Download - Man & Self.lec2 (2)
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Jean Telemond
Socrates
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David Hume
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FrancisBacon
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Idols of the Tribe
Idols of the Cave
Idols of the Market
Idols of the Theater
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Post Modern Era
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To Exist is to become, to becomemeans to realize WHO HE IS
Life is what we make & what we
made in life is what we choose
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Michel Foucault
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Michel Foucault
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Michel Foucault
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Michel Foucault
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Michel Foucault
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Aristotle
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Michel Foucault
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Theism
Taken from the Greek word Theos
Belief in God who is personal & worthyof worship, who transcend the worldbut takes am active interest in it
personalcan be explained thru humanexperience, human can enter into personalrelation
worthy of worship- if he is believed to bemorally perfect and infinitely powerful
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Pantheism
View that god is identical with theworld
Disbelief in all gods includingtheistic Godabsence of belief inGod
Atheism
Agnosticism
Denial that person can knoweither that God exist or does not
exist
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Major Religions in the world
Christianity, Islam& Judaism
Influence laws, morality,
science, culture & politicalinstitutions
Cogito, Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)There exist a perfect being that putthe perfect idea in mans mind
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Faith is compatible with reason
St. Thomas Aquinas
Truth of faith is compatible with the
truth of reason
Prove the existence of God throughreasonFive waysof Proving Gods existence
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St. Anselm, Archbishopof Canterbury
Ontological Argument
argues that once we mentally grasp theconcept of God, we can see that God non-existence is impossible
Prove Gods existence through thelaws of logic
God is that nothing greater can be thought, if we thinkGod as perfect being, & perfection is part of the conceptof God then He is a being that can not be imagined to bebetter than He is
Suggests that knowing what GOD mean makes it obvious
that God non-existence is impossible
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Also known as Cosmologicalargument
First Cause Argument
the existence of theuniverse entail the
existence of a being whocreated it
if the universe had abeginning, then there must besomething that caused itsbeginning, the first cause of theuniverse
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SOREN KIERKEGAARD argued that it is inappropriate tobase belief in God on reason emphasized the necessity ofirrational leap of faith
religious belief is a passionate &unconditional commitment to God that
NOT only transcend reason & evidenceBUT also stand in direct conflict withit
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SOREN KIERKEGARD
his conception of howindividual would believe in God
or how a person would act in love
Leap of Faith
to have faith is at the same time todoubt
doubt is an essential element of faith
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Immanuel Kant
Moral Argument for Gods
Existence
it is humanitys duty to seek the highestgood & it is possible to realize it
the highest good includes
moral virtue
Supreme cause of nature is God himself
highest good can not be realized unless there is asupreme cause of nature one that has power to
bring about harmony between happiness & virtue
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Blaise PascualThe Wager argument
Gods existence can not be known throughreason, it is still advantageous to believe in God Rational belief in God
Belief in God is better wager than disbelief
because there are infinite rewards (salvation) to gain& little to lose by believing THAN infinite rewards tolose & too little to gain by not believing
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Society
A web of relationship andinteractions among human beings
Man is a social being
Two School of thought for the
Nature & origin of Society
A. Idealist B. Materialist
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A. Idealist
Claims that man is a social being
1. Divine Right Theory
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A. Idealist
2. Aristotles PoliticalNaturalism
Social instinct is implanted in allmen by nature
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2. Aristotles PoliticalNaturalism
Constitution is a way of organizing theoffices of the city-state
Correct Deviant
One Ruler Kingship Tyranny
Few Rulers Aristocracy Oligarchy
Many Rulers Polity Democracy
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A. Idealist
3. Platos Political Theory
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3. Platos Political Theory
Nature of Man
a. Rationalb. Spirited
c. Appetitive
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3. Platos Political Theory
