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Jean Telemond

Socrates

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David Hume

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FrancisBacon

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Idols of the Tribe

Idols of the Cave

Idols of the Market

Idols of the Theater

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Post Modern Era

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To Exist is to become, to becomemeans to realize WHO HE IS

Life is what we make & what we

made in life is what we choose

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Michel Foucault
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Foucault_Bachelard.png

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Michel Foucault

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Michel Foucault

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Michel Foucault

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Michel Foucault

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Aristotle

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Michel Foucault

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Theism

Taken from the Greek word Theos

Belief in God who is personal & worthyof worship, who transcend the worldbut takes am active interest in it

personalcan be explained thru humanexperience, human can enter into personalrelation

worthy of worship- if he is believed to bemorally perfect and infinitely powerful

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Pantheism

View that god is identical with theworld

Disbelief in all gods includingtheistic Godabsence of belief inGod

Atheism

Agnosticism

Denial that person can knoweither that God exist or does not

exist

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Major Religions in the world

Christianity, Islam& Judaism

Influence laws, morality,

science, culture & politicalinstitutions

Cogito, Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)There exist a perfect being that putthe perfect idea in mans mind

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Faith is compatible with reason

St. Thomas Aquinas

Truth of faith is compatible with the

truth of reason

Prove the existence of God throughreasonFive waysof Proving Gods existence

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St. Anselm, Archbishopof Canterbury

Ontological Argument

argues that once we mentally grasp theconcept of God, we can see that God non-existence is impossible

Prove Gods existence through thelaws of logic

God is that nothing greater can be thought, if we thinkGod as perfect being, & perfection is part of the conceptof God then He is a being that can not be imagined to bebetter than He is

Suggests that knowing what GOD mean makes it obvious

that God non-existence is impossible

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Also known as Cosmologicalargument

First Cause Argument

the existence of theuniverse entail the

existence of a being whocreated it

if the universe had abeginning, then there must besomething that caused itsbeginning, the first cause of theuniverse

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SOREN KIERKEGAARD argued that it is inappropriate tobase belief in God on reason emphasized the necessity ofirrational leap of faith

religious belief is a passionate &unconditional commitment to God that

NOT only transcend reason & evidenceBUT also stand in direct conflict withit

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SOREN KIERKEGARD

his conception of howindividual would believe in God

or how a person would act in love

Leap of Faith

to have faith is at the same time todoubt

doubt is an essential element of faith

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Immanuel Kant

Moral Argument for Gods

Existence

it is humanitys duty to seek the highestgood & it is possible to realize it

the highest good includes

moral virtue

Supreme cause of nature is God himself

highest good can not be realized unless there is asupreme cause of nature one that has power to

bring about harmony between happiness & virtue

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Blaise PascualThe Wager argument

Gods existence can not be known throughreason, it is still advantageous to believe in God Rational belief in God

Belief in God is better wager than disbelief

because there are infinite rewards (salvation) to gain& little to lose by believing THAN infinite rewards tolose & too little to gain by not believing

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Society

A web of relationship andinteractions among human beings

Man is a social being

Two School of thought for the

Nature & origin of Society

A. Idealist B. Materialist

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A. Idealist

Claims that man is a social being

1. Divine Right Theory
http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kingdavid.org/kingdavid17a.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.kingdavid.org/kingd1.html&h=467&w=247&sz=25&tbnid=mn1OWhm29tIJ:&tbnh=125&tbnw=66&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAncient%2BIsrael%2Bking%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

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A. Idealist

2. Aristotles PoliticalNaturalism

Social instinct is implanted in allmen by nature

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2. Aristotles PoliticalNaturalism

Constitution is a way of organizing theoffices of the city-state

Correct Deviant

One Ruler Kingship Tyranny

Few Rulers Aristocracy Oligarchy

Many Rulers Polity Democracy

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A. Idealist

3. Platos Political Theory

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Nature of Man

a. Rationalb. Spirited

c. Appetitive

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Nature of Man

One specializes in the practice ofspecific craft

Results to a community of manyindividuals organized in distinct classes

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Nature of Man

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Principle ofSpecialization Stratified Society

a. Rulers

b. Soldiers

c. The People

Wisdom

Courage

Moderation

GOLD

SILVER

BRASS/IRON

Guardians

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a. Rulers

b. Soldiers

c. The People

Wisdom

Courage

Moderation

GOLD

SILVER

BRASS/IRON

Rational Soul

Spirited

Soul

AppetitiveSoul

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Best Form of Government

Aristocracy

Ruler is a Philosopher / King

Ruler should not be concerned with

his possession

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MaterialistClaims that man is a material being

A.Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan Theory

Sophisticated machine

Nature of Man

Function & activities areexplainable in pure mechanical

terms

An English materialist philosopher
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg

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A. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Theory

Animal nature

Seeks peace forself-preservation

Nature of Man

act for own selfinterest

lives in a state ofwar

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Society

formed out of impulse forself-preservation

Enter into contract for mutualinterest

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Also known as Commonwealth

Society

possess sovereign power& control

LEVIATAN

ensure social order &public welfare

By virtue of mutualconsent
http://supermanmegasite.com/pics/Superman-earth.jpg

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B. Machiavelli Practicality

Niccolo Machiavelli

Italian politician

shared profound pessimismabout human nature social stability & securityis possible in the face ofmoral corruption

known for book IL PRINCIPE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg

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Society

Must be managed by competent &practical rulers

Leader must possess VIRTU

strength, skill, prowess

in both favorable & adversecircumstances

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Society

Leader must possess VIRTU

Ruler must know when & how todo what no good person wouldever do

The END justifies the MEANS

in public life only the praise &

blame of fellow beings really

counts

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C. Jean Jacques Roissaeu

Naturally / inherently good but

society makes people corrupt

An Swiss philosopher

Nature of Man

Harbored profound dislikefor authority
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg

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C. Jean Jacques Roussaeu

formed out of concern for

private property

Society

property & wealth acquisitionentails protection of a stablesociety

Individuals enter into socialcontract

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Individual agree to surrender

their individual freedom forsocial rights

Social Contract

Outlines the bases forlegitimate political order

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Commitment to the welfare of

the legitimate political order

General Will

The will of all

Concern solely for general

interest

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Individual agree to surrender

their individual freedom forsocial rights

Social Contract

Outlines the bases forlegitimate political order

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Creationism

A philosophical stance that the world is createdby God

Creation is the production ofsomething out of nothing

Nothing means no pre-existingmaterial

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CreationismExtrinsic Possibility

Intrinsic Possibility

A thing can exist provided that there isno contradiction in itself

A thing can exist provided that there isan external cause for its existence

A Ferrari car to run for 250km/hr is intrinsicallyimpossible unless there is an external cause( Driver)its capacity to run for same speed remains an

intrinsic possibility

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Materialism

Thales of Mellitus

Maintains that matter is the origin &finality of everything

Claims that water is the primary element inall that exist

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MaterialismAnaximander of Mellitus

Claims that indeterminate boundless

realm is the primary element in all thatexist

Anaximenes of Mellitus

Claims that air is the primary element inall that exist

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MaterialismHeraclitus

Claims that fire is the primary element

in all that exist

One can not step twice on the same water

Anaximenes of Mellitus

Claims that air is the primary element inall that exist

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Idealism

Socrates

Claims that the primary principle foreverything is the spiritual, non-materialbeing

A thing can exist provided that there isan external cause for its existence

A Ferrari car to run for 250km/hr is intrinsicallyimpossible unless there is an external cause( Driver)its capacity to run for same speed remains an

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