrelationship Digraph 3) Tree Diagram 4) Prioritization Matrix 5) Matrix Diagram 6) Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) 7) Activity Network Diagram
Help Plan and Organize Complex Group Activities
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design3
Management & Planning Tools
Affinity Diagram (1) Interrelationship Digraph (2) Tree Diagram (3)
Prioritization Matrices (4)
a b c d
Matrix Diagram (5)
123456
a b c d e f g h
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design4
Affinity Diagram• Purpose:
– Creative process (generate & organize ideas)
• Start with:– What is the problem?
• Then:– Brainstorm ideas
• Then:– Gather ideas under affinity headings
Affinity Diagram (1)
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design5
Affinity Diagram Example
• Reduce Data Entry Complexity (Selling, Leasing, Tracking Products)
Improved Training
Error Prevention
Problem Solving
Improved Hardware
Optical Scanning System
On-Line System at
Customer Site
Voice Activated System
Automated Entry
Improve Paperwork
Standardize completion Format
Increase Size to Increase Legibility
Train Clerical Sales and Customer Service
Personnel
Shorten 11-Digit Product Code
Color Code Forms by Product Group
Forms Contain Only Non-Standard
Customer information
Friendly Software
Inlet
Menu Driven
Outlet
Display Only
Critical Info. On Screen
Improve Prompts
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design6
Interrelationship Digraph
• Purpose:– To show causality between items– To identify drivers and bottlenecks– Can be used to fill in roof of house of quality
• First:– Write down important factors
• Then:– Draw arrows between items– From to indicates causality
• Arrows– Most out arrows primary: driver– Most in arrows secondary: bottleneck
Interrelationship Digraph (2)
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Interrelationship Digraph Example
• Repeated service calls on a machine
xy
z
Touch- Trigger Probe
Measured Part
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Interrelationship Digraph Example
• Repeated service calls on a machine
Wrong Person Sent
Repeat Service
Calls
Problematic Customer
Lack of Knowledge of Job by Subcontractor
Interviewer
Lack of Good People
Poor Matching of People
Lack of Trades Experience in Management
Lack of Record of What Final
Job is
Lack of Clear Job Expectations by Subcontractor
Wrong Tools
Lack of Info. on Job
Lack of Knowledge of Matching People to Job Requirements
Unclear Customer Expectations
Advertising Promises
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design9
Tree Diagram
• Purpose:– Paths and tasks to accomplish
primary goal and its related sub-goals• First:
– List main what (goal)• Then:
– List “Hows” (means)– These become goals (“Whats”) for
next level• Continue until you get to assignable
tasks
Tree Diagram (3)
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design10
Tree Diagram Example
• Reduce Data Entry ComplexityClerical
Sales
Customer Service Reps.
Reduce Data Entry Complexity
Improved Training
Improved Hardware
Friendly Software
Improve Paperwork
Error Prevention Training
Seq. Inspection Training
Problem Solving Training
Optical Scanning System
On-Line System at Customer Site
Increase Monitor Size
Voice Actuated System
Menu Driven
Improve Prompt
Auto Check on Standard price Database
Display Only Non-Standard Information on Screen
Increase Size for Legibility
Forms Contain only Non-Standard Information
Color Code Form by Product
Shorten Product Code
More Obvious Difference Among product Groups Codes
Train Clerical, Sales and Customer Service Personnel
Automated Entry
Manual Entry
Input
Output
Form
Coding System
Standardized Completion Format
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design11
Prioritization Matrix
• Purpose:–To prioritize items:
• Prioritization against themselves• Prioritization against criteria
• This allows you to focus limited resources
Prioritization Matrices (4)
a b c d
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- + + +
+ + + +
- - + -
- - - -
- - + +
X
X
X
X
X
A B C D E
Taste A
Smell B
Poisonous C
Color D
Temperature E
5.6 0.8 15.2 20 10.4C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
+ = 5, - = 1/5
%R1/C
0.2923 29.23
R2/C
0.3846 38.46
R3/C
0.1077 10.77
R4/C
0.0154 1.54
R5/C
0.2000 20.00
52C
Total 100.00
Prioritization Matrix (Coffee Example)
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Matrix Diagram
• Purpose:– To show relations between two sets– To show strength of relations
• Basic types– QFD– Job responsibilities
Matrix Diagram (5)
123456
a b c d e f g h
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design14
House of Quality
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= Primary Responsibility, O = Secondary ResponsibilityD = Needs To Know
Job Responsibilities
Matrix Diagram (Interview Example)
Boss Organizer Staff person
Travel
Pick Date
Schedule
Benefits Discussion
Dinner
Follow-Up
D
O D
D O
O D
O D
O
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Relationship of MP Tools to QFD
(1)Affinity
Diagram
(3)Tree
DiagramRequirements
Flow
(4)Prioritization
Matrices
(2)Interrelationship’s
Digraph
(How)Product
Characteristics
(5)Matrix
DiagramRelationships
How Much
ImportanceTarget Values
Importance Ratings
Interrelationships
Characteristics
Requirements
(What)Customer
Requirements
Com
pet
itive
Ass
essm
ent
Prio
ritiz
atio
n
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design17
Use of M&P Tools for ME2110 Design Project
• Affinity Diagram to Organize Ideas for Each Problem (Improve Machine Repeatability,…)• Interrelationship Digraphs to Debug Machine (Loss of Power, Premature Triggering,…)• Tree Diagrams to Assign Tasks (Buy wood, Build frame, Program controller,…)• Prioritization Matrix to Create Task Timeline• Matrix Diagram to Ensure You are Addressing All Needs• Etc.