Nature of Man
One specializes in the practice ofspecific craft
Results to a community of manyindividuals organized in distinct classes
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3. Platos Political Theory
Nature of Man
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3. Platos Political Theory
Principle ofSpecialization Stratified Society
a. Rulers
b. Soldiers
c. The People
Wisdom
Courage
Moderation
GOLD
SILVER
BRASS/IRON
Guardians
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3. Platos Political Theory
Principle ofSpecialization Stratified Society
a. Rulers
b. Soldiers
c. The People
Wisdom
Courage
Moderation
GOLD
SILVER
BRASS/IRON
Rational Soul
Spirited
Soul
AppetitiveSoul
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3. Platos Political Theory
Principle ofSpecialization Stratified Society
Best Form of Government
Aristocracy
Ruler is a Philosopher / King
Ruler should not be concerned with
his possession
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MaterialistClaims that man is a material being
A.Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan Theory
Sophisticated machine
Nature of Man
Function & activities areexplainable in pure mechanical
terms
An English materialist philosopher
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A. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Theory
Animal nature
Seeks peace forself-preservation
Nature of Man
act for own selfinterest
lives in a state ofwar
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A. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Theory
Society
formed out of impulse forself-preservation
Enter into contract for mutualinterest
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A. Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Theory
Also known as Commonwealth
Society
possess sovereign power& control
LEVIATAN
ensure social order &public welfare
By virtue of mutualconsent
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B. Machiavelli Practicality
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian politician
shared profound pessimismabout human nature social stability & securityis possible in the face ofmoral corruption
known for book IL PRINCIPE
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B. Machiavelli Practicality
Society
Must be managed by competent &practical rulers
Leader must possess VIRTU
strength, skill, prowess
in both favorable & adversecircumstances
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B. Machiavelli Practicality
Society
Leader must possess VIRTU
Ruler must know when & how todo what no good person wouldever do
The END justifies the MEANS
in public life only the praise &
blame of fellow beings really
counts
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C. Jean Jacques Roissaeu
Naturally / inherently good but
society makes people corrupt
An Swiss philosopher
Nature of Man
Harbored profound dislikefor authority
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C. Jean Jacques Roussaeu
formed out of concern for
private property
Society
property & wealth acquisitionentails protection of a stablesociety
Individuals enter into socialcontract
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C. Jean Jacques Roissaeu
Individual agree to surrender
their individual freedom forsocial rights
Social Contract
Outlines the bases forlegitimate political order
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C. Jean Jacques Roissaeu
Commitment to the welfare of
the legitimate political order
General Will
The will of all
Concern solely for general
interest
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C. Jean Jacques Roissaeu
Individual agree to surrender
their individual freedom forsocial rights
Social Contract
Outlines the bases forlegitimate political order
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Creationism
A philosophical stance that the world is createdby God
Creation is the production ofsomething out of nothing
Nothing means no pre-existingmaterial
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CreationismExtrinsic Possibility
Intrinsic Possibility
A thing can exist provided that there isno contradiction in itself
A thing can exist provided that there isan external cause for its existence
A Ferrari car to run for 250km/hr is intrinsicallyimpossible unless there is an external cause( Driver)its capacity to run for same speed remains an
intrinsic possibility
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Materialism
Thales of Mellitus
Maintains that matter is the origin &finality of everything
Claims that water is the primary element inall that exist
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MaterialismAnaximander of Mellitus
Claims that indeterminate boundless
realm is the primary element in all thatexist
Anaximenes of Mellitus
Claims that air is the primary element inall that exist
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MaterialismHeraclitus
Claims that fire is the primary element
in all that exist
One can not step twice on the same water
Anaximenes of Mellitus
Claims that air is the primary element inall that exist
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Idealism
Socrates
Claims that the primary principle foreverything is the spiritual, non-materialbeing
A thing can exist provided that there isan external cause for its existence
A Ferrari car to run for 250km/hr is intrinsicallyimpossible unless there is an external cause( Driver)its capacity to run for same speed remains an