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Summary
• Management and planning tools allow you to:– Plan more formally (assign tasks)– Organize information– Deal with qualitative information– Show relations between items and issues
Use Them!!!
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design20
Phases of Design (Product Lifecycle)1) Customer Requirements
Understand the Problem
2) Specification DevelopmentEngineering Requirements
3) Conceptual Design
4) Detail Design
5) Specification of Production
6) Manufacture
7) Recycle
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Phases of Design (Product Lifecycle)
1) Customer RequirementsUnderstand the Problem
2) Specification DevelopmentEngineering Requirements
3) Conceptual Design
4) Detail Design
5) Specification of Production
6) Manufacture
7) Recycle
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Functions & Sub-Functions
Function
SF1 SF2 SF3
SF11 SF12 SF13 SF21 SF22 SF23 SF31 SF32 SF33
(Function Tree)
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Pole Vault Pole Specifications
For: A Pole Vault Pole
D/WChanges
Specification
Resp. SourceRequirements
USHSF
Standard
Shoot Idiot 3-6m into the air.
GeometryDiameter between 1-2Length between 10'-17'6"
KinematicsDamping ratio < 0.1
ForcesBending Force ScalableBending angle > 180 deg.
MaterialsMoldableDurableDuctile
Not temperature dependentSafetyWill not fracture
99% stiffness after 5k Bends
DesignTeam
Standard
USHSF
USHSFStandard
D
D
D
DDD
D
W
W
W
W
D
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design25
Phases of Design (Product Lifecycle)
1) Customer RequirementsUnderstand the Problem
2) Specification DevelopmentEngineering Requirements
3) Conceptual Design
4) Detail Design
5) Specification of Production
6) Manufacture
7) Recycle
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The Morphological Chart
Store/Acquire Power
Transmit Power
Brake on Target
Move Mass
Navigate to Target
Gravity Mouse Traps
Car Hit by Trap Rip Cord Effect Ramp Catapult
Rolling Friction String Break Anchor Rubber Stopper
Equal Size Wheels Larger Front Wheels
Rolling Sliding Projectile Launch
Going from concept to physical reality
.........
...
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+ = better than datum; - = worse than datum; S = same as datum
Concept
Criteria
Cost
GatheringAbility
Safety
Robustness
Ease ofAssembly
+-s
1 2 3 4 5Bunny
D
A
T
U
M
Snake
+
S
S
S_
113
_
_
+
+
+
320
_
_
+
+
+
320
VoodooSpell
__
_
+
+
230
First Level Evaluation Matrix
Compare +/- to a Standard
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Second Level Evaluation Matrix
Concept 1 2 3 4 5
CriteriaA: lowmaterialcost
3 1 4 4 3
B: easyassembly
3 4 4 4 3
C: shorttesting time
4 1 3 4 4
D: simpleconstruction
2 3 4 3 3
E:functionalsafety
2 2 2 2 2
F: simpleoperation
3 3 3 3 2
Total 17 14 20 20 17Relative =Total/24
0.71 0.58 0.83 0.83 0.71
Evaluate Criteria on a 1-4 Scale
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design29
Third Level Evaluation
WEIGHT
(0-4)
C1 (RUB ON
- RUB OFF)
C2 (PLACE
ON - TAKE OFF)
C3 (PLACE
ON - RUB OFF)
WORKING PRINCIPLE: MAKES ERASABLE MARK
4 4 4
REMOVES ERASABLE MARK
4 3 3
EMBODIMENT: HOLDS POINT 3 2 4
PRODUCTION: FEW PARTS 4 3 2 SIMPLE TO MAKE 4 2 2
ASSEMBLY: EASY 3 3
OPERATION: COMFORTABLE TO USE
2 2 3
LOW USE FORCE
3 3 4
MAINTENANCE: SHARPENABLE 4 4 4
SAFETY: DOESN’T HARM USER BY BREAKING INTO SMALL, HARMFUL PARTS
4 3 4
NOT POISONOUS 0 4 3 TOTAL POINTS:
Evaluate on a 1-4 Scale, Then Apply Weighting Factor
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Design Tools at Your Disposal
1) House of Quality
2) Function Trees
3) Function Tables
4) Specification Lists
5) Functional Variants
6) Solution Principle Matrices
7) Morphological Charts
8) Evaluation Matrices